MALZEME

Material Science Involves investigating the relationships that exist between the structures and
properties of materials

Materials Engineering On the basis of structure-property correlations, involves designing or engineering

the structure of a material to produce a predetermined set of properties.

Subatomic structure involves electrons within the individual atoms and interactions with their nuclei

Six categories of material properties

Mechanical electrical thermal mahnetic optical deteriorative

Major Classes Of Materials

-Metals -ceramics -polymers -composites
-electronic materials
-Biomaterials -geomaterials
BASIS OF MATERIAL CLASSIFICATIONs

-Chemical makeup -atomic bonding -atomic arrangement

-characteristic physical proterties -Characteristic mechanical properties

METALS

Distinguishing Features are Atoms arranged in a regular repeating manner

CERAMICS

Distinguishing Features

Most have a regular arrangement of atoms (except glasses)

Compounds of Metallic and Non Metallic elements

Stronger than Metals

High Melting Points BRİTTLE

Poor Conductors of Electricity and HeaT

Electrical Insulators

Cement, Concrete
POLYMERS

Distinguishing Feature 

- Composed Primarily of C and H (hydrocarbons)

-Low Melting Points

-Some partly crystalline, Most are noT

-Most are poor conductors of Electricity and Heat

-Many have high plasticity

-MOSTLY OPAQUE

APPLICATION OF POLYMER EXAMPLES

-Adhesives and Glues

 Plastic products (plastic pipes, bottles, house hold utensils, etc.)

 Coatings and Paints

 Solid Lubricants (Teflon)

Rubber Products (gaskets, seals, and o rings)  Clothing and furniture coverings (leather, nylon

EXAMPLES OF POLYMER MATERIALS

PVC (Poly Vinyl Chlorides) PE (Poly ethylene) PC (Poly Carbonates)

Teflon NyloN
COMPOSITES

Distinguishing Features

 Composed of Two or More Different Materials (i.e., metal, ceramic or polymer)

-Strong, Light weight, Good resistance to fracture

-High stiffness and good deformability

-Collection of good Properties of each material used

 Common composite includes fiberglass (small glass fibers embedded within polymeric material)

APPLICATIONS OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS

Aerospace, Marine, Automotive Sporting Goods

Storage Tanks (water, fuel, chemicals) Transport Piping (oil, seawater, sewage

PMCs (polymer matrix composites Fiber Glass, Concrete) MMCs (Metal Matrix Composites)
CMCs (Ceramic Matrix Composites)

Energy is the ability to do work

Types of Energies

Chemical  Electrical  Mechanical  Radiant

Atomic Structure consists of:

-Nucleus-protons-neutrons-Electrons

Isotopes: Have the same number of protons  Vary in number of neutrons

Cations elements prone to give up one or more electrons from their outer shells; typically a metal

element

Anions elements prone to accept one or more electrons to their outer shells; always a non metal

element
Electronegativity: measure strength with which a nucleus attracts electrons to its outer shell

Ionic Bonding

Common between elements that will...

1) easily exchange electrons so as to stabilize their outer shells (i.e. become more inert gas-like)
2) requires electron transfer
3) large difference in electronegativity required
4) metallic-nonmetallic composed
5) ceramics are mostly ionic

Covalent Bonding

formed by sharing of outer shell electrons

strongest of all chemical bonds

Metallic Bonding

atomic nuclei and inner filled electron shells in a “ sea ” of electrons made up of unbound valence

electrons

van der Waals (Residual) Bonding

created by weak bonding of oppositely dipolarized electron clouds

Hydrogen Bonding

Electrostatic bonding between an H+ ion with an anion or anionic complex or with a polarized molecules

H+ Close packing of polarized molecules Anions

 Weaker than ionic, metallic or covalent; stronger than van der Waal

Types of Solid Solution

1) Substitutional Solid Solution .(Simple cationic or anionic substitution)

2) Interstitial Solid Solution Occurrence of ions and molecules within large voids

3) Omission Solid Solution Exchange of single higher charge cation for two or more lower charged
cations
Valence: Higher valance metals will dissolve easily than low valance metals.

