Z3 2 4

ELECTRONICS
32 BIT MICROPROCESSOR SYSTEM module Z3/EV
Volume 2/4 THEORY, EXERCISES AND APPENDIX
TEACHER/STUDENT manual
COPYRIGHT BY ELETTRONICA VENETA SPA
Z3$$12E0.DOC
INDEX
INDEX
Lesson F43: Lesson F44: Lesson F45: SERIAL INTERFACE DIGITAL/ANALOG CONVERSION ANALOG/DIGITAL CONVERSION Page. 1 Page. 17 Page. 24
Appendix A:
Commands to the Monitor of Module Z3/EV
Page. 33
Appendix B:
Resources of the Monitor of Module Z3/EV
Page. 40
Appendix C:
Communications with the PC
Page. 47
Appendix D:
Datasheet Microprocessor 80386EX
Page. 51
Appendix E:
Summary of Instructions 80386EX
Page. 65
Appendix F:
Electrical Diagrams
Page. 96
INDEX
SAFETY RULES
Keep this handbook at hand for any further help. After the packaging has been removed, set all accessories in order so that they are not lost and check the equipment integrity. In particular, check that it shows no visible damage. Before connecting the equipment to the power supply, be sure that the rating corresponds to the one of the power mains. This equipment must be employed only for the use it has been conceived, i.e. as educational equipment, and must be used under the direct supervision of expert personnel. Any other use is not proper and therefore dangerous. The manufacturer cannot be held responsible for eventual damages due to inappropriate, wrong or unreasonable use.
Lesson F43: Serial Interface
LESSON F43: INTERFACE SERIAL
OBJECTIVES

Principles of serial communication Serial Interface of Module Z3/EV The controller 8250 The registers of the controller 8250 The pin of the controller 8250 Programming of the serial interface Development of application programs and exercises. Base unit for the IPES system (power supply mod.PS1-PSU/EV, module holder mod.MU/EV, individual management unit mod.SIS1/SIS2/SIS3) Experimentation module mod. Z3/EV oscilloscope.
MATERIALS
F43.1 PRINCIPLES of SERIAL COMMUNICATION The serial transmission of data between computers is used, instead of the parallel one, when: the distance is greater than 3-4 m the numbers of the connection lines has to be minimal. The serial transmission makes possible the transmission of data between systems, which are located at big distances from each other, using only a few lines. it also makes possible the use of the telephone line using special modulation devices, called Modem (see Fig. F43.1).
fig. F43.1
Since the microprocessor works with a data bus of the parallel type, and normally, the minimum quantity is the byte, the need for data conversion from parallel to serial is born. 1
Shift Registers are used, as shown in Fig. F43.2.
fig. F43.2
F43.2 DATA FORMAT in the ASYNCHRONOUS SERIAL COMMUNICATION In order to transmit data in the asynchronous mode; that is, without a common clock between who transmits and who receives, over a serial line, special information has to be added to the bit of the byte being transmitted. A particular format for standard transmission is born, shown in Fig. F43.3, where: the state of the transmission line is normally high (logic level 1) the transmission begins with the Start Bit at logic level 0 then, the character bit to be transmitted are sent in line, starting with the least significant (the number of bit can be 7 or 8, and the polarity is kept) after the character bit its possible to add a parity bit, which can be: Even: is set to 1 or to 0 to make the total addition of bit 1 be even Odd: is set to 1 or to 0 to make the total addition of bit 1 be odd at the end of the transmission a Stop Bit is added, which can be 1 or 2 bit long The duration of the single bit depends from the speed of transmission used (baud-rate) which normally assumes the following values: 300, 600, 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600, 19200, 38400, ..
fig. F43.3
With respect the levels of the signals on line, the following rules apply: 2
one signal between +3V e + 12V represents the logic value 1 one signal between 3V e 12V represents the logic value 0 one signal between 3V e +3V is in a non defined logic state All these rules define that which goes under the name Standard RS232 for the Asynchronous Serial Transmission. F43.3 SERIAL INTERFACE of MODULE Z3/EV The serial interface of Module Z3/EV satisfies all the characteristics of the standard RS-232. In particular, also the signals available on the output connector J2 respect this standard. A disposition of the compatible pins with the 9-pin connector of the serial interface of the personal computer has been chosen. The diagram of the serial interface is shown in figure F43.4 .
fig. F43.4
The serial interface uses the Asynchronous Communication Controller 8250. It is a device of programmable I/O, of general use, projected for the Intel microprocessors. An external oscillator at 1.8432 MHz provides the transmission and reception clock. This clock is then divided internally of the 8250 to furnish the different baud rate. The signals present on the output connector J2 are: Pin 1 (DCD): Data Carrier Detect (input signal). It is a management signal for the Modem. Pin 2 (RXD): Received Data (input signal). Serial data received from the transmitting external device. Pin 3 (TXD): Transmitted Data (output signal). Serial data transmitted to the receiving external device. Pin 4 (DTR): Data Terminal Ready (output signal). Modem management signal that serves to communicate that the Module Z3 is ready to begin a communication session. Pin 5 (GND): Ground. Pin 6 (DSR): Data Set Ready (input signal). Modem management signal which serves the external device to indicate the Module Z3 that it is ready to begin a communication session. Pin 7 (RTS): Request To Send (output signal). Indicates the requirement of the Module Z3 for the transmission of a byte. Pin 8 (CTS): Clear To Send (input signal). Indicates the requirement, of the external device, for the transmission of a Byte. The controller 8250 works with signals at logic level TTL, while for the output signals, the standard RS-232 requires levels of +/-12V. The CI IC14 (1488) and IC15 (489) are used for changing levels. F43.4 THE CONTROLLER 8250: PERFORMANCE and INTERNAL REGISTERS The controller 8250 is a peripheral, of the Intel family, which provides the complete implementation of the standard RS-232. In particular: programmable internal clock divider for furnishing baud-rates from 75 to 9600 b/s start bit, stop bit, bit parity programming input and output double buffer input for a clock of independent modem signals control: CTS, RTS, DSR, DTR. The different functioning modes of the controller are selected by programming the internal registers. It communicates with the microprocessor by means of the following addresses, which correspond to as many internal registers: 4
330H 330H 333H 335H 334H 336H 330H 331H 332H 331H
Receive Buffer Register Transmit Holding Register Line Control Register Line Status Register Modem Control Register Modem Status Register Divisor Latch LSB Divisor Latch MSB Interrupt Identification Register Interrupt Enable Register
F43.5 THE CONTROLLER 8250: EXTERNAL SIGNALS With reference to figure F43.4, the controller 8250 is provided with the following I/O lines: Input Signals. CS0, CS1, CS2# (Chip Select): chip-enabling signals. It is used only CS2#. DISTR# (Data Input Strobe): When DISTR# is low, the chip is selected and reading is possible. DOSTR# (Data Output Strobe): When DOSTR# is low, the chip is selected and writing is possible. ADS# (Address Strobe): When its low, the chip reads the addresses from A0,A1,A2. A0,A1,A2 (Register Select): address lines for the selection of the registers. They arrive from the analog lines of the microprocessors bus. RESET (reset): initializes the processor. RCLK (Receiver Clock): reception clock RXD (Received Data): serial input of data coming from the communication line. CTS# (Clear To Send): modem control line for the transmission of data, When its active, data can be transmitted. DSR# (Data Set Ready): modem control line to determine the communication. DCD# (Data Carrier Detect): is active when the communication is active. RI# (Ring Indicator): not used. Output signals. DTR# (Terminal Ready): When its active indicates that the 8250 is ready to communicate. RTS# (Request To Send): When its active indicates that the 8250 is ready to transmit a byte. OUT1# (Output1): not used. OUT2# (Output2): not used. BAUDOUT# (Baud Out): transmission clock. 5
TXD (Transmitted Data): serial output for the data to be sent over the communication lines. Input/Output Signals. D0-D7 (Data Bus): data bus for the microprocessor connection. XTAL (Clock Input): input for the clock. F43.6 PROGRAMMING of the SERIAL INTERFACE For the writing of communication programs its possible to use directly the registers of controller 8250. This mode of proceeding results very complex since the quantity of information to be handled is high. To simplify the programming of the serial interface, the monitor of the system contains a software interruption ( INT 14H ) with all the functions foreseen for the serial communication.
INT 14H: Management of the Serial Interface.

