EN123 INTRODUCTION

TO CIRCUITS AND
ELECTRONICS
Lecture 5: Simple DC Circuit Analysis
EN123 Semester 2, 2021
S. Tirones
Circuit Theory and Analysis
• Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) states that the algebraic
sum of the branch voltage around any closed path in a
network must be zero

𝑣𝑎𝑏 + 𝑣𝑏𝑐 + 𝑣𝑐𝑎 = 0

𝑣1 + 𝑣4 + 𝑣3 = 0
Circuit Theory and Analysis
• Example:
• For the network as shown below, determine the voltages
𝑉1 and 𝑉3
Loop A
𝐸 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2
𝑉1 = 𝐸 − 𝑉2 = 12 − 8 = 4 𝑉

Loop B
0 = −𝑉2 + 𝑉3 + 𝑉4
𝑉3 = 𝑉2 − 𝑉4 = 8 − 2 = 6 𝑉

Loop C
𝐸 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉3 + 𝑉4
12 = 4 + 6 + 2 = 12
This is a series – parallel circuit
Circuit Theory and Analysis
• Example:
• Consider the network having two voltage supply (EMF).
Calculate the voltage 𝑉1 and the e.m.f 𝐸2
Apply KVL to the left loop
𝐸1 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2
𝑉1 = 𝐸1 − 𝑉2 = 10 − 6 = 4 𝑉

Right loop
−𝐸2 = −𝑉2 − 𝑉3
𝐸2 = 𝑉2 + 𝑉3 = 6 + 8 = 14 𝑉

Checking outside loop - Proof

𝐸1 − 𝐸2 = 𝑉1 − 𝑉3
10 − 14 = 4 − 8
Circuit Theory and Analysis
• Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL) states that the current
flowing out of any node in a circuit must equal the current
flowing in. that is, the algebraic sum of all branch currents
flowing into any node must be zero

At node a

𝑖𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 + 𝑖𝑐 = 0

At node b

−𝑖𝑏 − 𝑖4 = 0
Circuit Theory and Analysis
• Example:
• With reference to the network, determine the relationship
between the currents 𝐼1 , 𝐼2 , 𝐼4 , and 𝐼5
At junction/node [a
𝐼1 + 𝐼4 − 𝐼3 = 0

𝐼1 + 𝐼4 = 𝐼3

At junction/node [b]

𝐼3 + 𝐼5 − 𝐼2 = 0

𝐼2 − 𝐼5 = 𝐼3

therefore
𝐼1 − 𝐼2 + 𝐼4 + 𝐼5 = 0
Series Circuit/Network
• Simple Lamp Circuit

This circuit has high current

• Incorrect Lamp Connection

This circuit has less current

If one of the lamp is blown,

the circuit becomes open
Series Network
• Series Circuit – best describes when all the loads are
connected using a single connecting wires with the supply

• The observation of current and voltages in series circuit

• - the current is the same throughout the circuit/connecting
wires
Series Network
• - the voltage drop across lamp 1 and lamp 2 adds up to
form the total supply voltage
Series Network
• Kirchhoff's Voltage Law states that the sum of total
voltage across a circuit is equal to zero

• Example:
• Derive the KVL for the diagram below

• 𝑉 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 + 𝑉3
• 𝑉 = 𝐼(𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 )
• 𝑅 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3
Series Network
• Example:
• Calculate the current flowing in the circuit given the
𝑅 = 3 𝑘Ω

𝑉 220 𝑉 𝑅 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 = 3000 + 3000 = 6000

𝐼= = 𝑉 220 𝑉
𝑅 3000 Ω 𝐼= =
𝐼 = 0.073 𝐴 = 73 𝑚𝐴 𝑅 6000 Ω
𝐼 = 0.037 𝐴 = 37 𝑚𝐴
Series Network
• Example:
• Calculate the voltage across each of the resistor and
hence calculate the supply voltage 𝑉

