Cloud Computing

1. What Is Cloud Computing?

Cloud Computing means storing and accessing the data and programs on remote servers that are hosted on the internet
instead of the computer’s hard drive or local server. Cloud computing is also referred to as Internet-based computing, it is a
technology where the resource is provided as a service through the Internet to the user. The data that is stored can be files,
images, documents, or any other storable document.
The following are some of the operations that can be performed with Cloud Computing
• Storage, backup, and recovery of data
• Delivery of software on demand
• Development of new applications and services
• Streaming videos and audio

Cloud Computing Architecture:

Cloud computing architecture is divided into the following two parts -

o Front End

o Back End

Front End
The front end is used by the client. It contains client-side interfaces and applications that are required to access the cloud
computing platforms. The front end includes web servers (including Chrome, Firefox, internet explorer, etc.), thin & fat clients,
tablets, and mobile devices.
Back End
The back end is used by the service provider. It manages all the resources that are required to provide cloud computing services.
It includes a huge amount of data storage, security mechanism, virtual machines, deploying models, servers, traffic control
mechanisms, etc.
Note: Both front end and back end are connected to others through a network, generally using the internet connection.
Components of Cloud Computing Architecture
There are the following components of cloud computing architecture -
1. Client Infrastructure
Client Infrastructure is a Front-end component. It provides a GUI (Graphical User Interface) to interact with the cloud.
2. Application
The application may be any software or platform that a client wants to access.
3. Service
Cloud Services manages which type of service you access according to the client’s requirement.
Cloud computing offers the following three type of services:
i. Software as a Service (SaaS) – It is also known as cloud application services. Mostly, SaaS applications run directly through
the web browser means we do not require to download and install these applications. Some important example of SaaS is given
below –
Example: Google Apps, Salesforce Dropbox, Slack, Hubspot, Cisco WebEx.
ii. Platform as a Service (PaaS) – It is also known as cloud platform services. It is quite similar to SaaS, but the difference is that
PaaS provides a platform for software creation, but using SaaS, we can access software over the internet without the need of any
platform.
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Example: Windows Azure, Force.com, Magento Commerce Cloud, OpenShift.
iii. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) – It is also known as cloud infrastructure services. It is responsible for managing
applications data, middleware, and runtime environments.
Example: Amazon Web Services (AWS) EC2, Google Compute Engine (GCE), Cisco Metapod.
4. Runtime Cloud
Runtime Cloud provides the execution and runtime environment to the virtual machines.
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5. Storage
Storage is one of the most important components of cloud computing. It provides a huge amount of storage capacity in the cloud
to store and manage data.
6. Infrastructure
It provides services on the host level, application level, and network level. Cloud infrastructure includes hardware and software
components such as servers, storage, network devices, virtualization software, and other storage resources that are needed to
support the cloud computing model.
7. Management
Management is used to manage components such as application, service, runtime cloud, storage, infrastructure, and other security
issues in the backend and establish coordination between them.
8. Security
Security is an in-built back end component of cloud computing. It implements a security mechanism in the back end.
9. Internet
The Internet is medium through which front end and back end can interact and communicate with each other.

Types of Cloud Computing

The following are the types of Cloud Computing:
• Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
• Platform as a Service (PaaS)
• Software as a Service (SaaS)
Infrastructure as a Service ( IaaS )
• Flexibility and Control: IaaS comes up with providing virtualized computing resources such as VMs,
Storage, and networks facilitating users with control over the Operating system and applications.
• Reducing Expenses of Hardware: IaaS provides business cost savings with the elimination of physical
infrastructure investments making it cost-effective.
• Scalability of Resources: The cloud provides in scaling of hardware resources up or down as per demand
facilitating optimal performance with cost efficiency.

