Python Introduction

Under the guidance of Dr. Kota Solomon Raju Principal Scientist

Presented By

VISHWAS REDDY Project Trainee Digital System Group

solomon@ceeri.ernet.in /kota_solomonraju@yahoo.co.uk,

CSIR-CEERI RCS & WSN Labs, Digital Systems Group, CSIR-CEERI, PILANI-333031(Raj),India

OBJECTIVE

To create a GUI automated application for Partial Reconfigurable Region Design Flow

solomon@ceeri.ernet.in /kota_solomonraju@yahoo.co.uk,

CSIR-CEERI RCS & WSN Labs, Digital Systems Group, CSIR-CEERI, PILANI-333031(Raj),India

CONTENTS

1)What is python 2)Properties 3)What is it used for? 4)Who is using it ? 5)Python GUI Programming(tkinter) 6)Example
solomon@ceeri.ernet.in /kota_solomonraju@yahoo.co.uk, CSIR-CEERI RCS & WSN Labs, Digital Systems Group, CSIR-CEERI, PILANI-333031(Raj),India

What is Python?
Python is a high-level, interpreted, interactive and object oriented-scripting language. Python was designed to be highly readable which uses English keywords frequently where as other languages use punctuation and it has fewer syntactical constructions than other languages.

Python is Interpreted: This means that it is processed at runtime by the interpreter and you do not need to compile your program before executing it. This is similar to PERL and PHP. Python is Interactive: This means that you can actually sit at a Python prompt and interact with the interpreter directly to write your programs. Python is Object-Oriented: This means that Python supports Object-Oriented style or technique of programming that encapsulates code within objects.

solomon@ceeri.ernet.in /kota_solomonraju@yahoo.co.uk,

CSIR-CEERI RCS & WSN Labs, Digital Systems Group, CSIR-CEERI, PILANI-333031(Raj),India

Properties
Open Source (OSI Certified) copyrighted but use not restricted no "viral" license owned by independent non-profit, PSF Extremely portable Unix/Linux, Windows, Mac, PalmOS, WindowsCE, RiscOS, VxWorks, QNX, OS/2, OS/390, AS/400, PlayStation, Sharp Zaurus, BeOS, VMS Compiles to interpreted byte code compilation is implicit and automatic Memory management automatic reference counting for most situations GC added for cycle detection Safe: no core dumps due to your bugs

solomon@ceeri.ernet.in /kota_solomonraju@yahoo.co.uk,

CSIR-CEERI RCS & WSN Labs, Digital Systems Group, CSIR-CEERI, PILANI-333031(Raj),India

What is it used for?

Rapid Prototyping Web Programming (client and server side) Ad Hoc Programming ("scripting") Steering Scientific Applications Extension Language XML Processing Database Applications GUI Applications Education
solomon@ceeri.ernet.in /kota_solomonraju@yahoo.co.uk, CSIR-CEERI RCS & WSN Labs, Digital Systems Group, CSIR-CEERI, PILANI-333031(Raj),India

Rapid Prototyping
Rapid Prototyping (RP) can be defined as a group of techniques used to quickly fabricate a scale model of a part or assembly using three-dimensional computer aided design (CAD) data

. Why prototyping?

The reasons of Rapid Prototyping are To increase effective communication. To decrease development time. To decrease costly mistakes. To minimize sustaining engineering changes. Image Source : http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Rapid_Prototyping To extend product lifetime by adding necessary features and eliminating redundant features & early in the design.
solomon@ceeri.ernet.in /kota_solomonraju@yahoo.co.uk, CSIR-CEERI RCS & WSN Labs, Digital Systems Group, CSIR-CEERI, PILANI-333031(Raj),India

Web Browsing
What is CGI ?
The Common Gateway Interface, or CGI, is a set of standards that define how information is exchanged between the web server and a custom script. The CGI specs are currently maintained by the NCSA and NCSA defines CGI is as follows: The Common Gateway Interface, or CGI, is a standard for external gateway programs to interface with information servers such as HTTP servers. The current version is CGI/1.1 and CGI/1.2 is under progress.

