Chapter 7: Data Handling

Data types supported by Python:

1. Numbers
a. Integers (signed) – Positive and negative integers.
b. Booleans – Binary numbers 0 and 1 (True and False).
2. Floating point numbers
a. Fractional Form – 1023.60 , 0.0005 , 147.92
b. Exponential Form – 0.5E-04 , 3.5E03
3. Complex numbers
Complex numbers have the format – a+bj where both a and b are floating point
numbers
Example
1. a = 1+ 3.2j

print (a) -> (1.0 + 3.2 j) …. Parentheses around the number when displayed.

2. b = 0+4.2j

print (b) -> 4.2j …. NO Parentheses around the number when displayed if real part is 0.

A = -3.1 – 1j
a.real – gives the real part.
a.imag – gives the imaginary part.

print (a.real) -> -3.1

print (a.imag) -> -1.0

4. Strings

String can be declared using “”(double quotes) or ‘’ (single quotes). Contains

Unicode characters.

Example “Bob is crying” , ‘It is a funny world’ ,

String as a sequence of characters

Name= “ELEPHANT”

+ve Indexing from 0 to len(str) -1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
E L E P H A N T
-8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
-ve indexing from -len(str) to -1.
Name[0] = ‘E’ = Name [-8]
Name[1] = ‘L’ = Name [-7]
Name[2] = ‘E’ = Name [-6]
Name[3] = ‘P’ = Name [-5]
Name[4] = ‘H’ = Name [-4]
Name[5] = ‘A’ = Name [-3]
Name[6] = ‘N’ = Name [-2]
Name[7] = ‘T’ = Name [-1]

 Name [8] or Name [-9] will give me an Error : IndexError : string index out of range.
 Individual letter assignment is not allowed in Python. – Name [0] = ‘h’ is not allowed.
It will give an error : TypeError: ‘str’ object does not support item assignment.
 Changing the whole string is allowed – Name = “Lion” is allowed.
Lists and Tuples

 Pythons compound data types

 They are the same with just one difference, Lists(mutable) can be modified but tuple(immutable)
cannot be modified.

Lists Declaration – List can be a mix of any data types (int , float, character or string)

1. a=[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
2. vowels=[‘a’ , ‘e’, ‘I’, ‘o’ , ‘u’]
3. mixed= [‘Study’ , 109, 89.5]

 Element of list is access using the index the same way as in Strings.
print (a[0]) -> 1
print (vowel [2]) -> ‘I’

 List values can be changed.

a[3] = 7

print (a)

will result in

[1, 2, 3, 7, 5]

 Note: brackets will be printed along with elements when a list is printed to indicate it is a list

Tuples declaration

Tuples is the same as lists in declaration and usage

1. a=(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
2. vowels=(‘a’ , ‘e’, ‘I’, ‘o’ , ‘u’)
3. mixed= (‘Study’ , 109, 89.5)

 Element of list is access using the index the same way as in Strings.
print (a[0]) -> 1
print (vowel [2]) -> ‘I’
print (vowel) -> (‘a’ , ‘e’, ‘I’, ‘o’ , ‘u’)

 Tuples values cannot be changed.

 Note: brackets will be printed along with elements when a tuple is printed to indicate it is a tuple
Tuples and Lists difference.

1. Lists are declared using [] and tuples are declared using ()

2. Lists single value can be changed (mutable) but tuples single value cannot be
changed(immutable)

Sets Declaration

 Sets are declared using {}

 Sets elements are unordered and unindexed.
 Sets does not allow duplicate element. I added by mistake it removes it.
 Sets cannot contain mutable elements.

1. a={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5 , 4}
2. vowels={‘a’ , ‘e’, ‘I’, ‘o’ , ‘u’}
3. mixed= {‘Study’ , 109, 89.5}

 print (a) -> {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} …printed with curly brackets and duplicate elements are removed.
 type (a) -> <class ‘set’>

Dictionary declaration

Dictionary is an unordered set of comma separated key:value pairs with a requirement that no
two keys are the same.