Platform as a Service (PaaS)

• Simplifying the Development: Platform as a Service offers application development by keeping the
underlying Infrastructure as an Abstraction. It helps the developers to completely focus on application logic
(Code) and background operations are completely managed by the AWS platform.
• Enhancing Efficiency and Productivity: PaaS lowers the Management of Infrastructure complexity,
speeding up the Execution time and bringing the updates quickly to market by streamlining the
development process.
• Automation of Scaling: Management of resource scaling, guaranteeing the program’s workload efficiency is
ensured by PaaS.
SaaS (software as a service)
• Collaboration And Accessibility: Software as a Service (SaaS) helps users to easily access applications
without having the requirement of local installations. It is fully managed by the AWS Software working as a
service over the internet encouraging effortless cooperation and ease of access.
• Automation of Updates: SaaS providers manage the handling of software maintenance with automatic
latest updates ensuring users gain experience with the latest features and security patches.
• Cost Efficiency: SaaS acts as a cost-effective solution by reducing the overhead of IT support by eliminating
the need for individual software licenses.
Function as a Service (FaaS)
• Event-Driven Execution: FaaS helps in the maintenance of servers and infrastructure making users worry
about it. FaaS facilitates the developers to run code as a response to the events.
• Cost Efficiency: FaaS facilitates cost efficiency by coming up with the principle “Pay as per you Run” for the
computing resources used.
• Scalability and Agility: Serverless Architectures scale effortlessly in handling the workloads promoting
agility in development and deployment.
Top Reasons to switch from On-premise to Cloud Computing
Reduces cost
• The cost-cutting ability of businesses that utilize cloud computing over time is one of the main advantages of
this technology. On average 15% of the total cost can be saved by companies if they migrate to the cloud. By the
use of cloud servers’ businesses will save and reduce costs with no need to employ a staff of technical support
personnel to address server issues. There are many great business modules regarding the cost-cutting benefits of
cloud servers such as the Coca-Cola and Pinterest case studies.
More storage
• For software and applications to execute as quickly and efficiently as possible, it provides more servers, storage
space, and computing power. Many tools are available for cloud storage such as Dropbox, Onedrive, Google Drive,
iCloud Drive, etc.
Employees Better Work Life Balance
• Direct connections between cloud computing benefits, and the work and personal lives of an enterprise’s
workers can both improve because of cloud computing. Even on holidays, the employees have to work with the
server for its security, maintenance, and proper functionality. But with cloud storage the thing is not the same,
employees get ample of time for their personal life and the workload is even less comparatively.
Characteristics of Cloud Computing
1) Agility: The cloud works in a distributed computing environment. It shares resources among users and works very fast.
2) High availability and reliability: The availability of servers is high and more reliable because the chances of
infrastructure failure are minimal.
3) High Scalability: Cloud offers "on-demand" provisioning of resources on a large scale, without having engineers for
peak loads.
4) Multi-Sharing: With the help of cloud computing, multiple users and applications can work more efficiently with cost
reductions by sharing a common infrastructure.
5) Device and Location Independence: Cloud computing enables users to access systems using a web browser regardless
of their location or what device they use e.g. PC, mobile phone, etc. As infrastructure is off-site (typically provided by a
third party) and accessed via the Internet, users can connect from anywhere.
6) Maintenance: Maintenance of cloud computing applications is easier since they do not need to be installed on each
user's computer and can be accessed from different places. So, it reduces the cost also.
7) Low Cost: By using cloud computing, the cost will be reduced because to take the services of cloud computing, an IT
company need not set its infrastructure and pay-as-per-usage of resources.
8) Services in the pay-per-use mode: Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) are provided to the users so that they
can access services on the cloud by using these APIs and pay the charges as per the usage of services.

Advantages of Cloud Computing

The following are the main advantages of Cloud Computing:
• Cost Efficiency: Cloud Computing provides flexible pricing to the users with the principal pay-as-you-go
model. It helps in lessening capital expenditures of Infrastructure, particularly for small and medium-sized
businesses companies.
• Flexibility and Scalability: Cloud services facilitate the scaling of resources based on demand. It ensures
the efficiency of businesses in handling various workloads without the need for large amounts of
investments in hardware during periods of low demand.
• Collaboration and Accessibility: Cloud computing provides easy access to data and applications from
anywhere over the internet.
Disadvantages of Cloud Computing:
• Security Concerns: Storing of sensitive data on external servers raised more security concerns which is one
of the main drawbacks of cloud computing.
• Downtime and Reliability: Even though cloud services are usually dependable, they may also have
unexpected interruptions and downtimes. Dependency on Internet Connectivity: Cloud computing services
heavily rely on Internet connectivity. For accessing the cloud resources the users should have a stable and
high-speed internet connection for accessing and using cloud resources.
• Cost Management Complexity: The main benefit of cloud services is their pricing model that coming
with Pay as you go but it also leads to cost management complexities.

