Chapter 1.

4: System Programing

GV: Nguyễn Thị Thanh Vân

Operating System Concepts – 10th Edition Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018

Outline

 Introduction
 System Programs
 System Programming

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 Introduction
 Operation System

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Introduction

 System Programming can be defined as the act of building

Systems Software using System Programming Languages.
 According to Computer Hierarchy:
• one which comes at last is Hardware
• then it is Operating System, System Programs,
• and finally Application Programs.

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 System Programs
 System Programs
• Help Program Development and Execution can be done
conveniently
• Some of the System Programs are simply user interfaces,
others are complex.
• It traditionally lies between the user interface and system calls.
• the user can only view up-to-the System Programs he can’t
see System Calls._người dùng chỉ có thể xem các chương trình
hệ thống tối đa mà anh ta không thể xem cuộc gọi hệ thống

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System Program types

 File Management – defined as the process of manipulating_thao tác files in
the computer system, its management includes the process of creating,
modifying and deleting files
 Status Information – Information like date, time amount of available memory, or
disk space is asked by some users.
 File Modification – For Files stored on disks or other storage devices, we used
different types of editors. For searching contents of files or perform
transformations of files we use special commands.
 Programming-Language support – Compilers, Assemblers, Debuggers, and
interpreters are already provided to users. It provides all support to users.
 Program Loading and Execution – after Assembling and compilation, program
must be loaded into memory for execution. Loaders, relocatable loaders,
linkage editors, and Overlay loaders are provided by the system.
 Communications – Virtual connections among processes, users, and computer
systems are provided by programs. Users can send messages to another user
on their screen, User can use email, web, remote login, the transformation of
files from one user to another.

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 System Programming

 Unix
 Windows
 C++

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Linux: Command and program

1. Concept
2. Basic commands working with folder
3. System Programming Languages: Assembly, C, Python

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Command

 Command: - a executable binary or

- a text file (written in the syntax of the shell.)
 Two command types:
 Outside command: is a executable file that can be
found out its location in the system. Shell created a
child process to handle it.
 Inside command (shell built-in): does not exist as a single
file. It is available in the shell and ready to execute (as a
keyword), no need to create a child process to handle it.
 type: type xxx
 Outside command: return result: xxx is /bin/mkdir
 Inside command: return result xxx is a shell builtin
 Syntax: command [option] argument

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Path
 echo $PATH: the paths that are set before
# echo $PATH
/usr/kerberos/sbin:/usr/kerberos/bin...
 Absolute path: independence with the current
directory of the user and start with /
 The relative path: depends on the current
directory of the user and does not start with /

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Time to execute the command

time: allow us know time to execute 1 command or 1 program in second

$ time find / -name tệp -print > result
55.6 real 1.5 user 18.3 sys
 real: total real time from press <ENTER> to Shell prompt come
back
 user: major time to execute the command
 Sys: time that UNIX kernel use administrate that
command real >= user + sys

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Basic commands working with folder

1. cd (change directory)
2. pwd (print working directory)
3. ls (list)
4. mkdir (make directory)
5. rmdir (remove directory)
6. basename và dirname

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Basic commands working with normal files
1. Create file: touch, cat
2. Copy, rename: cp
3. Move, rename: mv
4. list: ls
5. Remove: rm
6. Find file: find
7. Link: ln
8. Compare: cmp (compare), comm, diff , diff3
9. Edit: cat, head, tail, pg, more
10. Display with text/binary: od [tùy chọn]
11. Count: wc
12. size: sum
13. Compress and decompress: pack và gzip
14. Divide: Split
15. cut
16. sort
17. awk
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Data Flow Management

1. UNIX standard I/O

2. Redirecting data streams
3. Connecting pipes
4. Filter

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UNIX standard I/O

3 standard I/O at terminal (/dev/tty):

Chanel Num Name Devices
Standard Input 0 stdin Keyboard
/dev/tty Standard Output 1 stdout
Monitor /dev/tty Standard Error
2 stderr Monitor
/dev/tty

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Redirecting data flows
 Redirecting to new file
- Use ">"
- Ex : ls > file1
 Redirecting to old file
- Use " >>"
- Ex: cat file_2 >> file_1
 Redirecting from a file
- Use "< "
- Ex: tee < file1

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pipe
- A shell technique used to concatenate the data streams of several
processes
- We can communicate with each other using pipes, for
example : command_1 | command_2 | command_3
Where:
command_1 need has
output, command_2 is filter
command_3 need has
input.
PIPE: each pipe connects two data streams of two adjacent instructions
through an intermediate pipe, represented by the BUFER.
Operation: command_i ==> BUFER ==> command_j
Ex:

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Filtering
1. tr (replace)
tr string_1 string_2
2. fgrep
3. grep
4. egrep
grep [option] PATTERN FILE
“string" PATTERN is regular expression

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Regular expression

• ^c: rows begin with “c” (char,

string) grep ‘^Begin’. .
• c$: rows end with
“c” grep
‘End$’
• \<c: rows contain words begin with “c”
(char, string) grep ‘\<Be’
• c\>: rows contain words end with “c” (char, string)

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Wildcards
• .: any ASCII character, except <RETURN>:
grep ‘ .*’ file => all rows in “file", including blank lines.
• [ ]: an ASCII character in square brackets, but needs to be
enclosed between quotes like: [^xyzt]
• -: two ASCII characters inside square brackets, for example
[b-y], represents a character in the range, but also needs to
be enclosed in quotes like '[b-y]'.
• \: remove the special meaning of the character following it
and return the original meaning.
• ^: exception
Ex: an expression like [^xyzt] represents a character other than x,
y, z, t