This interruption drives the of the asynchronous serial interface RS-232. the available functions are determined from the contents of AH: INPUT AH = 0 AH = 1 AH = 2 AH = 3 AH = 4 Initialization Sending character Receiving character Reading State Modem Control
AH = 0 : Initialization of communication port The contents of AL determines the parameters of the initialization: Register AL Programming Bit 7,6,5 Baud rate = 000 : 1200 = 001 : 2400 = 010 : 4800 = 011 : 9600 Bit 4,3 Parity = 00 : no = 01 : odd = 10 : no = 11 : even Bit 2 Stop Bit =0:1 =1:2 Bit 1,0 Length word = 10 : 7 bits = 11 : 8 bits
AH = 1 : Transmission of a character The contents of AL determines the character to send. Before sending the character, the routine waits for the other eventual preceding characters to be transmitted. AH = 2 : Reception of a character The contents of AL determines the received character. The routine waits for the availability of a character before returning to the calling program. AH = 3 : Reading of the state The contents of AH determines the present state of the line and of the modem. Register AH Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Register AL Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 State of Modem Received line signal detect Ring indicator Data set ready Clear to send Delta receive line signal detect Trailing edge ring detector Delta data set ready Delta clear to send State of the Line Time-out Transmitter shift register empty Transmitter holding register empty Break detect Framing error Parity error Overrun error Data ready
AH = 4 : Control of the Modem The contents of AL determines the present state of the Modem that will be set. Register AL Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 State of the Modem 0 0 0 Loop Out2 Out1 Request To Send (RTS) Data Terminal Ready (DTR)
F43.7 CONNECTION between MODULE Z3 and a REMOTE SERIAL UNIT There are different possibilities to connect between each other, two units for the serial communication. The simplest one, foresees a connection with 3 cables of the type shown in Fig. F43.5.
fig. F43.5
This type di connection shows the problem of the lack of synchronization signals between the two devices, and therefore, lack of control of the data flow. The transmitting device can begin the transmission before the receiving device is ready, therefore with loss of data. Otherwise, if the transmitting device operates faster than that which receives, there will be a loss of data (byte) during the communication. Normally, communication lines are used to control the data flow between the two devices, with the finality of avoiding any loss of information. The connection with control signals of the data flow is shown in Fig. F43.6.
fig. F43.6
The lines DTR (Data Terminal Ready) and DSR (Data Set Ready) are used to make the connection between the two devices. They are activated at the beginning of the communication session, and inactivated at the end. The lines RTS (Request To Send) and CTS (Clear To Send) are used instead to control the transmission of the single byte. See the example on the use in the experimentation, for the details. 8
F43.8 EXERCISES and SUMMARY QUESTIONNAIRE Z3 SIS1 SIS2 Set all switches in the OFF position Insert code Lesson: F43 Data transmission program. We would like to develop a program, which transmits data from Module Z3/EV to a serial peripheral connected to it. Keeping in mind of what was seen in the theoretical part of the lesson, this program must operate according to the flow diagram of fig. F43.7.
fig. F43.7
From an analysis the flow diagram it can be noted: module Z3 sets active the signal DTR to indicate the remote unit that it wants to activate a communication, the remote unit reads this signal by means the line DSR and sets active the own line DTR, too. when module Z3 finds line DSR active, it considers open a communication session and proceeds, the remote unit signals that its ready to receive data by means of the line RTS, module Z3 waits until the line CTS (coming from the line RTS of the remote unit) is active, before transmitting each single data, module Z3 transmits code ASCII 01010101B, the program of module Z3 proceeds returning to waiting for the signal CTS to transmit the next byte. 9
The list of the program is shown next.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 PAGE 70,166 ;----------------------- PRG_TX ----------------------; data transmission on the serial interface ;parameters TX: 1200, N, 8, 1 ;waiting of DSR at the beginning of the connection ; waiting of CTS at each byte to transmit MEM_POS = 0800H DS_SEG = 0080H DELAY = 500 ;retard in ms IDIS_STR = 0BH ; visual interruption. stringe IWAIT_MS = 0DH ; management interruption waiting ISERIAL = 14H ; management interruption serial IDA = 0FH ;---------------------------------------- CODE ;program charged in address 0000:MEM_POS CODE SEGMENT ASSUME CS:CODE, DS:CODE ORG 00H 0080 START: MOV AX,DS_SEG 0080 MOV AX,DS_SEG D8 MOV DS,AX ;charges data segment 0042 R MOV SI,OFFSET MW_DSR 0B INT IDIS_STR ;display message MSG 00 MOV AH,00H 63 MOV AL,01100011B 14 INT ISERIAL ; serial programing 04 MOV AH,04H 01 MOV AL,00000001B ;DTR active 14 INT ISERIAL 03 W_DSR: MOV AH,03H 14 INT ISERIAL E4 20 AND AH,00100000B ;check DSR F7 JZ W_DSR ;loop if not 0053 R TLOOP: 0B 03 W_CTS: 14 E4 10 F7 01 55 14 0064 R 0B 07D0 0D E0 61 72 20 61 72 20 79 61 6F 69 20 20 69 20 20 74 73 20 74 44 20 74 43 20 65 6D 20 20 53 00 20 54 00 20 65 00 MOV INT MOV INT AND JZ MOV MOV INT MOV INT MOV INT JMP 66 52 66 53 74 73 SI,OFFSET MW_CTS IDIS_STR AH,03H ISERIAL AH,00010000B W_CTS
= = = = = = =
0800 0080 01F4 000B 000D 0014 000F
0000 0000 0000 0003 0006 0008 000B 000D 000F 0011 0013 0015 0017 0019 001B 001D 0020 0022 0025 0027 0029 002B 002E 0030 0032 0034 0036 0039 003B 003E 0040 0042
B8 B8 8E BE CD B4 B0 CD B4 B0 CD B4 CD 80 74 BE CD B4 CD 80 74 B4 B0 CD BE CD B8 CD EB 57 6F 20 57 6F 20 42 72 73
;display message MSG
;check CTS ;loop if not
AH,01H AL,01010101B ISERIAL ;transmission data SI,OFFSET MS_BYTE IDIS_STR ;display message MSG AX,2000 IWAIT_MS TLOOP DB 'Wait for DSR ',00H
MW_DSR
0053
MW_CTS
DB
'Wait for CTS
',00H
0064
MS_BYTE
DB
'Byte transmitted
',00H
0075
CODE
ENDS END START
Insert this program in Module Z3/EV using the keyboard (in the case a Personal Computer is being used, use the application MODZ3 to transfer the program PRG_TX via serial or parallel, using the adequate cables issued). Give the command: LD_KB Specify the departing address: 0000:0800 10
Insert the codes of the program as from the list. This experience requires the use of a remote communication unit. Next, the use of a PC as remote unit is foreseen. Connect module Z3 to the PC by means of the adequate serial communication cable. Start the execution on the PC of a communication program (its possible to use the Windows terminal present in the accessories). Sets the communication speed at 1200 baud, 8 bit, no parity, 1 stop bit. Preset the flow control of hardware type (which uses therefore the lines DTR, DSR, CTS, RTS). Give the command GO 0080:0000 (or RUN) of program execution.
Q1
What letter, transmitted by module Z3, appears on the computer ?