2. Cloud Computing Deployment Models

➢ The cloud deployment model identifies the specific type of cloud environment based on ownership, scale, and
access, as well as the cloud’s nature and purpose.
➢ The location of the servers you’re utilizing and who controls them are defined by a cloud deployment model.
➢ It specifies how your cloud infrastructure will look, what you can change, and whether you will be given services
or will have to create everything yourself.
Different types of cloud computing deployment models are described below.
• Public Cloud
• Private Cloud
• Hybrid Cloud
• Community Cloud
• Multi-Cloud
Public Cloud
❖ The public cloud makes it possible for anybody to access systems and services.
❖ The public cloud may be less secure as it is open to everyone.
❖ The public cloud is one in which cloud infrastructure services are provided over the internet to the general people
or major industry groups.
❖ The infrastructure in this cloud model is owned by the entity that delivers the cloud services, not by the consumer.
❖ It is a type of cloud hosting that allows customers and users to easily access systems and services.
❖ This form of cloud computing is an excellent example of cloud hosting, in which service providers supply services
to a variety of customers. In this arrangement, storage backup and retrieval services are given for free, as a
subscription, or on a per-user basis. For example, Google App Engine etc.

Public Cloud

Advantages of the Public Cloud Model

• Minimal Investment: .
• No setup cost:
• Infrastructure Management is not required:
• No maintenance:
• Dynamic Scalability:
Disadvantages of the Public Cloud Model
• Less secure:
• Low customization:
Private Cloud
❖ The private cloud deployment model is the exact opposite of the public cloud deployment model.
❖ It’s a one-on-one environment for a single user (customer).
❖ There is no need to share your hardware with anyone else.
❖ The distinction between private and public clouds is in how you handle all of the hardware.
❖ It is also called the “internal cloud” & it refers to the ability to access systems and services within a given border
or organization.
❖ The cloud platform is implemented in a cloud-based secure environment that is protected by powerful firewalls
and under the supervision of an organization’s IT department.
❖ The private cloud gives greater flexibility of control over cloud resources.

Private Cloud

Advantages of the Private Cloud Model

• Better Control:
• Data Security and Privacy:
• Supports Legacy Systems:
• Customization:
Disadvantages of the Private Cloud Model
• Less scalable:
• Costly:
Hybrid Cloud
❖ By bridging the public and private worlds with a layer of proprietary software, hybrid cloud computing gives the
best of both worlds.
❖ With a hybrid solution, you may host the app in a safe environment while taking advantage of the public cloud’s
cost savings.
❖ Organizations can move data and applications between different clouds using a combination of two or more cloud
deployment methods, depending on their needs.

Hybrid Cloud

Advantages of the Hybrid Cloud Model

• Flexibility and control:
• Cost
• Security:
Disadvantages of the Hybrid Cloud Model
• Difficult to manage:
• Slow data transmission:
Community Cloud
❖ It allows systems and services to be accessible by a group of organizations.
❖ It is a distributed system that is created by integrating the services of different clouds to address the specific needs
of a community, industry, or business.
❖ The infrastructure of the community could be shared between the organization which has shared concerns or tasks.
❖ It is generally managed by a third party or by the combination of one or more organizations in the community.