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 Shell programming
 Variable: $0, $1, $2….; $#, $*, $@
 Function try_func() {
echo <gtri> #return stdout
return <gtri>
}
# Call function
x=$(try_func)

 Strutures
• If
• For
• While, until
• Case
 File System programming
• Directory
• File
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Structures
if condition while codition
then do
statements statements
else done
statements
fi until codition
do
if condition1 statements
then done
statements
condition2; then case mau in
elif statements mau1)
statements;;
else
mau2)
statements
statements;;
fi *)
for variable in values statements ;;
do esac
statements
done
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 Ex, run script
$ for file in * Cat > vidu1.sh
> do #! /bin/sh
> if grep -l ‘Hello’ $file for file in *
> then do
> more $file if grep -l ‘Hello’ $file
> fi then
> done more $file
fi
done
exit 0

Run script:
chmod +x <filename>
./<filename>

Operating System Concepts – 10th Edition 2a.23 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018

Ex
Define Max_2num(), then find Max of N intergers

max_2num() #Main
{ max=$1
if [ $1 –gt $2 ] for i in $*
then do
m=$1 max=$(max_2num $max $i)
else done
m=$2 echo “Max $# so: $max”
fi exit 0
echo $m
return $m
}

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 Lab No.4. Simple shell programs
 No.4.
• number is even or odd
• year is leap year or not
• find the factorial of a number
• swap the two integers
 Others:
• Print the prime numbers in any sequence of numbers passed in from the
command line (using a function check 1 number is prime or not)
• Write a function to find the greatest common divisor of two numbers,
then use the function you just wrote to find the UCLN of an array.
• Input an array and sort the array ascending.
• Check increment, decrement, symmetric arrays.
• Input 1 array. Remove the odd elements in the array, Then print the
remaining array

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Linux file system calls

 Basic file functions: Linux has many system calls to handle file,
the table below shows some of common system calls.
Functions Description Returns
If success, return a file descriptor,
open Open a file otherwise, return -1
close Close a file Return 0 on success, otherwise,
return -1
On success, return the number of
read read data from a file
bytes
thatsuccess,
On been read,
the otherwise
number ofreturn
bytes -1
write write data to a file written is returned, otherwise, return
-1
Upon successful completion, return
seek to a specified the resulting offset location as
lseek
position in a file measured in bytes from the
beginning of the file, otherwise,
return -1
 Ex, simulation of the Linux cp command
• buffer is used to transfer data from the source file to destination
file.

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 Linux file system calls

 Directory
• Note that DIR structure is an internal structure used by
readdir, closedir to maintain information about the
directory being read.
• The dirent structure contains the inode number and the
name. This information is collected into a file called
Function Description Returns
mkdir(const char * pathname, Create a 0 if OK, -1 on error
mode) dirctory
rmdir(const char * pathname) Delete a 0 if OK, -1 on error
directory Pointer of DIR if OK, NULL on
opendir(const char * pathname) Open a
error
directory
Pointer of dirent if OK, NULL
readdir(DIR * dp) Read a
at the end of directory or
directory
closedir(DIR * dp) Close a 0 if OK, -1 on error

 Ex, simulates command ls to list all the file in the current directory.

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C - Functions in File Operations

 C File I/O: There are types and functions in the library stdio.h
that are used for file I/O. Reading from or writing to a file in
C requires 3 basic steps:
• Open the file.
• Do all the reading or writing.
• Close the file
 For files you want to read or write, you need a file pointer: FILE *fp;
• FILE is some kind of structure that contains all the
information necessary to control the file
 Open File -- fopen(const char filename, const char mode)
• will initialize an object of the type FILE
 Close File -- fclose(FILE *fp )
• When done with a file, it must be closed

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C - Functions in File Operations

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  Text I/O Functions
Mode Description
feof detects end-of-file marker in a
file
fscanf reads formatted input from a
file
fprintf prints formatted output to a
file
fgets reads a string from a file
fputs prints a string to a file
fgetc reads a character from a file
fputc prints a character to a file
 Ex: fgetc_cp.c use fputc(int char, FILE *stream) writes a
character (an unsigned char) specified by the argument char
to the specified stream and advances the position indicator
for the stream.
• Similarly, fgetc(FILE *stream) reads a character from the
specified stread and advances the position indicator for
the stream

Operating System Concepts – 10th Edition 2a.29 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018

C - Functions in File Operations

 Binary I/O Functions
• When the files are binary, the previous functions will not work.
• For reading from and writing to a file on the disk respectively
in case of binary files, use:
fread(void *buffer, size, number, FILE *stream);
fwrite(void *buffer, size, number, FILE *stream);
 "buffer“: a pointer to buffer used for reading/writing the data,
 "void“: a pointer that can be used for any type variable.
 "size“: size of the objects to be read/written (ex, sizeof(char))
 "number" : number of objects to be read/written,
 "stream“: the file pointer or stream which the data is
to be read from/written to.
• If success, fread/fwrite return the number of items read or
written. This number equals the number of bytes transferred
only when size is 1. If fail, a lesser number of bytes is
returned.

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 Practice

 Ex No. 2,3 – file OS-LAB.pdf

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End of Chapter 1.4

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