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Arduino-Based Embedded
Systems
 Arduino-Based Embedded
Systems
Interfacing, Simulation, and LabVIEW GUI

Rajesh Singh
Anita Gehlot
Bhupendra Singh
Sushabhan Choudhury
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742

© 2018 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

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No claim to original U.S. Government works

Printed on acid-free paper

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-1380-6078-4 (Hardback)

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-315-16288-1 (ebook)

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Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data

Names: Singh, Rajesh (Electrical engineer), author. | Gehlot, Anita, author.

| Singh, Bhupendra, author. | Choudhury, Sushabhan, author.
Title: Arduino-based embedded systems : interfacing, simulation, and LabVIEW
GUI / Rajesh Singh, Anita Gehlot, Bhupendra Singh and Sushabhan Choudhury.
Description: Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, CRC Press, 2018.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017029926 | ISBN 9781138060784 (hardback : alk. paper) |
ISBN 9781315162881 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Embedded computer systems--Programming. | Arduino
(Programmable controller)--Programming. | LabVIEW.
Classification: LCC TK7895.E42 S548 2018 | DDC 006.2/2--dc23
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Contents

Preface ................................................................................................................... xiii

About the Authors ................................................................................................xv

Section I Introduction

1. Introduction to Arduino ................................................................................3

1.1 Arduino Uno .......................................................................................... 3
1.2 Arduino Mega ....................................................................................... 4
1.3 Arduino Nano .......................................................................................5

2. Steps to Write a Program with Arduino Integrated

Development Environment ..........................................................................7
2.1 Steps to Install Arduino Integrated Development Environment..... 7
2.2 Basic Commands for Arduino .......................................................... 11

3. Steps to Design a Proteus Simulation Model ......................................... 13

4. Introduction to LabVIEW GUI .................................................................. 19

4.1 Steps to Design LabVIEW GUI.......................................................... 19
4.2 Building the Front Panel ....................................................................22
4.3 Building the Block Diagram .............................................................. 23
4.4 Virtual Instrument Software Architecture ..................................... 24
4.4.1 Components Used to Design LabVIEW GUI ..................... 25

5. LabVIEW Interfacing with the Proteus Simulation Software ............ 29

5.1 Virtual Serial Port Emulator .............................................................. 29

Section II Arduino and I/O Devices

6. Arduino and Display Devices .................................................................... 37

6.1 Arduino and Light Emitting Diode.................................................. 37
6.1.1 Circuit Diagram ..................................................................... 38
6.1.2 Program ................................................................................... 40
6.1.3 Proteus Simulation Model .................................................... 40
6.2 Arduino and Liquid Crystal Display ............................................... 41
6.2.1 Circuit Diagram .....................................................................42
6.2.2 Program ...................................................................................43
6.2.3 Proteus Simulation Model ....................................................44

v
vi Contents

7. Arduino and Digital Input/Output Devices ........................................... 45

7.1 Push Button and Light Emitting Diode/Liquid
Crystal Display ................................................................................ 45
7.2 Push Button–Digital “LOW” ............................................................. 47
7.2.1 Circuit Diagram ..................................................................... 47
7.2.2 Program ................................................................................... 49
7.2.3 Proteus Simulation Model .................................................... 50
7.3 Push Button–Digital “HIGH” ............................................................ 51
7.3.1 Program ................................................................................... 53
7.3.2 Proteus Simulation Model ....................................................54
7.4 Fire Sensor and Light Emitting Diode/Liquid Crystal Display ...... 55
7.4.1 Circuit Diagram ..................................................................... 57
7.4.2 Program ................................................................................... 59
7.4.3 Proteus Simulation Model .................................................... 60
7.5 Passive Infrared Sensor and Light Emitting Diode/Liquid
Crystal Display .................................................................................... 61
7.5.1 Circuit Diagram .....................................................................63
7.5.2 Program ...................................................................................63
7.5.3 Proteus Simulation Model ....................................................65
7.6 Alcohol Sensor and Light Emitting Diode/Liquid
Crystal Display .................................................................................... 67
7.6.1 Circuit Diagram ..................................................................... 69
7.6.2 Program ................................................................................... 71
7.6.3 Proteus Simulation Model .................................................... 72