Community Cloud

Advantages of the Community Cloud Model

• Cost Effective:
• Security: .
• Shared resources:
• Collaboration and data sharing:
Disadvantages of the Community Cloud Model
• Limited Scalability:
• Rigid in customization:
Multi-Cloud
❖ We’re talking about employing multiple cloud providers at the same time under this paradigm, as the name
implies.
❖ It’s similar to the hybrid cloud deployment approach, which combines public and private cloud resources.
❖ Instead of merging private and public clouds, multi-cloud uses many public clouds. Although public cloud
providers provide numerous tools to improve the reliability of their services, mishaps still occur.
❖ It’s quite rare that two distinct clouds would have an incident at the same moment. As a result, multi -cloud
deployment improves the high availability of your services even more.
Advantages of the Multi-Cloud Model
• Reduced Latency:
• High availability of service:
Disadvantages of the Multi-Cloud Model
• Complex:
• Security issue

3.Cloud Service Provider Companies

Cloud Service providers (CSP) offers various services such as Software as a Service, Platform as a service, Infrastructure
as a service, network services, business applications, mobile applications, and infrastructure in the cloud. The cloud
service providers host these services in a data center, and users can access these services through cloud provider companies
using an Internet connection.

There are the following Cloud Service Providers Companies –

Amazon Web Services (AWS)
(Amazon Web Services) is a secure cloud service platform provided by Amazon. It offers various services
such as database storage, computing power, content delivery, Relational Database, Simple Email, Simple Queue,
and other functionality to increase the organization's growth.
 Features of AWS
AWS provides various powerful features for building scalable, cost-effective, enterprise applications.
Some important features of AWS is given below-
o AWS is scalable because it has an ability to scale the computing resources up or down according to the
organization's demand.
o AWS is cost-effective as it works on a pay-as-you-go pricing model. o It provides various flexible
storage options.
o It offers various security services such as infrastructure security, data encryption, monitoring &
logging, identity & access control, penetration testing, and DDoS attacks. o It can efficiently manage
and secure Windows workloads.

Microsoft Azure
Microsoft Azure is also known as Windows Azure. It supports various operating systems, databases, programming languages,
frameworks that allow IT professionals to easily build, deploy, and manage applications through a worldwide network. It also allows
users to create different groups for related utilities.

Features of Microsoft Azure

o Microsoft Azure provides scalable, flexible, and cost-effective o It allows developers to

quickly manage applications and websites. o It managed each resource individually.
o Its IaaS infrastructure allows us to launch a general-purpose virtual machine in different platforms
such as Windows and Linux.
o It offers a Content Delivery System (CDS) for delivering the Images, videos, audios, and
applications.

4. What is Amazon EC2?

Amazon Web service offers EC2 which is a short form of Elastic Compute Cloud (ECC) it is a cloud computing service offered
by the Cloud Service Provider AWS. You can deploy your applications in EC2 servers without any worrying about the
underlying infrastructure. You configure the EC2-Instance in a very secure manner by using the VPC, Subnets, and Security
groups. You can scale the configuration of the EC2 instance you have configured based on the demand of the application by
attaching the autoscaling group to the EC2 instance. You can scale up and scale down the instance based on the incoming
traffic of the application.
 Use Cases of Amazon EC2 (Elastic Compute Cloud)
1. Deploying Application: In the AWS EC2 instance, you can deploy your application
like .jar,.war, or .ear application without maintaining the underlying infrastructure.
2. Scaling Application: Once you deployed your web application in the EC2 instance know you can scale your
application based upon the demand you are having by scaling the AWS EC2-Instance.
3. Deploying The ML Models: You can train and deploy your ML models in the EC2-instance because it offers
up to 400 Gbps), and storage services purpose-built to optimize the price performance for ML projects.
4. Hybrid Cloud Environment: You can deploy your web application in EC2-Instance and you can connect to
the database which is deployed in the on-premises servers.
5. Cost-Effective: Amazon EC2-instance is cost-effective so you can deploy your gaming application in the
Amazon EC2-Instances

5. Hypervisor
•
••
A hypervisor is a form of virtualization software used in Cloud hosting to divide and allocate the resources on various pieces
of hardware. The program which provides partitioning, isolation, or abstraction is called a virtualization hypervisor. The
hypervisor is a hardware virtualization technique that allows multiple guest operating systems (OS) to run on a single host
system at the same time. A hypervisor is sometimes also called a virtual machine manager(VMM).
Types of Hypervisor –
TYPE-1 Hypervisor:
The hypervisor runs directly on the underlying host system. It is also known as a “Native Hypervisor” or “Bare metal
hypervisor”. It does not require any base server operating system. It has direct access to hardware resources. Examples of
Type 1 hypervisors include VMware ESXi, Citrix XenServer, and Microsoft Hyper-V hypervisor.