SET
A 1 2 3 4 5
B 2 5 1 3 4
A a G U u
SIS1 SIS2
Set switch S13 in the ON position Press INS
Q2
It can be observed now how the transmission stops. What is the cause of this stop ?
SET
A 1 2 3 4 5
B 5 4 2 3 1
The transmission line Tx is interrupted and the signal is not present at the corresponding test-point The clock for the functioning of the 8250 is not present at the corresponding input pin The oscillator at 1,8432 MHz doesnt work The chips enabling signal doesnt arrive to the 8255 (CS2#) The data bus signals do not arrive correctly to the 8250.
11
SIS1
Set switch S13 in the OFF position Set switch S11 in the ON position
SIS2
Press INS
Q3
The transmission of data continues to be absent. What is the cause of this new malfunction?
SET
A 1 2 3 4 5
B 4 5 1 2 3
The transmission line Tx is interrupted and the signal is not present at the corresponding test-point The clock for the functioning of the 8250 is not present at the corresponding input pin The oscillator at 1,8432 MHz doesnt work The chips enabling signal doesnt arrive to the 8255 (CS2#) The data bus signals do not arrive correctly to the 8250.
SIS1
Set switch S11 in the OFF position
12
Data reception program. We would like to develop a program which receives data in Module Z3/EV coming from a serial peripheral connected to it. Keeping in mind of what we have seen on the theoretical part of the lesson, this program has to operate according to what is indicated in the flow diagram of fig. F43.8.
fig. F43.8
From an analysis of the flow diagram it can be noted that: module Z3 sets active the signal DTR to indicate the remote unit that it wants to activate a communication, the remote unit reads this signal by means the line DSR and sets active the own line DTR, too. when module Z3 finds line DSR active, it considers open a communication session and proceeds, the remote unit signals that its ready to receive data by means of the line RTS, module Z3 waits until the line CTS (coming from the line RTS of the remote unit) is active, before transmitting each single data, module Z3 goes into data reception once it has received data the module Z3 inactivates the line of RTS to block the transmission of other data the program of module Z3 proceeds to the elaboration of the received data (display on display) the program of module Z3 returns in cycle reactivating the line RTS to request the transmission of further data. The list of the program is shown next. 13

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 = 0800 8 = 0080 9 = 01F4 10 = 0009 11 = 000B 12 = 000D 13 = 0014 14 = 000F 15 16 17 18 0000 19 20 0000 21 0000 B8 22 0003 B8 23 0006 8E 24 0008 B4 25 000A B0 26 000C CD 27 000E B4 28 0010 B0 29 0012 CD 30 31 0014 BE 32 0017 CD 33 0019 B4 34 001B CD 35 001D 80 36 0020 74 37 38 0022 BB 39 0025 BE 40 0028 CD 41 42 002A B4 43 002C B0 44 002E CD 45 0030 B4 46 0032 CD 47 0034 50 48 0035 B4 49 0037 B0 50 51 0039 58 52 003A B1 53 003C CD 54 003E 8A 55 0040 B1 56 0042 CD 57 0044 8A 58 0046 B1 59 0048 CD 60 61 004A 43 62 004B B8 63 004E CD 64 0050 EB 65 66 0052 57 67 6F 68 20 69 0063 4E 70 78 71 2E 72 73 0074 74 PAGE 70,166 ;----------------------- PRG_RX ----------------------; data reception from the serial interface ;parameter of RX: 1200, N, 8, 1 ;enables DTR at the beginning of connection ; enables RTS at each byte to receive MEM_POS = 0800H DS_SEG = 0080H DELAY = 500 ;delay in ms IDIS_BYTE = 09H ;interruption vis. byte IDIS_STR = 0BH ;interruption visual. stringe IWAIT_MS = 0DH ;interruption management wait ISERIAL = 14H ;interruption management serial IDA = 0FH ;---------------------------------------- CODE ;program charged in address 0000:MEM_POS CODE SEGMENT ASSUME CS:CODE, DS:CODE ORG 00H 0080 START: MOV AX,DS_SEG 0080 MOV AX,DS_SEG D8 MOV DS,AX ;charges data segment 00 MOV AH,00H 63 MOV AL,01100011B 14 INT ISERIAL ;programing serial 04 MOV AH,04H 01 MOV AL,00000001B ;DTR active 14 INT ISERIAL 0052 R 0B 03 W_DSR: 14 E4 20 F7 0000 0063 R 0B 04 03 14 02 14 04 03 TLOOP: MOV INT MOV INT AND JZ MOV MOV INT MOV MOV INT MOV INT PUSH MOV MOV POP MOV INT MOV MOV INT MOV MOV INT INC MOV INT JMP 74 44 20 2E 20 78 20 53 00 20 20 00 SI,OFFSET MW_DSR IDIS_STR AH,03H ISERIAL AH,00100000B W_DSR BX,0000H SI,OFFSET M_BYTE IDIS_STR AH,04H AL,00000011B ISERIAL AH,02H ISERIAL AX AH,04H AL,00000011B AX CL,14 IDIS_BYTE AL,BH CL,5 IDIS_BYTE AL,BL CL,7 IDIS_BYTE BX AX,200 IWAIT_MS TLOOP DB 'Wait for DSR ',00H
;display message MSG
;check DSR ;loop if not ;counter ;display message
;DTR=ON, RTS=ON
;reads data
;DTR=OFF, RTS=ON
0E 09 C7 05 09 C3 07 09
;displays data
; displays MSB address
; displays LSB address
00C8 0D D8 61 72 20 75 78 20 69 20 20 6D 78 78
66 MW_DSR 52 78 M_BYTE 42
DB
'Num. xxxx
B. xx',00H
CODE
ENDS END START
14
The program allows visualizing on the display the hexadecimal code of the received byte (on the right part) and the progressive count of the received byte (on the central part). Insert this program in Module Z3/EV using the keyboard (in case in which a Personal Computer is used, use the application MODZ3 to transfer the program PRG_RX via serial or parallel, using the adequate cables issued). Give the command: LD_KB Specify the departing address: 0000:0800 Insert the codes of the program as listed This experience requires the use of a communication remote unit. Next, the use of a PC as remote unit is analyzed. Connect the module Z3 to the PC by means of the adequate serial communication cable. Start the execution on the PC of a communication program (Its possible to use the Windows terminal present in the accessories). Sets the communication speed at 1200 baud, 8 bit, no parity, 1 stop bit. Preset then the flow control of the hardware type (which uses therefore the lines DTR, DSR, CTS, RTS). Give the command GO 0080:0000 (o RUN) of program execution. Press on the PCs keyboard the key corresponding to the letter A.
Q4
What hexadecimal code, received by module Z3, appears on the display of the module (on the right part) ?
SET
A 1 2 3 4 5
B 3 5 4 2 1
00 FF 32 68 41
15
SIS1 SIS2
Q5
It can be observed now how, by pressing any key of the PCs keyboard, the display of module Z3 is not updated. What is the cause of this malfunction ?
SET
A 1 2 3 4 5
B 4 1 5 2 3
The signal DTR is not active anymore and the transmission is interrupted The clock for the functioning of the 8250 is not present at the corresponding input pin The reception signal RXD is not present at the input of the 8250 The chips enabling signal of the 8250 (CS2 #) doesnt arrive The signals of the data bus dont arrive correctly to the 8250.
SIS1
16
Lesson F44: Digital/Analog Conversion
LESSON F44: DIGITAL/ANALOG CONVERSION
OBJECTIVES