 vowels={‘a’ : 1, ‘e’ : 3, ‘I’ : 4, ‘o’ : 5 , ‘u’ : 2}

 Element of dictionary are accessed using the key as index.
print (vowel [‘a’]) -> 1
print (vowel [‘o’]) -> 5
print (vowel) -> {‘a’ : 1, ‘e’ : 3, ‘I’ : 4, ‘o’ : 5 , ‘u’ : 2}
Mutable and immutable

 Mutability means that in the same memory address, new value can be stored as and when you
want.
 Integers, Float, Booleans, strings and tuples are all immutable types
 Lists , Dictionary and Sets are all mutable types.
Variable Internals definitions:-

1. Python is an object oriented language.

2. An object is an entity that has certain properties and that exhibit a certain type of behavior.

Example: Integer values are objects. They have their own properties. They support all arithmetic
operation (behaviour)

i. The type of an object – it determines the operations that can be performed on the object.

a= 4

type (a) -> <class ‘int’>

ii. The value of an object – It is the data item contained in the object.
a= 4
print (val(a)) -> 4
iii. The id of an object – It is the memory location of the object.

a =4

print (id (a)) -> 3089122

print (id(4)) -> 3089122

Type casting of variables

The conversion of one data type into the other data type is known as type casting. Two types

- implicit - done by python itself during execution.

- explicit – done by the programmer.

Int(): function take float or string as an argument and returns int type
object.
float(): function take int or string as an argument and return float type
object.
str(): function takes float or int as an argument and returns string type
object.
Complex() : function takes (1 or 2) int as an argument and returns complex
type object.
Bool() : function takes int, float, string as an argument and returns False for 0,
“” , ‘’ else True.
Operators:

1. Arithmetic operators:
a. Unary (+ and -)
b. Binary (involving two operands)
Operator Name Example

+ Addition x+y

- Subtraction x–y

* Multiplication x*y

/ Division x/y 5/2 = 2.5

% Modulus x%y 5%2 = 1

** Exponentiation x ** y 5 **2 = 25

// Floor division x // y 5//2 = 2

c. Augmented Assignment operators

Operator Example Same As

= x=5 x=5

+= x += 3 x=x+3

-= x -= 3 x=x–3

*= x *= 3 x=x*3

/= x /= 3 x=x/3

%= x %= 3 x=x%3

//= x //= 3 x = x // 3
 **= x **= 3 x = x ** 3

&= x &= 3 x=x&3 AND operator

|= x |= 3 x=x|3 OR operator

^= x ^= 3 x=x^3 XOR operator

>>= x >>= 3 x = x >> 3 Right shift

<<= x <<= 3 x = x << 3 Left Shift

d. Comparison operators

Operator Name Example

== Equal x == y (Doesn’t work with

floating point numbers)

!= Not equal x != y

> Greater than x>y

< Less than x<y

>= Greater than or x >= y

<= Less than or equal x <= y

e. Identity operators – not good for strings.

is – True when both variables refer to the same memory address
is not – True when both variables refer to different memory address

f. Logical Operators

Operator Description Example

and Returns True if both statements are true x < 5 and x < 10

or Returns True if one of the statements is true x < 5 or x < 4

Reverse the result, returns False if the result

not not(x < 5 and x < 10)
is true
g. Bitwise operators

OPERATOR NAME DESCRIPTION SYNTAX

Bitwise Result bit 1,if both operand bits are

& x&y
AND 1;otherwise results bit 0.

Result bit 1,if any of the operand bit

| Bitwise OR x|y
is 1; otherwise results bit 0.

Bitwise
~ inverts individual bits ~x
NOT

Results bit 1,if any of the operand bit

Bitwise is 1 but not both, otherwise
^ x^y
XOR
results bit 0.

The left operand’s value is moved

Bitwise right toward right by the number of bits
>> x>>
shift
specified by the right operand.

The left operand’s value is moved

Bitwise left toward left by the number of bits
<< x<<
shift
specified by the right operand.
Standard Libraries:
Import the library first:
1. Math Library
 2. Random library
- random.random()- Return the next random floating point
number in the range 0.0 <= X < 1.0
- random.randint(a, b) - Return a random integer N such that
a <= N <= b.

3. Statistics library
- Statistics.mean(<seq>)
- Statistics.median(<seq>)
- Statistics.mode(<seq>)

Where <seq> is a list of numbers

Seq = [10,12,19,20,2,5,6,7,100]