Pros & Cons of Type-1 Hypervisor:

Pros: Such kinds of hypervisors are very efficient because they have direct access to the physical hardware resources(like Cpu,
Memory, Network, and Physical storage). This causes the empowerment of the security because there is nothing any kind of
the third party resource so that attacker couldn’t compromise with anything.
Cons: One problem with Type-1 hypervisors is that they usually need a dedicated separate machine to perform their
operation and to instruct different VMs and control the host hardware resources.

TYPE-2 Hypervisor:
A Host operating system runs on the underlying host system. It is also known as ‘Hosted Hypervisor”. Such kind of
hypervisors doesn’t run directly over the underlying hardware rather they run as an application in a Host system(physical
machine). Basically, the software is installed on an operating system. Hypervisor asks the operating system to make hardware
calls. An example of a Type 2 hypervisor includes VMware Player or Parallels Desktop. Hosted hypervisors are often found
on endpoints like PCs. The type-2 hypervisor is very useful for engineers, and security analysts (for checking malware, or
malicious source code and newly developed applications).
Pros & Cons of Type-2 Hypervisor:
Pros: Such kind of hypervisors allows quick and easy access to a guest Operating System alongside the host machine
running. These hypervisors usually come with additional useful features for guest machines. Such tools enhance the
coordination between the host machine and the guest machine.
Cons: Here there is no direct access to the physical hardware resources so the efficiency of these hypervisors lags in
performance as compared to the type-1 hypervisors, and potential security risks are also there an attacker can compromise
the security weakness if there is access to the host operating system so he can also access the guest operating system.
6. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN:

Parameter Public Cloud Private Cloud Hybrid Cloud Community Cloud Multi-Cloud

Host Service provider Enterprise (Third party) Enterprise (Third party) Community (Third party) Multiple cloud providers

Users General public Selected users Selected users Community members Multiple organizations

Access Internet Internet, VPN Internet, VPN Internet, VPN Internet, VPN

Owner Service provider Enterprise Enterprise Community Multiple organizations

Cost Pay-per-usage Infrastructure investment Mixed (variable) Shared cost among members Variable depending on usage
IaaS Paas SaaS

It provides a virtual data center to store information and create It provides virtual platforms and tools to create, It provides web software and apps to
platforms for app development, testing, and deployment. test, and deploy apps. complete business tasks.

It provides access to resources such as virtual machines, virtual It provides runtime environments and It provides software as a service to the
storage, etc. deployment tools for applications. end-users.

It is used by network architects. It is used by developers. It is used by end users.

IaaS provides only Infrastructure. PaaS provides Infrastructure+Platform. SaaS provides Infrastructure+Platform
+Software.

Parameter AWS Azure Google Cloud Platform

App Testing It uses device farm It uses DevTest labs It uses Cloud Test labs.

API Management Amazon API gateway Azure API gateway Cloud endpoints.

Kubernetes Management EKS Kubernetes service Kubernetes engine

Git Repositories AWS source repositories Azure source repositories Cloud source repositories.

Data warehouse Redshift SQL warehouse Big Query

Object Storage S3 Block Blobs and files Google cloud storage.

Relational DB RDS Relational DBs Google Cloud SQL

Block Storage EBS Page Blobs Persistent disks

Marketplace AWS Azure G suite

Cloud Computing Grid Computing

Cloud Computing follows client-server computing architecture. Grid computing follows a distributed computing architecture.

Scalability is high. Scalability is normal.

Cloud Computing is more flexible than grid computing. Grid Computing is less flexible than cloud computing.

Cloud operates as a centralized management system. Grid operates as a decentralized management system.

In cloud computing, cloud servers are owned by infrastructure providers. In Grid computing, grids are owned and managed by the organization.

Cloud computing uses services like Iaas, PaaS, and SaaS. Grid computing uses systems like distributed computing, distributed
information, and distributed pervasive.

Cloud Computing is Service-oriented. Grid Computing is Application-oriented.

It is accessible through standard web protocols. It is accessible through grid middleware.