Use and principles of the digital/analog conversion Study of the converter DAC0800 Application of the converter DAC0800 in module Z3 Development of application programs and exercises. Base unit for the IPES system (power supply mod.PS1-PSU/EV, module holder mod.MU/EV, individual management unit mod.SIS1/SIS2/SIS3) Experimentation module mod. Z3/EV oscilloscope.
MATERIALS
F44.1 USE of the DIGITAL/ANALOG CONVERSION The microprocessors are used nowadays, in many applications; not only in systems digital, but also in analog systems. Then, there is the problem of the transformation of analog signals in digital and viceversa. Lets consider the case of figure F44.1, where a microprocessor controls the rotation speed of a motor:
fig. F44.1
Lets note the presence: An Analog/Digital converter to read the turning speed of the motor a Digital/Analog converter to furnish the command signal to the power electronics of the motor. There are different types of converters with different performances referring to: conversion time resolution input and output fields etc. In this lesson we will study the converter DAC0800 used in the Module Z3. - 17 -
F44.2 PRINCIPLES of the DIGITAL/ANALOG CONVERSION A Digital/Analog converter transforms a digital information (the logic state of one or more input bit) in an analog signal, which is normally a current. Lets take into consideration the example of Figure F44.2. Ir is the reference current in input B0-B3 are the digital inputs of the converter Iout is the output current
fig. F44.2
The output current Iout is given by a weighted addition of the input current Ir. The weights are obtained by means of resistive nets and the addition is obtained by means of switches CMOS which become active when the corresponding input is at the logic level 1. The weight net is called Ladder Network, and the precision of the resistance and of the reference current Ir, determine the precision of the Analog/Digital converter. F44.3 CONVERTER DAC0800: characteristics The DAC-0800 is a monolithic digital-analog converter, of 8 bit, at high conversion speed (100 ns) and with current output. It is provided with complementary current output, which allow obtaining differential output voltages with a simple load resistance. The inputs with immunity to noise accept TTL levels with the threshold logic pin VLC set to ground. By changing the voltage at pin VLC its possible to interface the other logic families. The performances and characteristics of the device remain unchanged over the whole range of admitted supplies. The dispersion of power is of only 33 mW with supply of 5V and is independent from the state of the logic inputs. The table containing the characteristics is shown next:
- 18 -
Characteristics Quick ordering of the output current Maximum error along the entire scale Non linearity with the temperature Current of maximum derivation High output voltage Complementary current outputs Direct interface with TTL, CMOS, PMOS, .. High supply fields Low power consumption Low cost F44.4 CONVERTER DAC0800: pin-out
Values 100 ns 1 LSB 0.1% 10 ppm/C -10V a +18V 4.5V a 18V 33 mW a 5V
The pin-out of the converter DAC-0800 is shown in figure F44.3 .
fig. F44.3
The signals used are: VLC: (Threshold Control). Signal for the adaptation to the logic families (VLC=0V for the TTL). V+: Positive supply voltage V-: Negative supply voltage COM: Compensation VREF+: Positive reference voltage. VREF-: Negative reference voltage (connected to 0V for the unipolar functioning). IOUT+: Output current entering the converter. IOUT-: Output current exiting the converter. B1-B8: Digital inputs.
- 19 -
F44.5 CONNECTION DIAGRAM of MODULE Z3/EV The electrical diagram of the circuit corresponding to the digital/analog conversion, at the interior of module Z3/EV, is shown in Fig. F44.4 .
fig. F44.4 From the diagram it can be observed: The latch IC18 (74374) provides the 8 digital input bit to the D/A converter. The latch is enabled in address 0300H. The DAC 0800 is supplied with voltages +12V, -12V. The resistance R20 determines the value of the reference current Ir: Ir = 12 / R20 = 12 / 4K7 = 2 mA The operational amplifier IC20 transforms the current of the converter in a voltage signal: Vout = (R22 + Rv3) * Ir The potentiometer RV3 allows regulating the maximum value of the output voltage (8 V). The potentiometer RV4 allows regulating the offset of the output signal. The interruption software INT 0FH allows controlling in a simple mode the D/A converter. It receives the data at the register AL and sends it directly to port 0300H of the converter.
- 20 -
F44.6 EXERCISES and SUMMARY QUESTIONNAIRE Z3 SIS1 SIS2 Set all switches in the OFF position Insert code Lesson: F44 We would like to develop a program for the Module Z3/EV that uses the D/A converter to generate a waveform with saw teeth shape. The list of the program is shown next
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 PAGE 70,166 ;--------------------- PRG_DA ----------------------; generating a waveform with saw teeth shape in ;output of the Digital/Analog converter MEM_POS = 0800H IDA_WRITE = 0FH ;interruption management conv. D/A ;---------------------------------------- CODE ;program charged in address 0000:MEM_POS CODE SEGMENT ASSUME CS:CODE, DS:CODE ORG 0H START: MOV AL,0FFH TLOOP: INC AL INT IDA_WRITE ;out to D/A JMP TLOOP CODE ENDS END START
= 0800 = 000F
0000 0000 0000 0002 0004 0006 0008
B0 FE CD EB
FF C0 0F FA
Insert this program in Module Z3/EV using the keyboard (in the case a Personal Computer is being used, use the application MODZ3 to transfer the program PRG_DA via serial or parallel, using the adequate cables issued). Give the command: LD_KB Specify the departing address: 0000:0800 Insert the codes of the program as from the list. Give the command GO 0080:0000 (o RUN) of program execution.
Q1
What is the variation field of the saw teeth like signal generated in output at the D/A converter?
SET
A 1 2 3 4 5
B 3 4 1 5 2
08V 05V -8 +8 V 5 +5 V TTL compatible
- 21 -
SIS1 SIS2
Q2
The waveform in output of the D/A converter has changed. What is the change that has been introduced ?
SET
A 1 2 3 4 5
B 5 4 2 3 1
The amplitude has diminished The amplitude has augmented The frequency has diminished The frequency has augmented The waveform type has changed
Q3
What is the cause of this change ?

SET
A 1 2 3 4 5
B 5 1 4 3 2
The waveform generation algorithm has changed in the program The amplification of the operational amplifier IC20 which transforms the current signal in voltage has changed The signal on bit D7 in input of the D/A converter is missing The signal on bit D6 in input of the D/A converter is missing The reference voltage VREF+ is halved.
SIS1
- 22 -
Q4
Of what type is the signal in output of the D/A converter DAC0800 ?

SET
A 1 2 3 4 5
B 5 4 2 3 1
Current Voltage Frequency TTL CMOS
Q5
What input signal of the DAC converter 0800 is used to adapt the converter to the different logic families ?
SET
A 1 2 3 4 5
B 2 1 4 5 3
VREF+ COM B8 VLC IOUT+.
Q6
What is the value of the reference current in input at pin VREF+ of the DAC converter 0800 in module Z3/EV ?
SET
A 1 2 3 4 5
B 4 5 1 2 3
1 0.5 50 2 1
A A mA mA mA.
- 23 -
F45. ANALOG/DIGITAL CONVERSION
LESSON F45: CONVERSION ANALOG/DIGITAL
OBJECTIVES