Web Browsing

To understand the concept of CGI, lets see what happens when we click a hyper link to browse a particular web page or URL. Your browser contacts the HTTP web server and demand for the URL ie. filename. Web Server will parse the URL and will look for the filename in if it finds that file then sends back to the browser otherwise sends an error message indicating that you have requested a wrong file. Web browser takes response from web server and displays either the received file or error message.
CSIR-CEERI RCS & WSN Labs, Digital Systems Group, CSIR-CEERI, PILANI-333031(Raj),India

solomon@ceeri.ernet.in /kota_solomonraju@yahoo.co.uk,

Ad Hoc Programming ("scripting")

Ad Hoc is a latin phrase meaning "for this". It generally signifies a solution designed for a specific problem or task, non-generalizable, and not intended to be able to be adapted to other purposes (compare a proiri). Common examples are organizations, committees, and commissions created at the national or international level for a specific task. In other fields the term may refer, for example, to a military unit created under special circumstances, a tailor-made suit, a handcrafted network protocal, or a purposespecific equation. Ad hoc can also mean makeshift solutions, shifting contexts to create new meanings, inadequate planning, or improvised events.

solomon@ceeri.ernet.in /kota_solomonraju@yahoo.co.uk,

CSIR-CEERI RCS & WSN Labs, Digital Systems Group, CSIR-CEERI, PILANI-333031(Raj),India

Steering Scientific Applications(1)

Scientists Are on the Move. During the last decade, the popularity of scienti c computing environments such as Maple, Mathematica, Matlab, and SPlus/ R has increased considerably. Scientists and engineers simply feel more productive in such environments. One reason is the simple and clean syntax of the command languages in these environments. Another factor is the tight integration of simulation and visualization: in Maple, Matlab, S-Plus/R and similar environments you can quickly and conveniently visualize what you just have computed.

solomon@ceeri.ernet.in /kota_solomonraju@yahoo.co.uk,

CSIR-CEERI RCS & WSN Labs, Digital Systems Group, CSIR-CEERI, PILANI-333031(Raj),India

Steering Scientific Applications(2)

Build Your Own Environment. One problem with the mentioned environments is that they do not work, at least not in an easy way, with other types of numerical software and visualization systems. Many of the environmentspeci c programming languages are also quite simple or primitive. At this point scripting in Python comes in. Python oers the clean and simple syntax of the popular scientic computing environments, the language is very powerful, and there are lots of tools for gluing your favorite simulation, visualization, and data analysis programs the way you want. Phrased dierently, Python allows you to build your own Matlab-like scientic computing environment, tailored to your specic needs and based on your favorite high performance Fortran, C, or C++ codes

.
CSIR-CEERI RCS & WSN Labs, Digital Systems Group, CSIR-CEERI, PILANI-333031(Raj),India

solomon@ceeri.ernet.in /kota_solomonraju@yahoo.co.uk,

Steering Scientific Applications(3)

Graphical User Interfaces. GUIs are becoming increasingly more important in scientic software, but (normally) computational scientists and engineers have neither the interest nor the time to read thick books about GUI programming. What you need is a quick \how-to" description of wrapping GUIs to your applications. The Tk-based GUI tools available through Python make it easy to wrap existing programs with a GUI

solomon@ceeri.ernet.in /kota_solomonraju@yahoo.co.uk,

CSIR-CEERI RCS & WSN Labs, Digital Systems Group, CSIR-CEERI, PILANI-333031(Raj),India

Who is using it?

Google (various projects) NASA (several projects) NYSE (one of only three languages "on the floor") Industrial Light & Magic (everything) Yahoo! (Yahoo mail & groups) Real Networks (function and load testing) RedHat (Linux installation tools) LLNL, Fermilab (steering scientific applications) Zope Corporation (content management) Object Domain (embedded Jython in UML tool) Alice project at CMU (accessible 3D graphics) More success stories at www.pythonology.com
CSIR-CEERI RCS & WSN Labs, Digital Systems Group, CSIR-CEERI, PILANI-333031(Raj),India

solomon@ceeri.ernet.in /kota_solomonraju@yahoo.co.uk,

Compiling and interpreting

Many languages require you to compile (translate) your program into a form that the machine understands.
compile
source code Hello.java byte code Hello.class

execute
output

Python is instead directly interpreted into machine instructions

interpret
source code Hello.py output

solomon@ceeri.ernet.in /kota_solomonraju@yahoo.co.uk,

CSIR-CEERI RCS & WSN Labs, Digital Systems Group, CSIR-CEERI, PILANI-333031(Raj),India