8. Arduino and Analog Devices..................................................................... 75

8.1 Ultrasonic Sensor and Liquid Crystal Display ............................... 75
8.2 Ultrasonic Sensor—Serial Out .......................................................... 76
8.2.1 Circuit Diagram .....................................................................77
8.2.2 Program ................................................................................... 79
8.2.3 Proteus Simulation Model ....................................................80
8.3 Ultrasonic Sensor—PWM Out .......................................................... 81
8.3.1 Circuit Diagram ..................................................................... 81
8.3.2 Program ...................................................................................83
8.3.2.1 Ultrasonic Sensor—PWM OUT ...........................83
8.3.3 Proteus Simulation Model ....................................................84
8.4 Temperature Sensor and Liquid Crystal Display...........................85
8.5 Temperature Sensor-Analog Out ...................................................... 86
8.5.1 Circuit Diagram ..................................................................... 86
8.5.1.1 Temperature Sensor Analog Out ......................... 86
8.5.2 Program ................................................................................... 88
8.5.2.1 Program LM35—Analog Out ............................... 88
8.5.3 Proteus Simulation Model .................................................... 88
Contents vii

8.6 Humidity/Temperature Sensor—Serial Out ................................90

8.6.1 Circuit Diagram ................................................................. 91
8.6.1.1 Temperature Sensor (Serial Out) ................... 91
8.6.2 Program .............................................................................. 93
8.6.2.1 Temp/Humidity Sensor—Serial Out............ 93
8.7 Light-Dependent Resistor with Liquid Crystal Display ............. 94
8.8 Light-Dependent Resistor—Analog Out ....................................... 94
8.8.1 Circuit Diagram ................................................................. 96
8.8.2 Program .............................................................................. 98
8.8.2.1 Light-Dependent Resistor—Analog Out ...... 98
8.8.3 Proteus Simulation Model................................................ 99
8.9 Light Intensity Sensor—I2C Out .................................................. 100
8.9.1 Circuit Diagram ............................................................... 101
8.9.2 Program ............................................................................ 103
8.9.2.1 LDR TWI (I2C) Out........................................ 103
8.10 Servo Motor and the Liquid Crystal Display.............................. 103
8.10.1 Circuit Diagram ...............................................................105
8.10.2 Program ............................................................................107
8.10.3 Proteus Simulation Model.............................................. 107

9. Arduino and Motors/Actuators................................................................ 109

9.1 DC Motor ......................................................................................... 109
9.1.1 Circuit Diagram ............................................................... 111
9.1.2 Program ............................................................................ 113
9.1.3 Proteus Simulation Model.............................................. 114
9.2 Stepper Motor .................................................................................. 115
9.2.1 Circuit Diagram ............................................................... 117
9.2.2 Program ............................................................................ 119
9.2.3 Proteus Simulation Model.............................................. 120
9.3 AC Motor with Relay ...................................................................... 121
9.3.1 Circuit Diagram ...............................................................122
9.3.2 Program ............................................................................124
9.3.3 Proteus Simulation Model.............................................. 124

Section III Arduino and Wireless Communication

10. Arduino and Wireless Communication ................................................. 129

10.1 RF Modem (2.4 GHz) ...................................................................... 129
10.1.1 Circuit Diagram ............................................................... 131
10.1.1.1 Transmitter Section ....................................... 131
10.1.1.2 Receiver Section ............................................. 132
viii Contents

10.1.2 Program ............................................................................ 134

10.1.2.1 Transmitter Program ..................................... 134
10.1.2.2 Receiver Program .......................................... 134
10.1.3 Proteus Simulation Model.............................................. 135
10.2 Global System for Mobile Modem ................................................ 136
10.2.1 Circuit Diagram ............................................................... 138
10.2.2 Program ............................................................................ 140
10.2.2.1 Main Program ................................................ 140
10.2.3 Proteus Simulation Model.............................................. 142

Section IV Projects

11. 2.4 GHz RF Modem-Based Security System for Restricted Area ..... 145
11.1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 145
11.2 Circuit Diagram .............................................................................. 146
11.3 Program ............................................................................................ 149
11.3.1 Transmitter Section ......................................................... 149
11.3.2 Receiver Section ............................................................... 150
11.4 Proteus Simulation Model ............................................................. 151
11.5 LabVIEW GUI ................................................................................. 152

