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Systems Engineering and Its Application to Industrial Product Development

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Systems Engineering and Its Application to Industrial Product Development / Brusa, E.; Cala’, A.; Ferretto, D.. -
STAMPA. - 134(2018), pp. 1-353.

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DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-71837-8

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09 June 2020
Contents

1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 The Industrial Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Goals of This Handbook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Test Cases and Implementation of Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.4 Structure of the Handbook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2 The Systems Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.1 A Definition in a Nutshell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.1.1 Main Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.1.2 Four Pillars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2 Some Historical Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.3 A Survey on the Literature About the Systems Engineering . . . 15
2.4 Technical Standards on the Systems Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.5 Software Tools for the Systems Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3 The Methodology of Systems Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.1.1 Definitions of System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.1.2 The System Development as an Industrial Product . . . . 26
3.2 The Models of the Product Life Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.2.1 The Waterfall Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.2.2 The V-Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.2.3 The Spiral Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.3 The Architecture Frameworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.3.1 MODAF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.3.2 UAF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.3.3 Framework and Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

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xiv Contents

3.4 The Industrial Implementation of the Methodology . . . . . . . . .. 39

3.4.1 Key Issues of the SE Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 42
3.5 Overview on Known Methodologies to Implement the MBSE . .. 46
3.5.1 The INCOSE Object-Oriented Systems Engineering
Methodology (OOSEM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 46
3.5.2 The IBM Rational Telelogic Harmony-SE . . . . . . . . .. 47
3.5.3 The IBM Rational Unified Process for System
Engineering (RUP-SE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 47
3.5.4 The Vitech Model-Based System Engineering
(MBSE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 48
3.5.5 The JPL State Analysis (SA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 48
3.5.6 The Object-Process Methodology (OPM) . . . . . . . . . .. 48
3.5.7 The Architecture Analysis and Design Integrated
Approach (ARCADIA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.5.8 The Systems Modeling Process (SYSMOD) . . . . . . . . . 49
3.5.9 The Alstom ASAP Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.5.10 Synthesis About the Methodologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.6 A Reference Process: The ISO/IEC 15288 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.7 The Engineering Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3.8 The Languages for Systems Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3.9 Unified Modeling Language—UML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.10 System Modeling Language—SysML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.10.1 Requirements Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
3.10.2 Behavior Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
3.10.3 Structure Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
3.10.4 Parametric Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
4 Systems, Customer Needs and Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
4.1 A Couple of Examples to Understand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
4.1.1 Didactic Test Case: A Coiler for Wire Rod
Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
4.1.2 Industrial Test Case: De-icing or Anti-icing System
for a Commercial Aircraft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
4.2 Implementation of the MBSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
4.3 Identification of the Customer Needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
4.3.1 Needs Versus Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
4.3.2 Looking for the Customer Needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
4.3.3 A Systematic Approach to the Identification
of Needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
4.3.4 Source of Needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Contents xv

4.4 The Stakeholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

4.4.1 Didactic Test Case: Needs and Stakeholders . . . . . . . . 79
4.4.2 Industrial Test Case: Needs and Stakeholders . . . . . . . . 80
4.5 The Role of Requirements in the Product Development . . . . . . 81
4.5.1 Definition of Requirement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
4.5.2 Classification of Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
4.5.3 Syntax and Attributes of Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
4.6 Tools for Writing Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
4.6.1 Requirements Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
4.6.2 Requirements Quality and Authoring Suites . . . . . . . . . 90
4.7 Requirements Refinement and Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
4.7.1 Didactic Test Case: Classification and List of
Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... 91
4.7.2 Industrial Test Case: Classification and List of
Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
5 Operational Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
5.1 Goals and Tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
5.2 The Operational Analysis Deployed Through the SysML . . . . . 116
5.3 Implementation and Operational Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
5.3.1 Didactic Test Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
5.3.2 Industrial Test Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
5.4 Requirements Derivation in Operational Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . 139
5.5 Synthesis of the Operational Analysis for Both the
Test Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
6 Functional Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
6.2 Handoff Between Operational and Functional Analyses . . . . . . . 149
6.3 Implementation of Functional Analysis Through the SysML . . . 150
6.4 Requirements Derivation, Traceability and Allocation . . . . . . . . 155
6.5 Results and Outputs for the Logical Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
6.6 Implementation: Deriving the Functional Architecture . . . . . . . . 158
6.6.1 Didactic Test Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
6.6.2 Industrial Test Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
6.6.3 Comparison Between Use Case and Black-Box Based
Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
6.7 Results and Final Remarks About the Functional Analysis . . . . 190
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
7 Logical Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
7.1 Meaning of the Logical Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
7.2 Handoff Between Functional and Logical Analysis . . . . . . . . . . 194
xvi Contents

