SQL Review Worksheet

SQL Overview
1. 1. What does SQL stand for, and what is its primary purpose?
- Structured Query Language
- Its primary purpose is to manage and manipulate relational databases

2. 2. List two benefits of having a standardized SQL language.

- enhanced application portability
- reduced training cost

SQL Environment
3. 1. What are the three main components of SQL?
- Database Manipulation Language – DML
+ Commands that manage and query database
- Database control language – DCL
+ Commands that control database including administering privileges and committing
data
-Database Definxition Language – DDL
+ Commands that define a database, including creating, altering and dropping table and
establishing constraints

4. 2. Provide an example command for each component: DDL, DML, DCL.

- DDL: CREATE TABLE Countries (Country_ID INT, Country_Name VARCHAR(50));

- DML: SELECT * FROM Countries;
- DCL: GRANT SELECT ON Countries TO User;

SELECT Statement
5. 1. Write a SQL query to retrieve all columns from a table named 'Employees'.
Select * from Employees
6. 2. Write a SQL query to sort employees by their last names in ascending order.
Select * from employees
Order by employee_lastname asc;
7. 3. How does the WHERE clause differ from the HAVING clause? Provide an example for
each.
 WHERE: Filters rows before grouping.
 HAVING: Filters groups after aggregation.
Examples:
 WHERE: SELECT * FROM Employees
WHERE Department = 'Sales';
 HAVING:
o SELECT Department, COUNT(*) FROM Employees
GROUP BY Department
HAVING COUNT(*) > 5;
Aggregation and Grouping
8. 1. Write a SQL query to count the number of employees in each department.

SELECT Department, COUNT(*) AS EmployeeCount

FROM Employees
GROUP BY Department;

9. 2. What is the purpose of the GROUP BY clause?

- It groups rows with the same values in specified columns for aggregation.

10. 3. Provide an example of using the HAVING clause with a GROUP BY.

Select class_ID, count(*) AS male_student

From school
Where gender =’male’
Group by class_id
Having count(*) > 10;

Another example:
SELECT Department, AVG(Salary) AS AvgSalary
FROM Employees
GROUP BY Department
HAVING AVG(Salary) > 50000;

Joins
11. 1. Write a SQL query using an INNER JOIN to combine data from 'Employees' and
'Departments' tables.

Select *
From Employees
Inner join departments
ON Employees.employee_id = departments.employee_id;

Another:

SELECT Employees.Name, Departments.DepartmentName

FROM Employees
INNER JOIN Departments ON Employees.DepartmentID = Departments.ID;

12. 2. What is the difference between an INNER JOIN and a LEFT OUTER JOIN?

 INNER JOIN: Only returns matching rows from both tables.

 LEFT OUTER JOIN: Returns all rows from the left table, with NULL for non-
matching rows.
13. 3. Write a SQL query to retrieve all employees and their managers using a SELF JOIN.

SELECT a.employee_name, b.employee_name AS manager_name

FROM employees AS a
INNER JOIN employees AS b
ON a.manager_id = b.employee_id;

Subqueries
14. 1. Write a SQL query to find employees with salaries higher than the average salary.

SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE salaries > (SELECT AVG(salaries) FROM employess);

15. 2. Provide an example of using a subquery in the WHERE clause.

SELECT employee_name, employee_salaries

FROM employees
WHERE employee_ID IN (SELECT department_id FROM departments );

16. 3. What are the benefits of using subqueries?

 Simplifies complex queries by dividing them into manageable parts.

 Enhances modularity and readability.

Compound Queries
17. 1. What is the difference between UNION and UNION ALL?

 UNION removes duplicate rows.

 UNION ALL includes all rows, including duplicates.

18. 2. Write a SQL query to combine customers and sales reps into a single list of names and
cities using UNION.

SELECT name, city FROM Customers

UNION
SELECT name, city FROM SaleReports;

INSERT Statement
19. 1. Write a SQL query to insert a new row into the 'Customers' table.

INSERT INTO Customers(customer_ID, name, job ) VALUES (1, ‘frank’, ‘Manager);

 INSERT INTO Customers (ID, Name, City) VALUES (101, 'Jane Doe', 'Toronto');

20. 2. How can you insert data into a table from another table? Provide an example.

INSERT INTO NewCustomers (ID, Name, City)

SELECT ID, Name, City
FROM OldCustomers;

INSERT INTO Customer_Backup (CustNum, CustName, City, CreditLimit)

SELECT CustNum, CustName, City, CreditLimit
FROM Customer
WHERE City = 'Brampton';

UPDATE Statement
21. 1. Write a SQL query to update the salary of an employee with ID 101 to $60,000.

UPDATE employee
SET salary = 60,000
WHERE ID = 101;

22. 2. Can you update multiple rows in a single query? How?

UPDATE Employees
SET Salary = Salary * 1.1
WHERE Department = 'Sales';

DELETE Statement
23. 1. Write a SQL query to delete all employees in the 'Sales' department.

DELETE FROM department

WHERE employees =’Sales’;

24. 2. What happens if you omit the WHERE clause in a DELETE statement?

All rows in the table will be deleted.

Date Functions
25. 1. Write a query to display the current date in MySQL.

SELECT CURDATE();

26. 2. How do you retrieve the current date and time in MS SQL Server?
 SELECT GETDATE();

Sorting and Filtering

27. 1. Write a SQL query to retrieve all customers from cities starting with 'B'.

SELECT *
FROM Customers
WHERE City LIKE 'B%';

28. 2. What is the purpose of the ORDER BY clause? Provide an example.

The ORDER BY clause sorts the results of a query.

Example for ascending:

SELECT *
FROM customer
ORDER BY city ASC;

Example for descending:

SELECT *
FROM Customers
ORDER BY City DESC;

UNION and UNION ALL

29. 1. Write a SQL query to combine all product names and supplier names into a single list.

SELECT ProductName FROM Products

UNION
SELECT SupplierName FROM Suppliers;

30. 2. What are the requirements for using UNION in SQL?

The number of columns and their data types must match in all SELECT statements.