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Assignment 2

The document outlines a series of mathematical problems related to Sobolev spaces, including properties of distributions, mollifiers, and fundamental solutions of differential operators. It also discusses the equivalence of norms in Sobolev spaces and conditions for functions to belong to certain function spaces. Each problem requires demonstrating specific mathematical concepts and theorems in the context of Sobolev spaces and distributions.

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soumyajit ghosh
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9 views

Assignment 2

The document outlines a series of mathematical problems related to Sobolev spaces, including properties of distributions, mollifiers, and fundamental solutions of differential operators. It also discusses the equivalence of norms in Sobolev spaces and conditions for functions to belong to certain function spaces. Each problem requires demonstrating specific mathematical concepts and theorems in the context of Sobolev spaces and distributions.

Uploaded by

soumyajit ghosh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Assignment 2- Sobolev Spaces

1. Let ei be the ith standard basis vector of Rn . Show that


1  ∂T
T − τhei T → in D0 (Rn ).
h ∂xi

2. Let T ∈ D0 (Rn ) and {ρ } be the family of mollifiers, show that T ∗ ρ → T in D0 (Rn ).

3. Show that the function


e−λx , x ≥ 0

f (x) =
0, x < 0.
d
is a fundamental solution to the operator ( dx + λ) on R.

4. Show that E = δ if and only if E ∗ T = T for all T ∈ D(Rn ).

5. Let L = Σ|α|≤m aα Dα be a differential operator with constant coefficients such that L has
a fundamental solution E which is C ∞ on Rn \{0}.
(a). Let φ be such that φ ∈ D(Rn ) with φ = 1 in a neighbourhood of 0. Show that
P = φE is a distribution with compact support and L(P ) = δ + ξ, ξ ∈ D(Rn ).
(b). Deduce that if T ∈ D0 (Rn ) with L(T ) ∈ E(Rn ), then T ∈ E(Rn ). (Hint: Consider
L(T ∗ P )).
(c). Deduce that every fundamental solution of L is C ∞ on Rn \{0}.

6. Let Ω = B(0, 1) ⊂ R2 . Show that the the function definied by f (x) = (1 + |log|x||)k
belongs to H 1 (Ω) when 0 < k < 12 . (Hint : Refer Example 2.4.1. in the book by
Kesavan)

7. Let Ω in Rn be an open set and 1 < p < ∞. Show that the following two norms on
W m,p (Ω) are equivalent.
1
||u||1 = Σ|α|≤m ||Dα u||Lp (Ω) , ||u||2 = Σ|α|≤m ||Dα u|||pLp (Ω) p

Rx
8. Let v ∈ L1loc (R) and set u(x) = 0 v(t)dt ∀x ∈ R. Then show that the distribution
derivative of u is v. (If we know v ∈ Lp (R), then it follows from this result that u ∈
W 1,p (R), provided u is also in Lp (R)).

9. Suppose I is an unbounded interval and u ∈ W 1,p (I) with 1 ≤ p < ∞. Then

lim u(x) = 0, x ∈ I.
|x|→∞

10. Let 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞ and u ∈ Lp (Ω), Ω ⊂ RN an open set. and p0 be the conjugate exponent
of p. Show that if there exists a constant C > 0 such that
Z
∂φ
u ≤ C|φ|o,p0 ,Ω for every φ ∈ D(Ω), 1 ≤ i ≤ N
Ω ∂xi

then u ∈ W 1,p (Ω).

1
11. Let 1 < p < ∞ and u ∈ Lp (R). Assume that there exists a constant C > 0 such that for
every h ∈ R, ||u(x + h) − u(x)||Lp (R) ≤ C|h|, then show that u ∈ W 1,p (R).
[Hint : Use 10].

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