Study of the principles of the analog/digital conversion The converter ADC0804 The pin-out of the converter The analog section The digital section and the timings The connection at the interior of Module Z3/EV Development of application programs and exercises Base unit for the IPES system (power supply mod.PS1-PSU/EV, module holder mod.MU/EV, individual management unit mod.SIS1/SIS2/SIS3) Experimentation module mod. Z3/EV
MATERIALS
F45.1 THE PRINCIPLES of the ANALOG/DIGITAL CONVERSION The analog/digital conversion transforms an analog signal (normally a voltage signal) in a digital information of the binary type composed of a certain number of bit 0 o 1. There are different techniques to obtain this type of conversion. One of the mostly used is known under the name of Successive Approximations Conversion, shown in figure F45.1 .
fig. F45.1
This technique uses a register Successive Approximations Register SAR (Successive Approximation Register) to obtain the sequence of states B0B3. This sequence is converted in an analog signal by the D.A.C. converter, This signal is then compared with the input signal, and if the two signals are equal, the register SAR is stopped. - 24 -
In this condition the digital information furnished by B0B3 is proportional to the analog value of the input signal and the conversion is finished. F45.2 THE CONVERTER ADC0804 The ADC0804 is an analog/digital converter of 8 bit that uses the technique of the successive approximations. This converter has been projected to allow the direct connection to the bus of the microprocessors, thanks to the internal presence of a threestate latch. The converter behaves with respect the microprocessor, as a normal input port, without requiring interface logic devices. The presence of differential inputs for the analog voltage provide an elevated rejection rate to the signals of common mode. The table with the characteristics is shown next: Characteristics Resolution Conversion time Compatibility with the microprocessors. Access time: Analog differential voltage inputs Logic inputs and outputs compatible TTL and CMOS Chip internal clock generator Supply Input analog voltage field Socket of 20 pin standard F45.3 CONVERTER ADC0804: pin-out The pin-out of the converter ADC0804 is shown in figure F45.2 . Values 8 bit 100 s 135 ns
5V 0-5 V
fig. F45.2
The signals used are: - 25 -
VCC: GND CLK IN CLK R Vin(+) Vin(-) VREF/2 DB07 INTR CS WR RD D GND
Supply positive. Analog ground Input clock Resistance and capacity for the internal oscillator Positive differential input Negative differential input Reference voltage Data output (8 bit) Interruption Signal (end of conversion) Signal selection of the device Writing signal Reading signal Digital ground.
F45.4 CONVERTER ADC0804: the analog section Clock The clock for the functioning of the converter ADC0804 can be obtained from the clock of the CPU and then sent to the pin CLK-IN of the converter. Otherwise, we can use the internal clock of the converter, adding an external RC, as in Fig. F45.3 . Using an external resistance of about 10 Kohm, the frequency can be obtained with the formula: F = 1 / (1.1 R C) The variation field of this frequency is: 100 1460 kHz. The normal value is of: 640 KHz.
fig. F45.3
Analog inputs The converter has an input of analog differential voltage. The input VIN- can be used to subtract automatically a fixed voltage value from the reading input. Normally, when the input field is between 0 and 5 V, the connections to be done are those shown in figure F45.4 . - 26 -
fig. F45.4
The value of the reference voltage can be of the voltage applied to the supply pin Vcc, otherwise it can be equal to the value of the voltage applied externally to pin VREF. In the figure, the internal reference is used. To obtain this, its enough to connect a ground to pin VREF with a capacitor of 0.1F. F45.5 CONVERTER ADC0804: the digital section and the timings The converter ADC0804 has been projected to be able to being directly interfaced to the bus of the microprocessors. The signals used for this interfacing are: CS: signal selection of the chip. WR: writing signal (starts a new conversion) INTR: interruption signal (signals when the converter is converting and when the data is available in output) RD: reading signal (its used to put the result of the conversion on the bus, in a way to allow its reading from the microprocessor). The timings for the command operations of the conversion, the waiting of the end of conversion and the data reading are shown in Fig. F45.5 .
fig. F45.5
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See how: a writing operation (WR#) activates a new conversion during the conversion the line INTR is at high level when the line INTR returns to be low, the conversion is finished and the converter is free a reading operation (RD#) allows then to read the data. F45.6 CONNECTION DIAGRAM of MODULE Z3/EV The electrical diagram of the circuit corresponding to the analog/digital conversion, at the interior of module Z3/EV, is shown in Fig. F45.6 .
fig. F45.6 From the diagram it can be observed: The signal in input of module Z3/EV is previewed in the field of 08 Volt. Since the converter ADC0804 works with a variation field of 05 V, the operational amplifier IC16 (A741) is used as an amplifier for voltage reduction. The potentiometer RV2 allows regulating the maximum value of the output voltage at the amplifier (5 V). The potentiometer RV1 allows regulating the offset of the output signal. The ADC0804 is supplied with a single voltage of +5V. The resistance R10 and the capacitor C5 compose the external net for the internal oscillator. The internal reference is used, once connected VREF to ground by means of a capacitor. The RD# and WR# lines are connected to the analog lines of the microprocessor. - 28 -
The line CS# arrives from the decoding of the I/O addresses. The line INTR is sent to the input INT0 of the microprocessor, being able to use this way, this interruption in the reading operations of the converter. The line INTR is also sent to the IC21 (used even to read the keyboard). Thus, its possible to read the state of this line, making input operations to address 032EH and making a test on the most significant bit (D7). The interruption software INT 0EH, which allows reading from the A/D converter, uses this modality. For the command and reading of the A/D converter its possible to use the interruption software INT 0EH. It operates in the following mode: sends the command of conversion starting (WR#) to the converter waits for the signal of end of conversion (line INTR) reads the result of the conversion returns the result of the conversion into register AL.
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F45.7 EXERCISES and SUMMARY QUESTIONNAIRE Z3 SIS1 SIS2 Set all switches in the OFF position Insert code Lesson: F45 We would like to develop a program for the Module Z3/EV that reads from the A/D converter and visualizes the result of the conversion in hexadecimal form on the display. The list of the program is shown next.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 PAGE 70,166 ;------------------------ PRG_AD ---------------------;reading from the Analog/Digital converter ;and displays the result result MEM_POS = 0800H DS_SEG = 0080H IAD_READ = 0EH ;interruption reading conv. A/D IDIS_BYTE = 09H ;interruption visual. byte IDIS_STR = 0BH ;interruption visual. stringe IWAIT_MS = 0DH ;interruption wait ;---------------------------------------- CODE ;program charged in address 0000:MEM_POS CODE SEGMENT ASSUME CS:CODE, DS:CODE ORG 0H 0080 START: MOV AX,DS_SEG D8 MOV DS,AX ;charges data segment 0017 R MOV SI,OFFSET MSG 0B INT IDIS_STR ;display message MSG 0E TLOOP: INT IAD_READ ;reads A/D 0D MOV CL,13 09 INT IDIS_BYTE ;visualizes code key 00C8 MOV AX,200 0D INT IWAIT_MS F3 JMP TLOOP MSG DB ' A/D value : xx ',00H
= = = = = =
0800 0080 000E 0009 000B 000D
0000 0000 0000 0003 0005 0008 000A 000C 000E 0010 0013 0015 0017
B8 8E BE CD CD B1 CD B8 CD EB
20 41 2F 44 20 76 61 6C 75 65 20 3A 20 78 78 20 00 CODE
0028
ENDS END START
Insert this program in Module Z3/EV using the keyboard (in case in which a Personal Computer is used, use the application MODZ3 to transfer the program PRG_AD via serial or parallel, using the adequate cables issued). Give the command: LD_KB Specify the departing address: 0000:0800 Insert the codes of the program: B8, 80, 00, , 20, 00. Give the command GO 0080:0000 (or RUN) of program execution.
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Q1
Set, by means of an external supply source, a signal of 6 Volt to the input of the A/D. What is the hexadecimal value visualized on the display (indicate the closest value) ?
SET
A 1 2 3 4 5
B 4 3 5 2 1
20 7F BF CF DF
SIS1 SIS2
Q2
The value indicated on the display has changed. What is the cause of this change ?
SET
A 1 2 3 4 5
B 5 4 2 3 1
The ADC converter doesnt work correctly The signal CS# does not arrive to the converter The data bus is not connected The reference voltage VREF has changed The input signal does not arrive to the converter ADC0804
SIS1
Q3
Of what type is the signal at the input of converter ADC0804 ?