12. Campus Fire Monitoring System with a 2.4 GHz RF Modem .......... 155
12.1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 155
12.2 Circuit Diagram .............................................................................. 156
12.2.1 Transmitter Section ......................................................... 156
12.2.2 Receiver Section ............................................................... 157
12.3 Program ............................................................................................ 158
12.3.1 Transmitter Section ......................................................... 158
12.3.2 Receiver Section ............................................................... 159
12.4 Proteus Simulation Model ............................................................. 160
12.5 LabVIEW GUI ................................................................................. 161

13. Light-Dependent Resistor-Based Light Intensity Control System .......165

13.1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 165
13.2 Circuit Diagram .............................................................................. 167
13.2.1 Transmitter Section ......................................................... 167
13.2.2 Receiver Section ............................................................... 167
13.3 Program ............................................................................................ 168
13.3.1 Transmitter Section ......................................................... 168
13.3.2 Receiver Section ............................................................... 169
13.4 Proteus Simulation Model ............................................................. 170
13.5 LabVIEW GUI .................................................................................. 171
Contents ix

14. DC Motor Control System with LabVIEW GUI ................................... 173

14.1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 173
14.2 Circuit Diagram .............................................................................. 175
14.2.1 Transmitter Section ......................................................... 175
14.2.2 Receiver Section ............................................................... 175
14.3 Program ............................................................................................ 178
14.3.1 Transmitter Section ......................................................... 178
14.3.2 Receiver Program ............................................................ 180
14.4 Proteus Simulation Model ............................................................. 181
14.5 LabVIEW GUI .................................................................................. 183

15. Stepper Motor Control System with LabVIEW GUI ........................... 185
15.1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 185
15.2 Circuit Diagram .............................................................................. 187
15.2.1 Transmitter Section ......................................................... 187
15.2.2 Receiver Section ............................................................... 187
15.3 Program ............................................................................................ 190
15.3.1 Transmitter Section ......................................................... 190
15.3.2 Receiver Program ............................................................ 191
15.4 Proteus Simulation Model ............................................................. 193
15.5 LabVIEW GUI .................................................................................. 195

16. Accelerometer-Based Laboratory Automation System ....................... 197

16.1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 197
16.2 Circuit Diagram .............................................................................. 199
16.2.1 Transmitter Section ......................................................... 199
16.2.2 Receiver Section ............................................................... 199
16.3 Program ............................................................................................ 202
16.3.1 Transmitter Section ......................................................... 202
16.3.2 Receiver Section ............................................................... 203
16.4 Proteus Simulation Model ............................................................. 205

17. Temperature Monitoring System Using RF Modem .......................... 207

17.1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 207
17.2 Circuit Diagram .............................................................................. 208
17.2.1 Transmitter Section ......................................................... 208
17.2.2 Receiver Section ............................................................... 209
17.3 Program ............................................................................................ 211
17.3.1 Transmitter Section ......................................................... 211
17.3.2 Receiver Section ............................................................... 211
17.4 Proteus Simulation Model ............................................................. 212
17.5 LabVIEW GUI .................................................................................. 213
x Contents

18. Emergency Hooter in the Case of a Disaster......................................... 215

18.1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 215
18.2 Circuit Diagram .............................................................................. 217
18.2.1 Sensor Node ..................................................................... 217
18.2.2 Server................................................................................. 218
18.3 Program ............................................................................................ 220
18.3.1 Sensor Node .....................................................................220
18.3.2 Server ................................................................................. 221
18.4 Proteus Simulation Model ............................................................. 224
18.5 LabVIEW GUI .................................................................................. 226

19. LabVIEW GUI-Based Wireless Robot Control System....................... 229

19.1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 229
19.2 Circuit Diagram .............................................................................. 231
19.2.1 Transmitter Section..........................................................231
19.2.2 Receiver Section ............................................................... 231
19.3 Program ............................................................................................234
19.3.1 Transmitter Program ....................................................... 234
19.3.2 Receiver Program ............................................................ 235
19.4 Proteus Simulation Model ............................................................. 237
19.5 LabVIEW GUI .................................................................................. 237

20. Home Automation System Using DTMF............................................... 239

20.1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 239
20.2 Circuit Diagram .............................................................................. 240
20.3 Program ............................................................................................ 243
20.4 Proteus Simulation Model ............................................................. 246