Python GUI Programming (Tkinter)

Python provides various options for developing graphical user interfaces (GUIs). Most important are listed below:
Tkinter: Tkinter is the Python interface to the Tk GUI toolkit shipped with Python. We would look this option in this tutorial. wxPython: This is an open-source Python interface for wxWindows http://wxpython.org. JPython: JPython is a Python port for Java, which gives Python scripts seamless access to Java class libraries on the local machine http://www.jython.org.

solomon@ceeri.ernet.in /kota_solomonraju@yahoo.co.uk,

CSIR-CEERI RCS & WSN Labs, Digital Systems Group, CSIR-CEERI, PILANI-333031(Raj),India

Tk Overview
Set of widgets designed by John K. Ousterhout, 1987 Based on Apple Hypercard idea of putting together graphics program Tk == Tool Kit Mean to be driven by Tcl (Toolkit Control Language) Many people find Tcl limited Can also drive Tk with Perl, Python Tkinter is the Python Tk Interface Very easy to use

solomon@ceeri.ernet.in /kota_solomonraju@yahoo.co.uk,

CSIR-CEERI RCS & WSN Labs, Digital Systems Group, CSIR-CEERI, PILANI-333031(Raj),India

Tkinter Programming:
Tkinter is the standard GUI library for Python. Python when combined with Tkinter provides a fast and easy way to create GUI applications. Tkinter provides a powerful object-oriented interface to the Tk GUI toolkit. Creating a GUI application using Tkinter is an easy task. All you need to do is perform the following steps: Example:Import the Tkinter module. Create the GUI application main window. Add one or more of the above mentioned widgets to the GUI application. Enter the main event loop to take action against each event triggered by the user. import Tkinter top = Tkinter.Tk() # Code to add widgets will go here... top.mainloop()
CSIR-CEERI RCS & WSN Labs, Digital Systems Group, CSIR-CEERI, PILANI-333031(Raj),India

solomon@ceeri.ernet.in /kota_solomonraju@yahoo.co.uk,

labels

buttons

Entry box listbox checkbox

Bullet buttons Compiler output box

solomon@ceeri.ernet.in /kota_solomonraju@yahoo.co.uk,

CSIR-CEERI RCS & WSN Labs, Digital Systems Group, CSIR-CEERI, PILANI-333031(Raj),India

Python - Tkinter Button

Python - Tkinter Button The Button widget is used to add buttons in a Python application. These buttons can display text or images that convey the purpose of the buttons. You can attach a function or a method to a button, which is called automatically when you click the button. Syntax: w = Button ( master, option=value, ... ) Parameters: master: This represents the parent window. options: Here is the list of most commonly used options for this widget. These options can be used as key-value pairs separated by commas.

solomon@ceeri.ernet.in /kota_solomonraju@yahoo.co.uk,

CSIR-CEERI RCS & WSN Labs, Digital Systems Group, CSIR-CEERI, PILANI-333031(Raj),India

Example:
import Tkinter import tkMessageBox top = Tkinter.Tk() def helloCallBack(): tkMessageBox.showinfo( "Hello Python", "Hello World") B = Tkinter.Button(top, text ="Hello", command = helloCallBack) B.pack() top.mainloop()

solomon@ceeri.ernet.in /kota_solomonraju@yahoo.co.uk,

CSIR-CEERI RCS & WSN Labs, Digital Systems Group, CSIR-CEERI, PILANI-333031(Raj),India

Python - Tkinter Checkbutton

The Checkbutton widget is used to display a number of options to a user as toggle buttons. The user can then select one or more options by clicking the button corresponding to each option. You can also display images in place of text. Syntax: w = Checkbutton ( master, option, ... ) Parameters: master: This represents the parent window. options: Here is the list of most commonly used options for this widget. These options can be used as key-value pairs separated by commas.

solomon@ceeri.ernet.in /kota_solomonraju@yahoo.co.uk,

CSIR-CEERI RCS & WSN Labs, Digital Systems Group, CSIR-CEERI, PILANI-333031(Raj),India