SET
A 1 2 3 4 5
B 2 1 5 3 4
Current Voltage Frequency TTL CMOS
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Q4
What input signal of the converter DAC 0800 is used to adapt the converter to the different logic families ?
SET
A 1 2 3 4 5
B 5 1 4 3 2
VREF+ COM B8 VLC IOUT+.
Q5
What is the value of the clock frequency of the internal oscillator of the converter ADC0804, in the case in which an external net is used, with R=15kOhm e C= 150pF (indicate the closest calculated value) ?
SET
A 1 2 3 4 5
B 4 5 1 2 3
400 kHz 500 KHz 700 KHz 800 KHz 1 MHz.
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APPENDIX A - COMANDS OF THE MONITOR
A. MONITOR COMMANDS of MODULE Z3/EV A. 1 INTRODUCTION The MONITOR is the program found at the interior of the systems EPROM, which provides the management of the system and allows the user to work with it. Its fundamental functions are: display and modification of memory and registers continuous execution, step, with programs breakpoints charging of programs from keyboard and from PC. The interaction with the user is done by means of the keyboard and the display. A. 2. KEYBOARD The keyboard looks like shown in figure:
It is basically divided in two parts: NOTE: The microprocessor 80386 addresses a high quantity of memory. The devices (RAM and EPROM) present in the system occupy not all of this memory. If trying to access, during the use of the Monitor commands, to non occupied memory cells from the RAM or from the EPROM, the system blocks, since the microprocessor sets itself to wait for the signal READY from the external memory (which is obviously not there). In these cases, a system reset has to be operated in order to return to the command mode. The section of 4 top keys. The lower section with 16 hexadecimal keys with numeric function and command
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Section of the top 4 keys.

In This section there are present: This key is physically connected to the reset line of the microprocessor. Its always active and provokes the reset of the micro and the starting of the program Monitor in the EPROM of the system.
RESET
CHG/RE
This key has a double function. The function CHG (Change) allows entering the modification session of an eventual value present on the display (contents of a register, memory site, ..) The function RET (Return) allows finishing the modification session. The modification session is made evident from the presence of the cursor on the display.
The ARROW keys allow moving the cursor during the modification session.
Section 16 Hexadecimal/Command Keys.

