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4. Image Sampling and Quantization

The document discusses the digitization process in digital image processing, focusing on two main components: sampling and quantization. Sampling involves digitizing the coordinate values of an image, while quantization deals with digitizing the amplitude values, transforming real-valued samples into distinct levels. The quality of an image can be improved by increasing the number of quantization levels, which affects the gray level resolution and overall image detail.

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Xmarty Ruwaid
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2 views

4. Image Sampling and Quantization

The document discusses the digitization process in digital image processing, focusing on two main components: sampling and quantization. Sampling involves digitizing the coordinate values of an image, while quantization deals with digitizing the amplitude values, transforming real-valued samples into distinct levels. The quality of an image can be improved by increasing the number of quantization levels, which affects the gray level resolution and overall image detail.

Uploaded by

Xmarty Ruwaid
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Image Sampling and Quantization

Tushar B. Kute,
http://tusharkute.com
Image sampling and quantization

• In Digital Image Processing, signals captured from the


physical world need to be translated into digital form by
“Digitization” Process.
• In order to become suitable for digital processing, an
image function f(x,y) must be digitized both spatially and in
amplitude.
• This digitization process involves two main processes
called
– Sampling: Digitizing the co-ordinate value is called
sampling.
– Quantization: Digitizing the amplitude value is called
quantization
Image sampling and quantization

• Typically, a frame grabber or digitizer is used to


sample and quantize the analogue video signal.
Sampling

• Since an analogue image is continuous not just


in its co-ordinates (x axis), but also in its
amplitude (y axis), so the part that deals with
the digitizing of co-ordinates is known as
sampling.
• In digitizing sampling is done on independent
variable. In case of equation y = sin(x), it is done
on x variable.
Sampling
Sampling

• When looking at this image, we can see there are


some random variations in the signal caused by
noise.
• In sampling we reduce this noise by taking samples.
It is obvious that more samples we take, the quality
of the image would be more better, the noise would
be more removed and same happens vice versa.
• However, if you take sampling on the x axis, the
signal is not converted to digital format, unless you
take sampling of the y-axis too which is known as
quantization.
Sampling

• Sampling has a relationship with image pixels. The total


number of pixels in an image can be calculated as Pixels =
total no of rows * total no of columns.
• For example, let’s say we have total of 36 pixels, that
means we have a square image of 6X 6. As we know in
sampling, that more samples eventually result in more
pixels.
• So it means that of our continuous signal, we have taken
36 samples on x axis.
• That refers to 36 pixels of this image. Also the number
sample is directly equal to the number of sensors on CCD
array.
Sampling

• Here is an example for image sampling and how


it can be represented using a graph.
Quantization

• Quantization is opposite to sampling because it is


done on “y axis” while sampling is done on “x axis”.
• Quantization is a process of transforming a real
valued sampled image to one taking only a finite
number of distinct values.
• Under quantization process the amplitude values
of the image are digitized. In simple words, when
you are quantizing an image, you are actually
dividing a signal into quanta(partitions).
Quantization

• Now let’s see how quantization is done. Here we


assign levels to the values generated by sampling
process.
• In the image showed in sampling explanation,
although the samples has been taken, but they were
still spanning vertically to a continuous range of gray
level values.
• In the image shown below, these vertically ranging
values have been quantized into 5 different levels or
partitions. Ranging from 0 black to 4 white. This level
could vary according to the type of image you want.
Quantization
Quantization

• There is a relationship between Quantization


with gray level resolution.
• The above quantized image represents 5
different levels of gray and that means the
image formed from this signal, would only have
5 different colors.
• It would be a black and white image more or
less with some colors of gray.
Quantization

• When we want to improve the quality of image,


we can increase the levels assign to the sampled
image.
• If we increase this level to 256, it means we
have a gray scale image. Whatever the level
which we assign is called as the gray level.
• Most digital IP devices uses quantization into k
equal intervals. If b-bits per pixel are used,
Quantization

• The number of quantization levels should be


high enough for human perception of fine
shading details in the image.
• The occurrence of false contours is the main
problem in image which has been quantized
with insufficient brightness levels.
• Here is an example for image quantization
process.
Quantization
Thank you
This presentation is created using LibreOffice Impress 7.0.1.2, can be used freely as per GNU General Public License

/mITuSkillologies @mitu_group /company/mitu- MITUSkillologies


skillologies

Web Resources
https://mitu.co.in
http://tusharkute.com

contact@mitu.co.in
tushar@tusharkute.com

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