Example:
from Tkinter import * import tkMessageBox import Tkinter top = Tkinter.Tk() CheckVar1 = IntVar() CheckVar2 = IntVar() C1 = Checkbutton(top, text onvalue = 1, offvalue C2 = Checkbutton(top, text onvalue = 1, offvalue C1.pack() C2.pack() top.mainloop()

= = = =

"Music", variable = CheckVar1, \ 0, height=5, width = 20) "Video", variable = CheckVar2, \ 0, height=5, width = 20)

solomon@ceeri.ernet.in /kota_solomonraju@yahoo.co.uk,

CSIR-CEERI RCS & WSN Labs, Digital Systems Group, CSIR-CEERI, PILANI-333031(Raj),India

Python - Tkinter Entry:

The Entry widget is used to accept single-line text strings from a user. If you want to display multiple lines of text that can be edited, then you should usethe Text widget. If you want to display one or more lines of text that cannot be modified by the user then you should use the Label widget. Syntax: Here is the simple syntax to create this widget: w = Entry( master, option, ... ) Parameters: master: This represents the parent window. options: Here is the list of most commonly used options for this widget. These options can be used as key-value pairs separated by commas.

solomon@ceeri.ernet.in /kota_solomonraju@yahoo.co.uk,

CSIR-CEERI RCS & WSN Labs, Digital Systems Group, CSIR-CEERI, PILANI-333031(Raj),India

Example
from Tkinter import *
top = Tk() L1 = Label(top, text="User Name") L1.pack( side = LEFT) E1 = Entry(top, bd =5) E1.pack(side = RIGHT) top.mainloop()

solomon@ceeri.ernet.in /kota_solomonraju@yahoo.co.uk,

CSIR-CEERI RCS & WSN Labs, Digital Systems Group, CSIR-CEERI, PILANI-333031(Raj),India

Python - Tkinter Label

This widget implements a display box where you can place text or images. The text displayed by this widget can be updated at any time you want. It is also possible to underline part of the text (like to identify a keyboard shortcut), and span the text across multiple lines. Syntax: Here is the simple syntax to create this widget: w = Label ( master, option, ... ) Parameters: master: This represents the parent window. options: Here is the list of most commonly used options for this widget. These options can be used as key-value pairs separated by commas.

solomon@ceeri.ernet.in /kota_solomonraju@yahoo.co.uk,

CSIR-CEERI RCS & WSN Labs, Digital Systems Group, CSIR-CEERI, PILANI-333031(Raj),India

Example:
from Tkinter import * root = Tk() var = StringVar() label = Label( root, textvariable=var, relief=RAISED ) var.set("Hey!? How are you doing?") label.pack() root.mainloop()

solomon@ceeri.ernet.in /kota_solomonraju@yahoo.co.uk,

CSIR-CEERI RCS & WSN Labs, Digital Systems Group, CSIR-CEERI, PILANI-333031(Raj),India

Python - Tkinter Listbox

The Listbox widget is used to display a list of items from which a user can select a number of items Syntax: Here is the simple syntax to create this widget: w = Listbox ( master, option, ... ) Parameters: master: This represents the parent window. options: Here is the list of most commonly used options for this widget. These options can be used as key-value pairs separated by commas.

solomon@ceeri.ernet.in /kota_solomonraju@yahoo.co.uk,

CSIR-CEERI RCS & WSN Labs, Digital Systems Group, CSIR-CEERI, PILANI-333031(Raj),India

Example:
from Tkinter import * import tkMessageBox import Tkinter top = Tk() Lb1 = Listbox(top) Lb1.insert(1, "Python") Lb1.insert(2, "Perl") Lb1.insert(3, "C") Lb1.insert(4, "PHP") Lb1.insert(5, "JSP") Lb1.insert(6, "Ruby") Lb1.pack() top.mainloop()
solomon@ceeri.ernet.in /kota_solomonraju@yahoo.co.uk, CSIR-CEERI RCS & WSN Labs, Digital Systems Group, CSIR-CEERI, PILANI-333031(Raj),India

Python - Tkinter Radiobutton

This widget implements a multiple-choice button, which is a way to offer many possible selections to the user, and let user choose only one of them. In order to implement this functionality, each group of radiobuttons must be associated to the same variable, and each one of the buttons must symbolize a single value. You can use the Tab key to switch from one radionbutton to another. Syntax: Here is the simple syntax to create this widget: w = Radiobutton ( master, option, ... ) Parameters: master: This represents the parent window. options: Here is the list of most commonly used options for this widget. These options can be used as key-value pairs separated by commas.