Isostructural minerals

Same structure, different composition

Polymorphism-polymorphic minerals

Same composition, different structures

AMORPHOUS

Atoms in an amorphous solid are arranged randomly-No Order

CRYSTALLINE

Atoms in a crystalline solid are arranged in a repetitive three dimensional pattern

All metals are crystalline solids

Lattice: points arranged in a pattern that repeats itself in three dimensions.

 METALLIC CRYSTALS

FACE CENTERED CUBIC STRUCTURE (FCC)

BODY CENTERED CUBIC STRUCTURE (BCC)

Polymorphism The phenomenon in some metals, as well as nonmetals, having more than one
crystal structures. When found in elemental solids, the condition is often called allotropy

Example to polymorphism: Graphite is the stable polymorph at ambient conditions, whereas

diamond is formed at extremely high pressures.

Types of crystal structures

-Cubic h-exagonal

-Tetragonal -rhombohedral -orthorhombic -monoclinic -triclinic

Anisotropy The physical properties of single crystals of some substances depend on the
crystallographic direction in which the measurements are taken.

Substances in which measured properties are independent of the direction of measurement are
isotropic

Pseudorphism Complete replacement of one mineral by one or more other minerals such that the
new minerals retain the external shape of the original one

TYPICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS

The atoms in a pure metal are in tightly packed layers, which form a regular lattice structure.

The outer electrons of the metal atoms separate from the atoms and create a ‘sea of electrons’.
These electrons are delocalized and so are free to move through the whole structure.

Delocalized electrons in metallic bonding allow metals to conduct heat and electricity
 Why are metals so strong?

When a metal is hit, the layers of metal ions are able to slide over each other, and so the structure
does not shatter.

Corrosion:is the gradual destruction of a metal due to reactions with other chemicals in its
environment.

Coating:the surface of a metal with paint and certain chemicals can protect it from corrosion.

Rusting:is the specific name given to the corrosion of iron. It is a chemical reaction between iron, oxygen
and water

brass: an alloy of copper and zinc.

solder: an alloy of zinc and lead

amalgam: an alloy of mercury and silver or tin.

Steel:is an alloy of iron and other elements, including carbon, nickel and chromium.The atoms of other
elements are different sizes. When other elements are added to iron, their atoms distort the regular
structure of the iron atoms.

TYPES OF CERAMICS
Ceramics
A wide-ranging group of materials whose ingredients are clays, sand and feldspar

Types of Ceramics

-Whitewares Refractories  Glasses  Abrasives  Cements

Refractories

EXAMPLES:Firebricks for furnaces and ovens. Die blanks. Cutting tools.sensors

THEIR ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

Amorphous Ceramics (Glasses)

Main ingredient is Silica (SiO2)

If cooled very slowly will form crystalline structure.

If cooled more quickly will form amorphous structure

Glass Types

Soda-lime glass

Lead glass

Borosilicate

Glass EXAMPLES

Flat glass (windows) Container glass (bottles)  Pressed and blown glass (dinnerware)

 Glass fibres (home insulation)  Advanced/specialty glass (optical fibres)

Tempered Glass:

The strength of glass can be enhanced by inducing compressive residual stresses at the surface

CHEMİCAL HARDENING

Abrasive EXAMPLES

- Natural (garnet, diamond, etc.) -Synthetic abrasives

-Cements

ADVANCED CERAMICS

-Structural applications: Wear parts, bioceramics, cutting tools, engine components, armour. 

-Electrical applications: Capacitors, insulators, integrated circuit packages, piezoelectrics, magnets and

superconductors

 Coatings: Engine components, cutting tools, and industrial wear parts

 Chemical and environmental: Filters, membranes, catalysts, and catalyst supports

Heat Treating Glass

Annealing:--removes internal stress caused by uneven cooling.