The 16 keys in this section have a double function. Numeric function. Correspond to the 16 hexadecimal numbers 0-F during the modification sessions (the modification session can be entered with key CHG/RET). Command function. They allow giving the commands to the Monitor when the system is not in modification session (the modification session can be exited with key CHG/RET).
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A. 3 COMMANDS OF THE MONITOR The commands of the Monitor are shown next and make reference to the description of the keyboards keys, which corresponds to each one of the commands.
MEM
This command allows examining the contents of the memory. The display is done one byte at the time. Once the key has been pressed, the address of the memory cell to be visualized in the segment form, is requested: address (the system is set directly in modification session): A d d r . s s s s : i i i i
Once the address of interest has been inserted, the key CHG/RET has to be pressed in order to end the modification session. On the display appear at this time the specified address and the corresponding data, in the form: s s s s : i i i i a x h x x
On the left appears the address in the segment form:address. the character, which appears after the letter a, represents the data in ASCII code. The number, which appears after the letter h, represents the data in hexadecimal form. The possible commands at this time are the following: To pass to the successive cell: press INC(+) To pass to the preceding cell: press DEC(-) To pass to the first RAM user cell: press FIRST To pass to the last RAM user cell: press LAST To modify the displayed data: press CHG/RET To end the modification: press CHG/RET.
REG
This command allows visualizing/modifying the contents of all the registers of the microprocessor: EAX, ECX, EDX, ESI, EDI, EBP, ESP, EIP, EFLAGS After having pressed the key, the first register appears on the display: R e g . E A X x x x x x x x x
The possible commands at this time are the following: To pass to the successive register: press INC(+) To pass to the preceding register: press DEC(-) To pass to the first register: press FIRST To pass to the last register: press LAST To modify the value of the register: press CHG/RET To end the modification of the register: press CHG/RET - 35 -
SEG
This command allows visualizing/modifying the contents of all the segment registers of the microprocessor: CS, SS, DS, ES, FS, GS After having pressed the key, the first segment register appears on the display: S e g R e g . C S : x x x x
The possible commands at this time are the following: To pass to the successive register: press INC(+) To pass to the preceding register: press DEC(-) To pass to the first register: press FIRST To pass to the last register: press LAST To modify the value of the register: press CHG/RET To end the modification of the register: press CHG/RET
LD_KB
This command allows charging a program in the memory emitting the instruction codes by means of the keyboard. Once the key has been pressed, the departing address of the program in the segment form is requested:address (the system is set directly in modification session): A d d r . s s s s : i i i i
Once the address of interest has been inserted, the key CHG/RET has to be pressed in order to end the modification session. On the display appear at this time the specified address and the corresponding data, in the form: s s s s : i i i i a x h x x
The modification session is entered with the cursor in the first position of the hexadecimal data to insert in the indicated memory site. Once the data has been inserted, the key CHG/RET is pressed which memorizes the data, increments the memory site, and gets ready for new data insertion. The insertion operations are terminated with the key RESET.
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LD_PAR
This command allows charging a program from the Personal Computer, by means of the parallel interface. Once pressed the key, the system is set to listening of the parallel interface and memorizes all the bytes, which arrive to it, starting from the memory address 0000:0800H. Once the transfer is finished, the system visualizes the number of bytes received and is set to the command mode. See chapter 6 referring to the Communications with Personal Computer for the operative details. This command allows charging a program from the Personal Computer, by means of the serial interface. Once pressed the key, the system is set to listening of the serial interface and memorizes all the bytes, which arrive to it, starting from the memory address 0000:0800H. Once the transfer is finished, the system visualizes the number of bytes received and is set to the command mode. See chapter 6 referring to the Communications with Personal Computer for the operative details.
LD_SER
RUN
This command starts a program considering the memory address 0000:0800H as the departing address. It is useful for quickly starting the programs transferred from PC, which are positioned automatically starting from this address. This command allows starting the execution of a program specifying the departing address. The departing address is required to be introduced in the form CS:IP (the system is set directly into modification session) : G O f r o m s s s s : i i i i
GO
Once the programs departing address has been inserted, the key CHG/RET has to be pressed. A this time the execution of the program is launched starting from the specified address.
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SS
This command allows following a step of the active user program, starting from the present value contained in the user registers CS and IP. Pressed consecutively, it allows following a program step by step. After each step of the program, it stops, displaying the memory to which it has arrived: S t o p A t s s s s : i i i i
its possible at this time, examining the contents of the registers and of the memory.
BR
This command allows visualizing and modifying the value of the breakpoints inserted in the program (a maximum of 5 breakpoints is foreseen). Once pressed the key, the address of the first break points is displayed in the segment form:address: B r n . x s s s s : i i i i
The possible commands at this time are the following: To pass to the successive breakpoint: press INC(+) To pass to the preceding breakpoint: press DEC(-) To pass to the first breakpoint: press FIRST To pass to the last breakpoint: press LAST To modify the value of the breakpoint: press CHG/RET To cancel the breakpoint: press CB
CB
This command allows canceling the breakpoint presently displayed (a breakpoint is considered cancelled, and therefore not active, when its positioned in address FFFF:FFFF).
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INC(+)
Increments the values of the memory address, of the register, of the register segment, or of the presently displayed breakpoint.
DEC(-)
Decrements the values of the memory address, of the register, of the register segment, or of the presently displayed breakpoint.
FIRST
Positions in the first memory address, register, register segment, or breakpoint.
LAST
Positions in the last memory address, register, register segment, or breakpoint.
GEN
Key of general use, left free.
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APPENDIX B RESOURCES OF THE MONITOR
B. RESOURCES OF THE MONITOR
B.1 INTRODUCTION The Monitor of the system contains at its interior the management software of the different peripherals of the 32 Bit Microprocessor Trainer. This software is rendered available in the simplest way possible, by means of the interruption software of the microprocessor. In this chapter the different interruptions are described; their functions and the required parameters. In all the examples of this manual, the interruption software will be employed for the management of the systems peripherals. B.2 LIST OF THE INTERRUPTIONS SOFTWARE The list of the interruptions software of the 32 Bit Microprocessor Trainer Mod. Z3/EV is the following: Interruption Number INT 00H INT 01H INT 02H INT 03H INT 04H INT 05H INT 06H INT 07H INT 08H INT 09H INT 0AH INT 0BH INT 0CH INT 0DH INT 0EH INT 0FH INT 10H INT 11H INT 12H INT 13H INT 14H Routine Name IMONITOR reserved Not used Reserved Not used Not used Not used IMONITOR IKEYBOARD IDIS_BYTE IDIS_CHAR IDIS_OUTS IDIS_CODE IWAIT_MS IAD_READ IDA_WRITE IBUZZER Not used IPARAL Not used ISERIAL - 40 General Description Division by 0. Return to the monitor. Single-step Interruption non mask Breakpoints Overflow End user prog. and return to the monitor Reading of a key from the keyboard Sending of a hexadecimal byte to the display Sending of an ASCII character to the display Sending of a stringe to the display Sending commands to the display Wait in milliseconds Reading from A/D converter D/A converter Command Buzzer Command Management parallel interface Management serial interface
B. 3 DESCRIPTION OF THE INTERRUPTIONS SOFTWARE The different interruptions, with the corresponding parameters, are described next. End of the program. This interruption terminates the execution of the program and transfers the systems control to the program Monitor. It has to be called at the end of each program having to give up the control to the monitor at the end of its execution. It makes appear the monitors prompt on the display. INPUT OUTPUT Altered Registers none none none
INT 07H
See example PRG_JUMP.
INT 08H
Reading of a key from the keyboard. This interruption allows reading the keys pressed on the keyboard. It makes the scanning of the keyboard and waits until a key is pressed. The key code (number from 0 to 18) is taken back to the register AL. INPUT OUTPUT Altered Registers none AL = key code pressed (0-18) none
See example PRG_KB.
INT 09H
Sending of a byte in hexadecimal form to the display. This interruption allows writing a byte in hexadecimal form in any position of the display. the position is identified by means of the contents of register CL, and the byte by means of the contents of AL. INPUT OUTPUT Altered Registers CL = position on the display (0-14) AL = byte to display none none
See example PRG_KB.
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INT 0AH
Sending of a character ASCII to the display. This interruption allows writing a character ASCII in any position of the display. the position is identified by means the contents of register CL, and the ASCII code by means of the contents of AL. INPUT OUTPUT Altered Registers CL = position on the display (0-14) AL = ASCII code of the character to display none none
INT 0BH
Sending of a stringe of characters on the display. This interruption allows sending a stringe of characters on the display. The stringe consists in a sequence of bytes, which correspond to different characters of the stringe, ending with the code 00H. The stringe is identified by the contents of DS:SI. The stringe is written starting from the first position of the display. INPUT DS = indicates the segment containing the stringe SI = indicates the beginning address of the stringe, at the interior of the segment DS. none none
OUTPUT Altered Registers
See example PRG_KB. Sending Commands al Display. This interruption sends control commands to the display: INPUT AH = 1 AH = 2 AH = 3 AH = 4 AH = 5 AH = 6 AH = 7 none none - 42 Cancels the display Brings the cursor home Moves the cursor right Moves the cursor left Cursor ON Cursor OFF Brings the cursor in position (AL contains position:0-15)
INT 0CH
INT 0DH
Wait in milliseconds. This interruption provokes a wait, before the return, equal to the number of milliseconds specified by the contents of register AX in input: INPUT OUTPUT Altered Registers AX = number of milliseconds none none
See example PRG_PAR.
INT 0EH
Reading of the Analog/Digital converter. This interruption operates in the following mode: sends the command Beginning Conversion to the A/D converter waits for the signal of End Conversion reads the result of the conversion and returns it into AL. INPUT OUTPUT Altered Registers none AL = result of the conversion none
See example PRG_AD.
INT 0FH
Command of the Digital/Analog converter. This interruption sends a data (byte) to the Digital/Analog converter, which transforms it automatically in an analog value. INPUT OUTPUT Altered Registers AL = data none none
See example PRG_DA.
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INT 10H
Command of the Buzzer. This interruption commands the emission of sounds on the buzzer. It is possible specifying the frequency and the duration of the emitted sound. INPUT OUTPUT Altered Registers BX = duration CX = frequency none none
See example PRG_PAR.
INT 12H
Management of the Parallel Interface. This interruption manages the functioning of the parallel interface. The controller 8255 is always used in Mode 0 (Basic I/O). The available functions are determined from the contents of AH: INPUT AH = 0 Programing ports AH = 1 Sending data to port A AH = 2 Sending data to port B AH = 3 Sending data to port C AH = 4 Reading data from port A AH = 5 Reading data from port B AH = 6 Reading data from port C AL = data read none
AH = 0 : Programing ports The contents of AL determines the direction (I/O) of the ports: Register AL Programing Bit 0 = 0 : port A in output = 1 : port A in input Bit 1 = 0 : port B in output = 1 : port B in input Bit 2 = 0 : port C (C0-C3) in output = 1 : port C (C0-C3) in input AH = 1, 2, 3 : Sending Data to ports A, B, C The contents of AL determine the data to be sent to the ports. AH = 4, 5, 6 : Reading Data from ports A, B, C The contents of AL in output correspond to the data read from the port. See example PRG_PAR. - 44 -
INT 14H
Management of the Serial Interface. This interruption manages the functioning of the asynchronous serial interface RS-232. The controller 8250 is used. The available functions are determined from the contents of AH: INPUT AH = 0 AH = 1 AH = 2 AH = 3 AH = 4 Initialization Sending character Receiving character Reading State Control modem
AH = 0 : Initialization of the communication port The contents of AL determines the initialization parameters: Register AL Programing Bit 7,6,5 Baud rate = 000 : 1200 = 001 : 2400 = 010 : 4800 = 011 : 9600 (use the baud rate 1200 for the controllers UMB 8250) Bit 4,3 Parity = 00 : no = 01 : odd = 10 : no = 11 : even Bit 2 Stop Bit =0:1 =1:2 Bit 1,0 Word length = 10 : 7 bits = 11 : 8 bits AH = 1 : Transmission of a character The contents of AL determine the character to be sent. Before sending character, the routine waits until eventually other preceding characters have been transmitted. AH = 2 : Reception of a character The contents of AL determine the received character. The routine waits for the availability of a character before returning to the calling program.
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AH = 3 : Reading of the state The contents of AH determine the present state of the line and of the modem. Register AH Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Register AL Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 State of the Modem Received line signal detect Ring indicator Data set ready Clear to send Delta receive line signal detect Trailing edge ring detector Delta data set ready Delta clear to send State of the Line Time-out Transmitter shift register empty Transmitter holding register empty Break detect Framing error Parity error Overrun error Data ready
AH = 4 : Control of the Modem The contents of AH determine the present state of the Modem, which will be set. Register AL Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 State of the Modem 0 0 0 Loop Out2 Out1 Request To Send (RTS) Data Terminal Ready (DTR)
See examples PRG_TX and PRG_RX.
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APPENDIX C COMMUNICATIONS WITH THE PC
C. COMMUNICATION with the Personal Computer