𝑉1 = 𝐼𝑅1 = 1.5 × 2 = 3.0 𝑉

𝑉2 = 𝐼𝑅2 = 1.5 × 3 = 4.5 𝑉

𝑉2 = 𝐼𝑅3 = 1.5 × 8 = 12.0 𝑉

𝑉 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 + 𝑉3 = 3 + 4.5 + 12 = 19.5 𝑉
Voltage Divider
• A voltage divider is a typical circuit that involves the
division of voltage between only two resistors connected
in series
Given the supply voltage 𝑉, it is required to
determine the voltage drop across 𝑅1 . The total
resistance of the circuit is
𝑅 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2
The current in the circuit is
𝑉 𝑉
𝐼= =
𝑅 𝑅1 + 𝑅2
The voltage drop across 𝑅1
𝑉
𝐼𝑅1 = × 𝑅1 = 𝑉1
𝑅1 + 𝑅2
Therefore
𝑉1 𝑅1
=
𝑉 𝑅1 + 𝑅2
Voltage Divider
• Example:
• A voltage divider is to give an output voltage of 10 𝑉 from
an input voltage of 30 𝑉. Given that 𝑅2 = 100Ω, calculate
the resistance of 𝑅1
𝑉2 𝑅2
=
𝑉 𝑅1 + 𝑅2

10 100
=
30 𝑅1 + 100

𝑅1 + 100 = 3 × 100 = 300

Therefore

𝑅1 = 200 Ω
Parallel Network
• In this configuration, the current may pass from the top
conductor to the bottom by means of different path which
run side by side or in parallel to one another.
• A network consists of two or more circuits
Parallel Network
• Let us consider the voltage, current and resistance in a
parallel network
Using KCL,
𝐼 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + 𝐼3

Generally,
𝑉
𝐼= , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
𝑅
𝑉 𝑉 𝑉
𝐼1 = , 𝐼2 = , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼3 =
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3

Then
𝑉 𝑉 𝑉 𝑉
𝐼= = + +
𝑅 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3
And
1 1 1 1
= + +
𝑅 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3
Parallel Network
• Example:
• Calculate the supply current to the network

𝑉 110
𝐼1 = = = 5.0 𝐴
𝑅1 22

𝑉 110
𝐼2 = = = 2.5 𝐴
𝑅2 44

Therefore total supply current

𝐼 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 = 5 + 2.5 = 7.5 𝐴
Parallel Network
• Example:
• Calculate the effective resistance and the supply current

1 1 1 1
= + + = 0.147 + 0.213 + 0.455
𝑅 6.8 4.7 2.2
= 0.815

Total equivalent/effective resistance

1
𝑅= = 1.23 Ω
0.815

The supply current

𝑉 12
𝐼= = = 9.76 𝐴
𝑅 1.23
Parallel Network
• Example:
• A current of 8 𝐴 is shared between two resistors in the
network. Calculate the current in the 2Ω resistor, given
that (a) 𝑅1 = 2Ω, and (b) 𝑅1 = 4Ω

(a)
𝑅1 2
𝐼2 = 𝐼 =8× = 4.0 𝐴
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 2+2

(b)
𝑅1 2
𝐼2 = 𝐼 =8× = 5.3 𝐴
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 4+2
Series – Parallel Network
• A parallel – series network is a circuitry that has both the
series network and parallel network formation
• Example:
• Consider the following parallel – series network
configuration and determine 𝐼1 and 𝐼2

𝑅2
𝐼3 = × 𝐼1
𝑅2 + 𝑅3

𝑅2 + 𝑅3 60 + 30
𝐼1 = × 𝐼3 = × 1 = 1.5 𝐴
𝑅2 60

0 = 𝐼2 + 𝐼3 − 𝐼1

𝐼2 = 𝐼1 − 𝐼3 = 1.5 − 1 = 0.5 𝐴
Potential Difference Across Series –
Connected Resistor
• The point A and B represent a potential difference across
the two branch
• Example:
• Consider the 𝑉𝐴𝐵 for the network as shown below
Branch A, let 𝑉𝐴𝐶 be the voltage at A w.r.t C
𝑅3 15
𝑉𝐴𝐶 = ×𝑉 = × 20 = 7.5 𝑉
𝑅1 + 𝑅3 25 + 15

Branch B
𝑅4 10
𝑉𝐵𝐶 = ×𝑉 = × 20 = 4.0 𝑉
𝑅2 + 𝑅4 40 + 10

Apply KVL to loop ABC

0 = 𝑉𝐴𝐵 + 𝑉𝐵𝐶 + 𝑉𝐶𝐴 = 𝑉𝐴𝐵 + 𝑉𝐵𝐶 − 𝑉𝐴𝐶

𝑉𝐴𝐵 = 𝑉𝐴𝐶 − 𝑉𝐵𝐶 = 7.5 − 4 = 3.5 𝑉