Area to the right of ie the ordi Ce ee 15 from the normal table is (0.5000-0.3749) = 0.1251. Hence the probability of see We eae en ont Bo laa ad ait of 1,000 soldiers, the expectation is 0.1251 x 1000 = 125.1 or 125. : im ers over six feet tall = 126. Ailustration 23: in a di ean and standard oe tee uton exactly normal, 7% of the tems are under 35 and 89% are under 63, What are the m lard deviation of the distribution? Solution: Since 7% of it x and eae ey lems are under 35, 43% are between X and 35. Similarly, the percentage of items between FIG. 15, The standard normal variate corresponding to 0.43" (43%) is 1.48. 35-X Thus, Sore aa a o The standard normal variate corresponding to 0.39 (39%) is 1.23 63-X o 1.23 wo From (/) and (ii), we have 1480+ K =-35 1230+ X = 63 ‘On adding these equations, we get = proase refer to Table Vil, for obtaining 2 value corresponding to 0.43,2710 = 28 28 eT = 10.33 1.46» 10:33- = —35 = = 35-153 % = 503 Hence, the mean of the distribution is 50.3 and standard deviation is 10.33. of aia cE SEES ha average diameter of 10.10 om and a Standard deaiono 0.2 on The pose specteaons al set Sarees betwean TOS em and 1020 om What proportion of output meets the specifications presuming normal distribution? ‘Solution: Assuming that the distribution of diameter of shafts is normal. We have = 1010 om, and a= 0.20 6m, for x= 10.05 z= 1005-1010 9.25 020 for x= 1020 z= 020-1010 -o5 ' Area of the normal curve between the ordinate-0. 25 to 0.5 = Area between the ordinates ~ 0.25 to 0 + Area between the ordinates 0 to 0.5 = 0.0987 + 0.1915 = 0.2902. Thus, 29.02% of the output meets the specification. Mlustration 25: The income of a group of 10,000 persons was found to be normally distributed with mean € 7500 p.m. ‘and standard deviation € 500. Show that of this group about 95% had income exceeding € 6680 and only 5% had income exceeding £8320. What was the lowest income among the richest 1007 ‘Solution: Standard normal variate, 2 sos) Hence, X = 6680, X = 7500 and « = 500 6680-7500 _ 820 t = S200 7500/2 7820 er fe 500 500 ‘Area of the right ofthe ordinates at— 1.64 is (0.4495 + 0.5000) = 0.9495 ‘The expected number of persons getting above & 6680 = 10,000 x 0.9495 = 9495 This is about 95% of the total, /e., 10,000. ‘The standard normal variate corresponding to 8320 is = 8320-7500 _ 500 ‘Area to the right of ordinate at 1.64 is = 0.5000~0.4495 = 0.0505 ibpeqaatin: aseliey aenan bo ‘The number of persons getting above € 8320 is = 10,000 x 0,0505=505 ‘i2.9 = X=7500 500 the lowest in X= 2.33 « 500) 4 an OMe ofthe richest 100 p, ) +7500 = 1165 + 7500 = # 8686. "ersons is @ 8665, : The 15 Ibs. Ass Ini ea and (5) eau™iP9 the weights aro goo Tae students ApS than 195 bg, My eben ee ER ee ete eee Ecc rolahts ‘how many students weigh (a) between 120 and 155 lbs. tbs. assuming they are Standard normal vari corded as b r s being between corded ne ete 120 and 168 can acualy hae ay wae fom 119310 1888 te corr Corresponding to 119.5 ibs, Standard normal variate corresponding to 165, 5 ibs, = 1555-151 ‘Area between z po 03 2.10 and 2=0.30 = 0.4821+0.1179=08 The number of students lents weighing between 120 and 155 Ibs. = 500 x06 = 300 IMlustration 26. (b): Stu ‘ 26. (b): Students weighing more than 185 lbs must weigh at least 185.5 Ibs. tandard normal variate corresponding to 185.5 Ibs. _ 1855-181 15 ‘Area to the right of z = 2.3 is (0.5000-0.489) = 0.0107. Number of students weighing more than 185 Ibs. = 500 x 0.0107 = 5.35 or S approx. Mlustration 27: 1,000 light bulbs with a mean life of 120 days are installed in a new factory. Their lenath of Iie is normaly distributed with standard deviation 20 days. (?) How many bulbs wil expire in less than 90 days? (i I itis Gocided to replace all the bulbs together, what intervals should be allowed between replacements if not more than 40 per cent should expire before replacement? (M.Com., Punjab Univ., 2009; MBA, MD Univ, 2011) 120, « = 20 and X= 90 23 Solution: () X Standard normal variate or, ae aa ‘prea of the curve (2 =—1.5) up tothe mean ordinate 0.4392 ‘Area to the left of -1.5 = 0.5~0.4392 = 0.0668 than 90 days + of bulbs expected to expire In less = 0, 0668 x 1,000 = 66.8 or 67 1 variate corresponding to an area 0.4 (0.5-0.1) is 1.28, Number (ip The value of standard normal mesa eae X= 120 = (1.28 * 20) = 120-25,6 = 94.4 or 94 .d after 94 days. be replaces Hence, the bulbs will have ( Mumbai Municipal C Ilustration 28: The con have an average 4,900 burning 2 cae "700 burning hours? The expected to fail in corporation installed 2,000 bubs in the streets of Mumbai. these bubs ‘with a standard deviation of 200 hours, what number of ‘bulbs might be table of area ofthe normal curve at selected valves Is as folows:2 moet bene oh “60 est io hae ‘Area to the left of (— 1.5) = 0.067. "Number of bulbs expected to fan the (©) Standard normal variate for score 30, pel sige wt anc oenet _fAissteation 30: in i : In a cera Estimate the averag in examinatior ge marks n, the pereeni i respective obtained age of pas ee gre ly (assume the dstnbuton of nas oe sass on dss war 40s respectively ‘marks to be normal) im pass and estinction marks being 40 an@ 7° Also, determine whi f “ Nh oer dente el te eae ant ava ban he mum lrg mara fr rian io are maminan fated waa be gen anaer oppotunty of being ox Solution: (a) Let X be the me: Tee io CAS ea eR ee mn andthe ordinate at X= 401s 0.04 Now, from the tables corresponding to 0.04, star standard normal variate is 0.4. 