21. RFID Card-Based Attendance System ................................................... 247

21.1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 247
21.2 Circuit Diagram .............................................................................. 248
21.2.1 Steps to Read RFID Reader ............................................ 248
21.2.1.1 Program to Extract the Code .......................... 250
21.2.2 Connections...................................................................... 250
21.3 Program ............................................................................................ 252

22. Global System for Mobile-Based Emergency System ......................... 255

22.1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 255
22.2 Circuit Diagram .............................................................................. 256
22.3 Program ............................................................................................ 259
22.3.1 Program to Write the Message.......................................259
22.3.2 Program to Read the Message ....................................... 260
22.4 Proteus Simulation Model ............................................................. 272
Contents xi

23. Coordinate Display System Using GPS ................................................. 275

23.1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 275
23.2 Circuit Diagram .............................................................................. 277
23.2.1 Transmitter Section..........................................................277
23.2.2 Receiver Section ............................................................... 278
23.3 Program ............................................................................................ 280
23.3.1 Transmitter Section..........................................................280
23.3.2 Receiver Section ............................................................... 281
23.4 Proteus Simulation Model ............................................................. 283

24. Fingerprint-Based Attendance System .................................................. 285

24.1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 285
24.1.1 Types of Function ............................................................ 285
24.2 Circuit Diagram .............................................................................. 286
24.3 Program ............................................................................................ 288
24.3.1 Finger Print Circuit ‘Test Program’ ...............................288
24.3.2 Main Program ................................................................. 290

25. Wireless Irrigation System for Agricultural Field ............................... 293

25.1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 293
25.2 Circuit Diagram .............................................................................. 295
25.2.1 Remote Control ................................................................295
25.2.2 Sensor Node ..................................................................... 295
25.3 Program ............................................................................................ 298
25.3.1 Remote Control ................................................................298
25.3.2 Sensor Node ..................................................................... 299
25.4 Proteus Simulation Model ............................................................. 303

Index .....................................................................................................................305
Preface

The primary objective of writing this book is to provide a platform for

beginners to get started with the Arduino-based embedded system and who
need a basic knowledge of programming and interfacing of the devices.
The aim of this book is to explain the basic steps to get started with the
Arduino and to develop an understanding of the interfacing, programming,
and simulation of the designed systems.
This book comprises 25 chapters and is divided into 4 sections. Section I of
this book is about the introduction to the basic software that is required to
get started with the Arduino. Section II is about interfacing of display devices
and basic input/output devices such as sensors and motors. Section III is about
the interfacing of basic communication modules such as RF modem and
global system for mobile (GSM). Section IV includes examples of Arduino-
based projects. This book is intended to serve the students of B.Tech/B.E,
M.Tech/M.E, PhD scholars, and who need the basic knowledge to develop a
real-time system using the Arduino.
We acknowledge the support from Sunrom technologies, Robosoft
systems, and Robokits India for using their product images and data to
demonstrate and explain the working of the systems. We thank Taylor &
Francis/CRC Press for encouraging our idea about this book and the sup-
port to efficiently manage the project.
We are grateful to the honorable chancellor Dr. S.J Chopra, Utpal Ghosh
(President & CEO, UPES), Dr. Srihari (Vice-chancellor, University of Petroleum
and Energy Studies (UPES)), Dr. Kamal Bansal (Dean, CoES, UPES), Dr.
Suresh Kumar (Director, UPES), and Dr. Piyush Kuchhal (Associate Dean,
UPES) for their support and constant encouragement. In addition, we are
thankful to our families, friends, relatives, colleagues, and students for their
moral support and blessings.
Although the circuits and programs mentioned in the text are tested on
real hardware but in case of any mistake we extend our sincere apologies.
Any suggestions to improve in the contents of the book are always welcome
and will be appreciated and acknowledged.

Rajesh Singh
Anita Gehlot
Bhupendra Singh
Sushabhan Choudhury

xiii
About the Authors

Dr. Rajesh Singh is currently associated with

the University of Petroleum and Energy Studies,
Dehradun, India, as an associate professor and
with additional responsibility as Head, Institute
of Robotics Technology (R&D). He has been
awarded a gold medal in MTech and honors
in his BTech. His area of expertise includes
embedded systems, robotics, and wireless sen-
sor networks. He has organized and conducted
a number of workshops, summer internships,
and expert lectures for students as well as
faculty. He has 12 patents in his account. He has published approximately
100 research papers in refereed journals/conferences.
Under his mentorship, students have participated in national/international
competitions, including Texas Instruments Innovation Challenge in Delhi
and Laureate award of excellence in robotics engineering in Spain. Twice in
the last 4 years he has been awarded with a certificate of appreciation from
the University of Petroleum and Energy Studies for his exemplary work. He
received a certificate of appreciation for mentoring the projects submitted to
the Texas Instruments India Innovation Challenge Design Contest 2015 from
Texas Instruments. He has been honored with a young investigator award
at the International Conference on Science and Information in 2012. He has
published a book titled Embedded System based on Atmega Microcontroller with
the NAROSA publishing house. He is an editor to a special issue published
by the Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing (AISC) book series,
Springer titled Intelligent Communication, Control and Devices 2016.

xv
xvi About the Authors

Anita Gehlot has more than 10 years of teaching

experience with an area of expertise in embed-
ded systems and wireless sensor networks. She
has 10 patents in her account. She has published
more than 50 research papers in both refereed
journals and conferences. She has organized a
number of workshops, summer internships,
and expert lectures for students. She has been
awarded with a certificate of appreciation from
the University of Petroleum and Energy Studies,
Dehradun, India, for her exemplary work. She
has coauthored a book titled Embedded System
based on Atmega Microcontroller with the NAROSA
publication house.

Bhupendra Singh is the managing director of

Schematics Microelectronics and provides
product design and R&D support to industries
and universities. He has completed BCA,
PGDCA, MSc (CS), MTech, and has more than
11 years of experience in the field of computer
networking and embedded systems.
About the Authors xvii

Dr. S. Choudhury is the head of the Department

of Electronics, Instrumentation, and Control at
the University of Petroleum and Energy
Studies, Dehradun, India. He has 26 years of
teaching experience and he earned his PhD
from the University of Petroleum and Energy
Studies, MTech (Gold Medalist) from Tezpur
Central University, Tezpur, India, and earned
his BE degree from National Institute of
Technology Silchar, India. He has published
more than 70 papers in various national/
international conferences/journals and has filed 10 patents. His area of
interest is Zigbee-based wireless networks. Dr. Choudhury has been
selected as the outstanding scientist of the twenty-first century by the
Cambridge Biographical Centre, Cambridge, UK. He has also been selected
in the who’s who of the world in science by Marquis Who’s Who, New
Providence, New Jersey. He has coauthored a book titled Embedded System
based on Atmega Microcontroller with the NAROSA publishing house. He is
an editor to a special issue published by the AISC book series, Springer,
titled Intelligent Communication, Control and Devices 2016.
 Section I

Introduction
1
Introduction to Arduino

Arduino is a user-friendly open-source platform. Arduino has an onboard

microcontroller and an integrated development environment (IDE) is used
to program it. Arduino board can be programmed directly from the PC
using FTDI which is easy compared to other similar platforms.
The advantages are as follows:

Low cost: Arduino boards are of relatively low cost as compared to other
microcontroller platforms.
Cross-platform: The Arduino software (IDE) is compatible with the
Windows, Macintosh OSX, and Linux operating systems.
User friendly: The Arduino software (IDE) is user friendly and easy to
use for beginners and very flexible for skilled programmers.
Open source: The Arduino is an open-source software and can be pro-
grammed with C, C++, or AVR-C languages. So, a variety of mod-
ules can be designed by the users.

Arduino platform comprises a microcontroller. It can be connected to a PC

through a USB cable. It is freely accessible and can be easily downloaded.
It can also be modified by a programmer. Different versions of Arduino
boards are available in the market depending on the user requirement.

1.1 Arduino Uno

The Arduino/Genuino Uno has an onboard ATmega328 microcontroller.
It has onboard six analog input ports (A0–A5). Each pin can operate at 0–5 V.
It has 14 digital input/output (I/O) pins out of which 6 are PWM output, 6 ana-
log inputs, 2 KB SRAM, 1 KB EEPROM, and operates at 16 MHz of frequency
(Figure 1.1 and Table 1.1).

3
4 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

FIGURE 1.1
Arduino Uno board.