7.3 Implementation of the Logical Analysis Through the SysML . . . 195

7.4 Requirements Satisfaction and Architecture Allocation . . . . . . . 199
7.5 Towards the Next Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
7.6 Implementation and System Logical Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . 201
7.6.1 Didactic Test Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
7.6.2 Industrial Test Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
7.7 Requirements Traceability in the Logical Analysis . . . . . . . . . . 219
7.8 Results and Final Considerations About the Logical Analysis . . . 222
8 Physical Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
8.2 Handoff Between Logical and Physical Analyses . . . . . . . . . . . 226
8.3 Formalisms and Models of the Physical Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . 227
8.4 Requirements Allocation and Verification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
8.5 Expected Results and Final Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
8.6 Implementation of the Physical Analysis of Complex
Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
8.6.1 Didactic Test Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
8.6.2 Industrial Test Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
8.7 Results and Final Considerations About the Physical Analysis . . . 269
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
9 Heterogeneous Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
9.2 Strategies of Model’s Integration Within the Heterogeneous
Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
9.3 Example of Interoperability Standard: The Functional Mock-
up Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
9.4 Implementation of the Heterogeneous Simulation in the Ice
Protection System Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
9.4.1 Models for the Ice Protection System Scenario . . . . . . . 279
9.4.2 Simulation Results and Final Run . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
9.5 Traceability and Future Evolution of the Interoperability
Within Large Toolchains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
10 System Verification and Validation (V&V) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
10.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
10.2 The Best “V&V” Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
10.3 Verification, Validation and Accreditation (V&V, VV&A) . . . . 292
10.4 Software and Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
10.4.1 V&V in Software Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
10.4.2 V&V in Hardware Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
10.5 A Methodological Approach to the Industrial Product V&V . . . 299
Contents xvii

10.5.1 Practical Issues in Product Development and Relation

with V&V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
10.5.2 Workflow of V&V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
10.5.3 Design Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
10.5.4 Smartness and Smart-Nect-Ness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
10.5.5 DT&E and OT&E for the Industrial Product . . . . . . . . 305
10.6 The Role of RAMS in V&V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
10.6.1 Reliability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
10.6.2 Maintainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
10.6.3 Availability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
10.6.4 FMEA and FTA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
10.6.5 Dysfunctional Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
10.6.6 Integration of RAMS and Numerical Simulation . . . . . 312
10.7 V&V Peculiarities of the Proposed Test Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
10.7.1 Didactic Test Case: V&V Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
10.7.2 Industrial Test Case: The RAMS Analysis . . . . . . . . . . 320
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
11 Systems Engineering and Product Lifecycle
Management (PLM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
11.1 The Big Picture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
11.2 The Configuration Control Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
11.3 The Platform Building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
11.3.1 The PLM Collaboration Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
11.3.2 The PLM Functional View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
11.3.3 The PLM Data Model Analysis and the Tool Chain . . . 332
11.4 The Tools Integration and Interoperation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
11.5 The Configuration Control Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
11.6 Integration Between Analyses Within the Tool Chain . . . . . . . . 339
11.6.1 Integration Between Design and RAMS . . . . . . . . . . . 339
11.6.2 Integrated Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
12 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
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