40. similar, Ail) or ‘subtracting ())from (i) Putting the value of « in equation 0 X =97.18 0137. Therefore, the average marks sbiained by the candidates 97> me that X, isthe minimum quatiying marks fr re-examination of tha failed candidates. right of X= 408 46% “The area to the Tae 4 40, We want that the best 25% of these failed rudents faling = 54 and Ins js the area to the | ae rete rea a given a chance t0reappeat repose this area is equal othe shaded ‘area in the diagram. ae le —_—_ __Xx 40 FIG. 18 ‘Area between mean and ordinate at X, = = (0.135-0.04) (Negative sign is included because the area lis to the left ofthe mean ordinates): Corresponding to this area, standard normal variate from the table is equal to- 0.0378. x X -003780 += 37.2-(0,0378 x 28.23) = 37.2~1.067 = 36.133 or 36 approx. IMlustration 31: As a result of tests on 20,000 electric bulbs manufactured by a company it was found that the lifetime of the bulb was normally distributed with an average life of 2,040 hours and standard deviation of 60 hours. On the basis of the information, estimate the number of the bulbs that are expected to bum for (a) more than 2,150 hours, and (6) less than 1,960 hours. (M.Com,, Delhi Univ, 2008; M.Com., HPU, 2010) Proportion of Area under the Normal Curve: z ‘Area z ‘Area ‘Area 1.23 0.3907 1.33 4082 1.63 0.4484 173 0.4582 ‘Solution: (a) X = 2040, X = 2150, o = 60 fare! {oe pect M0 «1535 peat eit rdnt 1.698 = 05-04664= 0098 The mbar fib thse exceed te bum moe ha 2150 oi 0.026 20000 = 672 (b)Here, X = 1960, X = 2040 and c= 60 2 1000-200 «1.999 Aono if ornate at 1338 + 05-0408 xia tht fue tnt sre Bim erie ben 00018 «2000+ 136 (a) 15,000 students appeared for an examination, The mean marks were é ec Re on a aa ete ei mae “more | 55 marks? tion, Grade ‘Ais to be given students (MBA, UPTU, 2017) (0) tin the same examination Gr cohen rs ‘students will receive Grade ‘A’ marks, what proportion of the (®.Com. (4), Delhi Univ, 2012) | =X = 49ando = 55-49 e Sobor 0.5-0.3413 = 0.1887 or 15.87% XX _ 70-48 14g j - . “The area under the standard normal curve peony wa = 0.4998 _ Therefore, 0.02 per c = erfore, 0.02 er cen 050.498) = 0.002 woul sare are an Ta, Senter 609 cane, __IMlustration 33: The results of a particular examination are given below in summary form: Results of candidates ()) Passed with distinction 10 (i) Passed 60 i) Faitea 30 known that a candidate gets plucked if he obtains less than 40 marks (out of 100) imarks in order to pass with distinction. Determine the mean and standard deviation jing this to be normal. know that 30% students get less ‘than 40 marks. 4 corresponding to real 02a i es 3.2 (20% area) = 0. 5242 ; — z= 0.524 for 0,200 40-% «0.524 mn 10152 for 0.1985 @ je, 75.0f more.46. Part Il—statistical Methods ei =194 0.524 x 19.4 10.17-40 or X = 50.17. Hence, the mean of the distribution is 50.17 and standard deviation 19.4. Fitting a Normal Curve There are two main objects of fitting a normal curve to sample data: 1. To provide a visual device for judging whether or not the normal curve is a good fi sample data, and 2. Touse the smoothed normal curve, instead of the irregular curve representing the data to estimate the characteristics of the population. Methods of Fitting: The following two methods are used to fit a normal curve to an ol set of data: 1. Method of ordinates, and 2. Method of areas. Method of Ordinates: In order to draw a curve on a graph, we need the frequencies wh represented on the ordinate and the values of the variable which are shown on the ak Hence, in order to fit a curve, we must know the frequencies (ordinates) at the various of the abscissa scale. While fitting a normal curve, the ordinates are obtained at various distances from the mean. The procedure of obtaining ordinates is as follows: The height of the mean ordinate is given by ed 1(X=X)}? B\ gy MBSE Y= 3650660 2.71828 We need the value of N, X and o in order to fit a normal curve in a distribution. expression above, when a X) = 0, the exponent of 2.71828 raised to the zero power is « 2 ‘Thus the expression ~*”!® ealways is equal to 1 for the ordinate erected at the mea mean ordinates can easily be obtained by Lb we: Ni vain ia 086 5 or, =0.890( Mt ) Yq denotes the ordinate to be erected at the mean and t denotes the width of the class int This is the maximum ordinate of the fitted curve. The height of the ordinate at a d me 15 from the mean would be calculated as follows: