Lecture 8 Digestive System

Faculty of Dentistry
The Digestive System

By
A.Prof./Rabab Amer
• Identify regions of the abdominal cavity.
• Understand parts if the alimentary canal.
• Define the main digestive glands.
• Describe the salivary glands.
• Identify the pancreas.
• Understand the liver and the biliary system.
Resource & References
Book: Gray’s student anatomy
Netter F: Atlas of Human Anatomy
Link of snell’s clinical anatomy:
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Q8fPdGiIt9FPD_J_H1XVrErQtmaGN66V/view?u
sp=sharing\
Media:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xpe7nIC_B6Y
Regions of the Abdominal Cavity
The abdominal cavity is

divided into 9 regions by:
1- two vertical lines:
cut midclavicular, costal
margin at 9th c.c. and mid-
inguinal points
Rt hypochondrium Lt hypochondrium
2- two transverse lines:
-upper is transpyloric line at Rt Lumbar Lt Lumbar
1st lumbar vertebra

Rt Iliac Lt Iliac
-lower is intertubercular line
at 4th lumbar vertebra
Digestive system consists
of:
A- Alimentary canal
B- Digestive glands
Mouth cavity
It Has:
1- Roof: Palate
2- Floor: Tongue
It is divided into:
1- vestibule: outside teeth
2-Mouth proper: within teeth
It is a tube of about 13 cm long which extends from the base
of the skull to the level of the 6th cervical vertebra where it
become continuous with the esophagus .
- It is divided into 3 parts :
Nasopharynx; the part which lies behind the nasal cavity
above the level of the soft palate
Oropharynx; the part which lies behind the mouth cavity
. It extends from the soft palate superiorly to the
epiglottis inferiorly . It is the crossroad of airway and
foodway.
Laryngopharynx; the part which lies behind the larynx. It
extends from the epiglottis superiorly to the cricoid
cartilage inferiorly .
• The esophagus is a cylindrical straight
muscular tube about 10 inches long. It
begins at the level of 6th cervical vertebra
as a continuation of the laryngopharynx.
• It descends through the thorax behind the

trachea and pierces the diaphragm to
enter the abdomen and ends in the
stomach by its cardiac opening.
Cardiac
opening
The stomach is a J
shaped structure
located in the left
hypochondrium Lesser
curvature
It has:
-two openings, cardiac
and pyloric
-two curvatures, greater
and lesser
Pyloric Greater
opening curvature
Parts of the stomach
Fundus: dome shaped
upper part
Body: main
part
Pylorus
Pyloric antrum: lower part, lead to pylorus

It is about 7 meters long, begins fdrom the
pylorus till the ileocecal junction. It is
formed of 3 parts, duodenum, jejunum
and ilium
Duodenum:
• It is the proximal fixed part of the small
intestine.
• It is about 10 inches long. It is C shaped
surrounding the head of pancreas.
• About its middle it receives the opening of the
common bile duct which receives the hepatic
ducts and the pancreatic duct.
The jejunum forms the first 2/5 of
the small intestine. It is thicker
wider more reddish in color than
the ileum.
The ileum is the lower 3/5 of the

small intestine. It is pale and
narrower than jejunum.
Large intestine (colon)
Sacculated due to
longitudinal
muscle forming
taenia coli
1.5 meters
in length
Starts at
caecum and
ends at anal
orifice
It is divided into:
Hepatic flexure Splenic flexure
50 cm
15 cm
25 cm
Caecum Pelvic colon

6cm 40 cm
12 cm
Anal canal
Small Intestine Large Intestine
Length 6 meters 180 cm
Caliber Smaller Larger
Site Central Peripheral
Taenia coli Absent Present
Motility Free (suspended with a Fixed except transverse

mesentery) except and pelvic colon.
duodenum.
Function Digestion & absorption Absorption of water and

of food some minerals.
1- Where is the beginning of the small intestine?
A- At the cardiac opening
B- At the pylorus
C- At the ileocecal junction
D- At the colic flexure
2- What is the length of the ascending colon?

A- 10
B- 15
C- 20
D- 25
18
Digestive glands
1- Salivary glands
2- Pancreas
3- Liver
Salivary glands
There are three pairs of main salivary

glands
1-Parotid gland :
- The largest and lies close to the
auricle of the ear , on the ramus of
the mandible.
- Its duct opens in the vestibule of the
mouth opposite the upper second molar
tooth.
2- Submandibular gland :It is situated

under the mandible .
- Its long duct opens in the floor of the
mouth below the tongue close to the
middle line .
3- Sublingual gland :
- The smallest of the three , lying directly
beneath the mucous membrane of the
mouth floor and opens into it by about
15 - 20 small ductules .
It is a pale yellowish grey gland about 18 cm in
length.
- It lies transversely across the posterior
abdominal wall extending from the
duodenum to the spleen. Tail
- It is formed of :
1-The head : Embraced in the concavity of Body
the duodenum. Neck
2-The neck : Connects the head with the Head
body.
3-The body : Extends behind the stomach.
4-The tail : Lies on the left kidney and
touches the hilum of the spleen.
- The pancreas is a mixed gland formed of

Exocrine part secreting the digestive juice
which in collected by the pancreatic duct
Endocrine part secreting insulin from the
Beta cells of the islets of Langerhans .
The pancreatic duct :
- Passes through the whole length of the gland from left to right .
- It opens into the middle of duodenum after joining the common bile duct
to form the ampulla of Vater.
It is the largest gland in the body. It weights
about 1.3kg.
- It lies in the upper part of the abdominal
cavity below the diaphragm , mainly in
the right hypochondrium and partly in the
epigastrium .
- It is wedge shaped , the base is to the right
and the apex to the left :
- It is formed of four lobes :
1 - Right lobe , the largest
2 - Left lobe
3 - Quadrate lobe
4 - Caudate lobe
- The liver has 4 surfaces; superior , inferior ,
anterior and posterior surfaces .
The porta hepatis ; is the hilum of the liver . It
is a transverse fissure on the inferior surface of
the liver and shows various structures :
1- Portal veins ; enters carrying blood from the
digestive organs
2- Hepatic artery , enters carrying arterial
supply to the liver.
3- Right and left hepatic ducts , leave carrying
bile to the gall bladder.
It includs : 1-Bile ducts 2 - Gall bladder.
Bile ducts :
- Bile is secreted by the liver cells and
collected by the bile ductules . These
drain into large bile ducts which leave the
liver by two main ducts, the right and left
hepatic ducts from the corresponding
halves of the liver. The 2 hepatic ducts
unite to form the common hepatic duct.
- This joins the cystic duct from the gall
bladder to form the common bile duct .
- The common bile duct passes behind the
head of pancreas and joins the main
pancreatic duct at the ampulla of Vater.
which opens into the middle of the
duodenum at the sphincter of Oddi.
Gall bladder :
- The gall bladder is a pear-shaped sac
attached to the under surface of the liver.
It consists of a fundus , the expanded
blind end , a body and a neck which is
continuous with the cystic duct.
Gall Bladder
fundus
neck Cystic duct
body
1- Which of the following glands opens in the upper part of mouth?
A- Sublingual
B- Submandibular.
C- Parotid
D- Nasal
2- Which part of the biliary system opens in the duodenum?

A- Common bile duct
B- Common hepatic duct
C- Cystic duct
D- Right hepatic duct
3- Which of the following digestive glands secretes a hormone?

A- Pancreas
B- Liver 27
C- Parotid
D- sublingual
28

Lecture 8 Digestive System

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Lecture 8 Digestive System

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Faculty of Dentistry

The Digestive System

The abdominal cavity is

1st lumbar vertebra

• It descends through the thorax behind the

Pyloric antrum: lower part, lead to pylorus

The ileum is the lower 3/5 of the

Caecum Pelvic colon

Length 6 meters 180 cm

Caliber Smaller Larger

Site Central Peripheral

Taenia coli Absent Present

Motility Free (suspended with a Fixed except transverse

Function Digestion & absorption Absorption of water and

2- What is the length of the ascending colon?

There are three pairs of main salivary

2- Submandibular gland :It is situated

- The pancreas is a mixed gland formed of

neck Cystic duct

2- Which part of the biliary system opens in the duodenum?

3- Which of the following digestive glands secretes a hormone?

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