Tempering:--puts surface of glass part into compression—

suppresses growth of cracks from surface scratches

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Young's Modulus: This is the slope of the linear portion of the stress-strain curve, it is usually specific to
each material; a constant, known value.

Load-The force applied to a material during testing.

Engineering stress- The applied load, or force, divided by the original cross-sectional area of the material

Engineering strain- The amount that a material deforms per unit length in a tensile test.

ELASTIC DEFORMATION IS REVERSIBLE

PLASTIC DEFORMATION IS PERMANENT

Yield strength is a measure of resistance to plastic deformation.

Permanent deformation for metals is accomplished by means of a process called slip, which involves the

motion of dislocations

Tensile Strength

The largest value of stress on the diagram is called Tensile Strength or Ultimate Tensile Strength

Fracture
Ductility is a measure of the plastic deformation that has been sustained at fracture

A material that suffers very little plastic deformation is brittle

Toughness is the ability to absorb energy up to fracture

A “tough” material has strength and ductility.

The stress-strain behavior of brittle ceramics is not usually obtained by a tensile test. The bend test is

used fot brittle materials or FLEXURAL TEST for Brittle Materials.

Hardness is a measure of a material’s resistance to localized plastic deformation (a small dent or scratch)

TEMPERATURE
-Temperature is a measure of the speed with which they move.atoms

How to measure temperature?

-Mercury Thermometer -Ideal Gas Thermometer

-Pyrometer

The heat capacity of an object is the heat energy needed to raise its temperature by 1 Kelvin

Calorimetry means measurement of heat.

A device in which heat measurement can be made is called a calorimeter

The change of state from solid to liquid is called melting and from liquid to solid is called fusion.

The change of state from liquid to vapor (or gas) is called vaporization
The temperature at which the liquid and the vapor states of the substance coexist is called its boiling

point.

The change from solid state to vapor state without passing through the liquid state is called sublimation

The amount of heat per unit mass transferred during change of state of the substance is

called latent Heat

Conduction is the mechanism of transfer of heat between two adjacent parts of a body because of their

temperature difference.

Gases are poor thermal conductors while liquids have conductivities intermediate between solids and

Gases

Convection is a mode of heat transfer by actual motion of matter. It is possible only in fluids.

OPTICAL PROPERTIES

When light (radiation) shines on a material, it may be:

--reflected, absorbed and/or transmitted.

• Optical classification:--transparent, translucent, opaque

• Metals:--fine succession of energy states causes

absorption and reflection.

• Non-Metals:--may have full, no, or partial absorption.

--color is determined by light wavelengths that are transmitted or re-

emitted from electron transitions.

--color may be changed by adding impurities which change the band gap magnitude (e.g., Ruby)

• Refraction:--speed of transmitted light varies among materials.

MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
Magnetism arises from the Magnetic Moment or Magnetic dipole of Magnetic Materials.

The permanent Magnetic Moments can arise due to the

1.The orbital magnetic moment of the electronS

2.The spin magnetic moment of the electrons

3.The spin magnetic moment of the nucleus

t north

pole placed at that point.

Magnetization refers to the process of converting a non-magnetic material into

a Magnetic material.

Superconductivity •Certain metals and alloys exhibit almost zero resistivity ( infinite conductivity ) when

they are cooled to sufficiently low temperatures.

Electrical conductivity and resistivity are:

-- material parameters

-- geometry independent

• Conductors, semiconductors, and insulators...

-- differ in range of conductivity values

-- differ in availability of electron excitation states

• For metals, resistivity is increased by

-- increasing temperature

-- addition of imperfections

-- plastic deformation

• For pure semiconductors, conductivity is increased by

-- increasing Temperature

-- doping [e.g., adding B to Si (p-type) or P to Si (n-type)]

• Other electrical characteristics

—ferroelectricity

-- piezoelectricity

Radioisotope is A radioisotope is an isotope of an element that is radioactive. A radioisotope has an

unstable nucleus that decays over time

Radioactivity is Radioactivity is the spontaneous emission of radiation from the unstable nucleus of an
atom.

Solid Solutions?