C.1 The MODZ3 application for Windows The Module Z3 is issued with the application MODZ3 for Windows for the use of the Personal Computer in the development of applications. MODZ3 can be used on any PC with operative system Windows 3.x, Windows 95, Windows 98. It is furnished with a single disc and is installed on the Personal Computer with the command: A:>SETUP The Setup procedure provides automatically the creation of the group of programs (EV: 32 bit Microprocessor) and of the launching command requested. Together with the application there are also installed application examples. Consult the file README.TXT for details. The main functions of the application are described next. MENU FILE: Open, New, Save, .. Files. These commands serve to create or to open program files of type ASCII with extension .ASM . Once the file is open, the edit window becomes active, where its possible inserting and modifying the source programs. MENU EDIT: Undo, Cut, Copy, Paste, Delete, Find, Find Next, Replace These commands allow writing the programs with all the functions of any edit program for Windows, as NotePad, WordPad, etc. . MENU COMM This section allows transferring the programs in machine code corresponding to the source file, which is presently active. If, for example, the file PROVA.ASM has been opened, the file PROVA.BIN or PROVA.EXE is transferred to Module Z3/EV. For the generation of the file PROVA.BIN its necessary to proceed using the assembler MASM Microsoft, with the following commands: MASM PROVA; LINK PROVA; EXE2BIN PROVA.EXE PROVA.BIN These commands can be automated with the options of the Utility menu.
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MENU COMM: Serial transmission This command allows transferring a program to Module Z3/EV using the serial interface RS-232 of the Computer and of the Module. The computer and the Module Z3 (connector J2) have to be connected together using the adequate issued cable. The transmission is done at the speed of 1200 bit/s, without parity, with 1 stop bit and with 8 bit/character. Before the transmission, it appears a Dialog Box where its possible setting the requested parameters. In particular: The interface used: COM1, COM2 and the other communication parameters. The directory where the transfer program resides The extension of the transfer file. It can be .BIN in case the program EXE2Bin is used to convert the file generated from the Linker, otherwise it can be .EXE in case the file generated from the Linker is directly used. The skipping of bytes in the file to transmit. This is important in case the files .EXE are used, which normally contain in the first 200H bytes, information which serve only in MS-DOS environment. MENU COMM: Parallel transmission This command allows transferring a program to Module Z3/EV using the parallel interface of the Computer and of the Module. The computer and the Module Z3 (connector J2) have to be connected together using the adequate issued cable. Before the transmission, it appears a Dialog Box where its possible setting the requested parameters. In particular: The interface used: LPT1, LPT2, .. The directory where the transfer program resides The extension of the transfer file. It can be .BIN in case the program EXE2Bin is used to convert the file generated from the Linker, otherwise it can be .EXE in case the file generated from the Linker is directly used. The skipping of bytes in the file to transmit. This is important in case the files .EXE are used, which normally contain in the first 200H bytes, information which serve only in MS-DOS environment. The TX delay, which serves avoiding the PC of transmitting the data too fast to Module Z3/EV. It is used because there are no handshake lines during the parallel transmission. In the case in which there were transmission problems, try increasing this time.
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MENU UTILITY This menu contains the commands for the direct execution of the assembling operations from the application MODZ3, Linker and binary conversion of the program. MENU UTILITY: Set Parameters This command sets the parameters for the execution of the assembling operations, Linker and binary conversion. These parameters are: Assembling command. It is counseled to specify a file batch (ex. MASM.BAT) where the command for starting the assembler is written. A possible file batch of this type contains the instructions: masm %1,,%1,; pause Linker command. It is counseled to specify a file batch (ex. LINK.BAT) where the command for starting the link is written. A possible file batch of this type contains the instructions: link %1; pause Binary conversion command. It is counseled to specify a file batch (ex. EXE2BIN.BAT) where the command for starting the conversion programs is written. A possible file batch of this type contains the instructions: exe2bin %1.exe %1.bin pause MENU UTILITY: Assembler Starts automatically the assembling command giving as parameter the name of the active program.
MENU UTILITY: Linker Starts automatically the linker command giving as parameter the name of the active program.
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MENU UTILITY: Convert in Binary form Starts automatically the binary conversion command giving as parameter the name of the active program. The operative system MS-DOS normally comprises a program (EXE2BIN.EXE) which has this finality . In some computers the program EXE2BIN is not available in the DOS version installed. In this case the binary conversion is abandoned and the file .EXE is used directly (remember in this case to skip the first 512 bytes of the file).
MENU UTILITY: Program List This command opens a window on the video, where its possible visualizing the list of the assembled program (obviously if the file generated by the assembler NomeProg.LST is present).
MENU UTILITY: Program Binary Code This command opens a window on the video, where its possible visualizing the binary code of the active obviously if the file NomeProg.BIN is present). These information are important since they are the ones to be inserted in the memory of Module Z3, whenever the program is charged directly from the keyboard. The codes are visualized starting from address 0000H. When they have to be inserted into Module Z3, its necessary to start with the address where the program will be actually put (normally 0000:0800H).
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APPENDIX D - DATASHEET 80386EX
D. DATA SHEET OF THE MICROPROCESSOR 386EX The datasheet of the Microprocessor 386EX is shown next
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APPENDIX E - ADDITION INSTRUCTIONS 80386EX
E. ADDITION INSTRUCTIONS 386EX The tables referring to the addition of the instructions of the microprocessor 386EX.
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Lesson F45: Conversion Analoga/Digital
F. ELECTRICAL DIAGRAMS
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Z3 2 4

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Z3 2 4

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ELECTRONICS

32 BIT MICROPROCESSOR SYSTEM module Z3/EV

Volume 2/4 THEORY, EXERCISES AND APPENDIX

COPYRIGHT BY ELETTRONICA VENETA SPA

Commands to the Monitor of Module Z3/EV

Resources of the Monitor of Module Z3/EV

Communications with the PC

Datasheet Microprocessor 80386EX

Summary of Instructions 80386EX

Lesson F43: Serial Interface

LESSON F43: INTERFACE SERIAL

Lesson F43: Serial Interface

Shift Registers are used, as shown in Fig. F43.2.

Lesson F43: Serial Interface

Lesson F43: Serial Interface

Lesson F43: Serial Interface

Lesson F43: Serial Interface

INT 14H: Management of the Serial Interface.

Lesson F43: Serial Interface

Lesson F43: Serial Interface

Lesson F43: Serial Interface

Lesson F43: Serial Interface

The list of the program is shown next.

0800 0080 01F4 000B 000D 0014 000F

;display message MSG

;check CTS ;loop if not

'Wait for CTS

ENDS END START

Lesson F43: Serial Interface

What letter, transmitted by module Z3, appears on the computer ?

Set switch S13 in the ON position Press INS

Lesson F43: Serial Interface

Set switch S11 in the OFF position

Lesson F43: Serial Interface

Lesson F43: Serial Interface

;display message MSG

;check DSR ;loop if not ;counter ;display message

; displays MSB address

; displays LSB address

ENDS END START

Lesson F43: Serial Interface

Lesson F43: Serial Interface

Set switch S9 in the ON position Press INS

Set switch S9 in the OFF position

Lesson F44: Digital/Analog Conversion

LESSON F44: DIGITAL/ANALOG CONVERSION

Lesson F44: Digital/Analog Conversion

Lesson F44: Digital/Analog Conversion

Values 100 ns 1 LSB 0.1% 10 ppm/C -10V a +18V 4.5V a 18V 33 mW a 5V

The pin-out of the converter DAC-0800 is shown in figure F44.3 .

Lesson F44: Digital/Analog Conversion

Lesson F44: Digital/Analog Conversion

0000 0000 0000 0002 0004 0006 0008

08V 05V -8 +8 V 5 +5 V TTL compatible

Lesson F44: Digital/Analog Conversion

Set switch S17 in the ON position Press INS

What is the cause of this change ?

Set switch S17 in the OFF position

Lesson F44: Digital/Analog Conversion

Of what type is the signal in output of the D/A converter DAC0800 ?

Current Voltage Frequency TTL CMOS

VREF+ COM B8 VLC IOUT+.

F45. ANALOG/DIGITAL CONVERSION

LESSON F45: CONVERSION ANALOG/DIGITAL

F45. ANALOG/DIGITAL CONVERSION

The signals used are: - 25 -

F45. ANALOG/DIGITAL CONVERSION

F45. ANALOG/DIGITAL CONVERSION

F45. ANALOG/DIGITAL CONVERSION

F45. ANALOG/DIGITAL CONVERSION

F45. ANALOG/DIGITAL CONVERSION

0800 0080 000E 0009 000B 000D

ENDS END START

F45. ANALOG/DIGITAL CONVERSION

Set switch S18 in the ON position Press INS

Set switch S18 in the OFF position