TABLE 1.1
Pin Description of Arduino Uno
Pin Description

Vin The external voltage to the Arduino board

+5 V +5 V regulated output
3.3 V On board 3.3 V supply
GND Ground
IOREF Provides the voltage reference and select appropriate power source
Serial Transmits and receives serial data, Pins: 0(Rx) 1(Tx)
External interrupts Trigger an interrupt on low value, Pins: 2 and 3
PWM Provides 8 bit PWM output, Pins: 3,5,6,9,10,11
SPI Supports SPI communication, Pins: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO),
and 13 (SCK)
LED LED driven by Pin 13
TWI Supports TWI communication, Pins: A4 (SDA), A5 (SCL)
AREF Reference voltage for the analog inputs
Reset It is used to reset the onboard microcontroller

1.2 Arduino Mega

The Arduino Uno has onboard ATmega2560 microcontroller. It has onboard
16 analog inputs, 54 digital I/O, USB connection, 4 UART, power jack, and
a reset button. It operates at 16 MHz frequency. The board can be operated
with 5–12 V of external power; if supplied more than this, it can damage the
board. It has onboard 256 KB flash memory, 8 KB SRAM, and 4 KB EEPROM
(Figure 1.2 and Table 1.2).
Introduction to Arduino 5

FIGURE 1.2
Arduino Mega board.

TABLE 1.2
Pin Description of Arduino Mega
Pin Description

Vin The external voltage to the Arduino board

+5 V +5 V regulated output
3.3 V Onboard 3.3 V supply
GND Ground
IOREF Provides the voltage reference and select an appropriate power
source
Serial0 Transmits and receives serial data, Pins: 0(Rx) 1(Tx)
Serial1 Transmits and receives serial data, Pins: 19(Rx) 18(Tx)
Serial2 Transmits and receives serial data, Pins: 17(Rx) 16(Tx)
External interrupts Trigger an interrupt on low value, Pins: 2 (interrupt0), 3 (interrupt1),
18 (interrupt5), 19 (interrupt4), and 20 (interrupt2)
PWM Provides 8 bit PWM output, Pins: 2–13 and 44–46
SPI Supports SPI communication, Pins: 53 (SS), 51 (MOSI), 50 (MISO),
and 52 (SCK)
LED LED driven by Pin 13
TWI Supports TWI communication, Pins: 20 (SDA), 21 (SCL)
AREF Reference voltage for the analog inputs
Reset It is used to reset the onboard microcontroller

1.3 Arduino Nano

The Arduino/Genuino Nano has onboard ATmega328 microcontroller. It has
onboard 8 analog and 14 digital I/O ports and 6 PWM of 8 bit. Each pin
can operate at 0–5 V. It has onboard 32 KB flash memory, 2 KB SRAM, 1 KB
EEPROM, and operates at 16 MHz of frequency (Figure 1.3 and Table 1.3).
6 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

FIGURE 1.3
Arduino Nano board.

TABLE 1.3
Pin Description of Arduino Nano
Pin Description

Vin The external voltage to the Arduino board

+5 V +5 V regulated output
3.3 V Onboard 3.3 V supply
GND Ground
IOREF Provides the voltage reference and select an appropriate power
source
Serial Transmits and receives serial data, Pins: 0(Rx) 1(Tx)
External interrupts Trigger an interrupt on low value, Pins: 2 & 3
PWM Provides 8 bit PWM output, Pins: 3,5,6,9,10,11
SPI Supports SPI communication, Pins: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO),
and 13 (SCK)
LED LED driven by Pin 13
I2C Supports TWI communication, Pins: A4 (SDA), A5 (SCL)
AREF Reference voltage for the analog inputs
Reset It is used to reset the onboard microcontroller
2
Steps to Write a Program with Arduino
Integrated Development Environment

This chapter describes the steps to write and compile a program with
Arduino integrated development environment (IDE). The Arduino IDE is an
open-source software which makes it user friendly for writing the code and
then upload directly on Arduino board.

2.1 Steps to Install Arduino Integrated

Development Environment
Step 1: Install Arduino IDE and open the Window
To begin, install the Arduino Programmer, IDE. Figure 2.1 shows the
opened window Arduino IDE.
Step 2: Choose suitable version of Arduino
Arduino has many versions such as Uno, Mega, and Nano. The most
common is the Arduino Uno. Before starting the program find out
the suitable version of Arduino board for the project. Set the board type
and the USB serial port of board in the Arduino IDE. Figure 2.2 shows
the steps to select the type of Arduino. Click on “Tool,” and then click
on “board.” Figure 2.2 shows the selection of “Arduino Uno.”
Step 3: Write and compile the program
Write program as per requirement of the project. Then “RUN” the
program. Figure 2.3 shows the compilation of the program.

FIGURE 2.1
Window Arduino IDE.

7
8 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

FIGURE 2.2
Window to select type of Arduino.

FIGURE 2.3
Compile the program.
Steps to Write a Program with Arduino IDE 9

Step 4: Connect Arduino with the PC

Connect Arduino to the USB port of the PC with USB cable. Every
Arduino has a different serial-port address (e.g., COM2 and COM4),
so it is required to recognize the port for the different Arduino and
select it in the IDE.
To check the port where the Arduino is connected, make right
click on the “PC,” then go to manager; a window will open. Then
double click on the “Device Manager.” A window as shown in
Figure 2.4 will open. Click on the ports (COM&LPT) and the port at
which the device is connected can be found. Figure shows “COM6”
is port for the device.
Now click on the “Tool” heading of the Arduino IDE window.
Go to port and select the same port number, which was found at the
device manager (select COM1 or COM2 etc.). Figure 2.5 shows the
“COM6” as serial port of board.
Step 5: Upload program in Arduino
Uploaded the new program to Arduino. Figure 2.6 shows how to
upload the program.

FIGURE 2.4
Window to check port of Arduino.
10 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

FIGURE 2.5
The serial port of board.

FIGURE 2.6
Window to upload the program in Arduino.
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
hjärtligt, och då det tillika skulle bliva greve v. d. Goltz'
järnvägsvagn, vari regeringens ordförande för första gången efter
sin äventyrliga flykt till Reval igen skulle få återse sina vänner och
kolleger, erhöll detta möte en stämning över sig, som sent av oss
närvarande kommer att glömmas. Greve v. d. Goltz talade långt
senare ofta med värme om detta möte och uttalade sin stora
tillfredsställelse över att ödet beskärt honom nöjet och äran att hos
sig få sammanföra de ledande personerna i den under så tragiska
förhållanden flyktade och skingrade lagliga finländska regeringen
samt bevittna återseendets glädje hos dem.

Under förra hälften av maj månad företog greve v. d. Goltz med

sin närmaste omgivning flere inspektionsresor samt även
turistutflykter till olika delar av landet. Bland orter, som besöktes,
anslog honom i all synnerhet Nyslott och Punkaharju samt Imatra.
Olofsborg och vår i dessa nejder storslagna natur gjorde på honom
ett outplånligt intryck. Efter det järnvägsförbindelsen med St Mickel,
varest det finländska högkvarteret vid denna tidpunkt var förlagt,
upptagits, avlade greven den 10 maj därstädes hos
överbefälhavaren, general Mannerheim, sin första officiella
uppvaktning. Vid slutakten till det blodiga drama, som de röda i
förbund med ryssarna under för dem skenbart så utomordentligt
lyckliga auspicier igångsatte den 27 januari 1918 — den storartade
paraden den 16 maj i Helsingfors — då huvudstaden firade general
Mannerheims och den vita arméns intåg på ett sätt, som tidigare ej
förekommit i vårt lands historia, närvar greve v. d. Goltz jämte stab
som åskådare och deltog med fullaste hjärta i de välförtjänta
ovationer, som kommo överbefälhavaren, trupperna, jägarna samt
de mera bemärkta personligheterna från frihetskriget till del.
 Den 20 maj nådde oss helt oväntat meddelandet att general
Mannerheim, anseende sig nu hava fullgjort det uppdrag han erhållit
av regeringen, lagt in om avsked. Greve v. d. Goltz, som ända tills nu
ej på något sätt aktivt deltagit i vår inre politik och hållit sig på sidan
om våra inre förhållanden, blev emellertid nu av senator Svinhufvud
tillkallad för att konferera angående den uppkomna situationen samt
speciellt om vår blivande armés organisation och uppställning samt
om anskaffandet av nödigt antal tyska instruktionsofficerare. Om
sina konferenser med senatorerna Svinhufvud och Frey talade
greven med största diskretion och inveg ej mig i desamma, men jag
kunde likväl av hans uttalanden sluta mig till, att i ovannämnda
frågor vissa principiella meningsskiljaktigheter emellan honom och
överbefälhavaren förelågo, enkannerligen vad inkallandet av
utländska instruktionsofficerare vidkom. På senator Svinhufvuds
uttryckliga begäran överlämnade greven åt honom personligen ett
kort utkast till vår armés organisation, ett utkast, som av "Ostsee-
Divisionens" stabschef, kapten Karmann och mig under lediga
timmar delvis redan i Danzig uppgjorts samt varom med greven
rådgjorts. Utkastet i fråga utgjorde ej något färdigt program, som
utan vidare skulle kunnat föreläggas till godkännande, och hade ej
heller i detta syfte utarbetats, vilket även av greven uttryckligen
framhölls. Att detta vårt blygsamma förslag överlämnats åt senator
Svinhufvud erfor jag först några dagar senare, då frågan om general
Mannerheims avgång började bliva allt mera akut. Vad de utländska
instruktionsofficerarna vidkom, ansåg sig greve v. d. Goltz kunna
inkalla sådana ifrån Tyskland samt tillika ställa hela "Ostsee-
Divisionens" för tillfället lediga officerare och underofficerare till vårt
förfogande, blott i den händelse han och tyskarna de facto även
skulle erhålla full möjlighet att göra sitt inflytande gällande vid
uppställandet och organiserandet av vår nya armé enligt de militära
principer, som varit de ledande för dem själva vid deras arbete i
deras eget hemland. Här uppställde han vissa minimifordringar för
tyskarnas samt speciellt den tyska "Ostsee-divisionens" hjälp vid det
förestående ansvarsfulla och kolossala arbetet. General Mannerheim
ansåg sig likväl ej kunna och vilja ingå på ett så intimt samarbete
och förnyade sin avskedsansökan. Den på detta sätt uppkomna
situationen behandlades icke blott av regeringen utan även av
lantdagsfraktionernas förtroendemän, och då man så gott som
enhälligt ansåg, att det dåvarande politiska läget oavvisligt krävde
ett intimt och förtroendefullt samarbete med Tyskland och att det för
vårt land tillika gällde att så snabbt som möjligt få sitt försvar
ordnat, beslöts den 24-25 maj att general Mannerheims ansökta
avsked skulle beviljas. Att emellertid det äskade avskedet officiellt
beviljades först några dagar senare berodde på att senator
Svinhufvud ej hade fastställt storleken av den extra pension, han i
egenskap av riksföreståndare skulle tilldela den avgående
överbefälhavaren. Den 26 maj erhöll jag besök av senator Frey, som
på riksföreståndarens och senator Paasikivis uppmaning framställde
till mig förfrågan, om jag ville övertaga krigsministerposten, samt
meddelade tillika att general Mannerheims avskedsansökan
principiellt godkänts och att han under alla förhållanden komme att
avgå. Jag var fullt medveten om vidden av det ansvar, som komme
att vila på en krigsminister, samt om de kolossala svårigheter, som
skulle möta då det gällde att under de möjligast vidriga förhållanden
icke blott organisera en armé och giva landet ett dess resurser
motsvarande härväsende, utan även att bringa ordning i all den
oreda, som på grund av förhållandena naturnödvändigt måste råda i
en i hast hopkommen folkhär, sådan vår armé då var. Dessutom
skulle ju krigsministern få på sin lott de till c:a 80,000 uppgående
krigsfångarna samt det kolossala krigsbyte, som överallt i landet
fråntagits fienden, uppgifter, som skulle fordra övermänskliga krafter
och förmåga. Jag kunde tillika förutse, att valet av mig till
krigsminister på visst militärt håll beklagligtvis komme att
sammanställas med general Mannerheims avgång samt redan
därigenom komme att väcka opposition och motstånd, något som
måhända, åtminstone till en början, kunde komma att försvåra det
förestående arbetets framgång. Men under tider, då fosterlandets
öde avgöres, då det för nationen gäller dess vara eller icke vara,
måste svårigheterna övervinnas samt personliga betänkligheter och
ens eget jag träda i bakgrunden. Förlitande mig tillika på att andra
element bland våra f.d. kadetter samt "jägarna", vilka visat landet
vad oegennyttig patriotism och ungdomlig hänförelse kan
åstadkomma, skulle skänka mig sitt förtroende, och påräknande
understöd av våra stora läromästare och ädla vapenbröder,
samtyckte jag till anbudet. Den 27 maj skedde min utnämning till
Finlands förste krigsminister.
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