solomon@ceeri.ernet.in /kota_solomonraju@yahoo.co.uk,

CSIR-CEERI RCS & WSN Labs, Digital Systems Group, CSIR-CEERI, PILANI-333031(Raj),India

from Tkinter import * def sel(): selection = "You selected the option " + str(var.get()) label.config(text = selection) root = Tk() var = IntVar() R1 = Radiobutton(root, text="Option 1", variable=var, value=1, command=sel) R1.pack( anchor = W ) R2 = Radiobutton(root, text="Option 2", variable=var, value=2,command=sel) R2.pack( anchor = W ) R3 = Radiobutton(root, text="Option 3", variable=var, value=3,command=sel) R3.pack( anchor = W) label = Label(root) label.pack() root.mainloop()
solomon@ceeri.ernet.in /kota_solomonraju@yahoo.co.uk, CSIR-CEERI RCS & WSN Labs, Digital Systems Group, CSIR-CEERI, PILANI-333031(Raj),India

Example

Python - Tkinter Scrollbar

This widget provides a slide controller that is used to implement vertical scrolled widgets, such as Listbox, Text, and Canvas. Note that you can also create horizontal scrollbars on Entry widgets. Syntax: Here is the simple syntax to create this widget: w = Scrollbar ( master, option, ... ) Parameters: master: This represents the parent window. options: Here is the list of most commonly used options for this widget. These options can be used as key-value pairs separated by commas.

solomon@ceeri.ernet.in /kota_solomonraju@yahoo.co.uk,

CSIR-CEERI RCS & WSN Labs, Digital Systems Group, CSIR-CEERI, PILANI-333031(Raj),India

Example
from Tkinter import * root = Tk() scrollbar = Scrollbar(root) scrollbar.pack( side = RIGHT, fill=Y ) mylist = Listbox(root, yscrollcommand = scrollbar.set ) for line in range(100): mylist.insert(END, "This is line number " + str(line))

mylist.pack( side = LEFT, fill = BOTH ) scrollbar.config( command = mylist.yview )

mainloop()
solomon@ceeri.ernet.in /kota_solomonraju@yahoo.co.uk, CSIR-CEERI RCS & WSN Labs, Digital Systems Group, CSIR-CEERI, PILANI-333031(Raj),India

Python - Tkinter Message

This widget provides a multiline and noneditable object that displays texts, automatically breaking lines and justifying their contents. Its functionality is very similar to the one provided by the Label widget, except that it can also automatically wrap the text, maintaining a given width or aspect ratio. Syntax: Here is the simple syntax to create this widget: w = Message ( master, option, ... ) Parameters: master: This represents the parent window. options: Here is the list of most commonly used options for this widget. These options can be used as key-value pairs separated by commas.

solomon@ceeri.ernet.in /kota_solomonraju@yahoo.co.uk,

CSIR-CEERI RCS & WSN Labs, Digital Systems Group, CSIR-CEERI, PILANI-333031(Raj),India

Example:
from Tkinter import * root = Tk() var = StringVar() label = Message( root, textvariable=var, relief=RAISED ) var.set("Hey!? How are you doing?") label.pack() root.mainloop()

solomon@ceeri.ernet.in /kota_solomonraju@yahoo.co.uk,

CSIR-CEERI RCS & WSN Labs, Digital Systems Group, CSIR-CEERI, PILANI-333031(Raj),India

Compared to Perl
Easier to learn especially for infrequent users More readable code improved code maintenance Fewer magical side effects More safety guarantees Better Java integration Some things slower

solomon@ceeri.ernet.in /kota_solomonraju@yahoo.co.uk,

CSIR-CEERI RCS & WSN Labs, Digital Systems Group, CSIR-CEERI, PILANI-333031(Raj),India

Compared to Java
Code 5-10 times more concise Dynamic typing Much quicker development no compilation phase less typing Yes, it runs slower but development is much faster! Ditto (but more so) for C/C++

solomon@ceeri.ernet.in /kota_solomonraju@yahoo.co.uk,

CSIR-CEERI RCS & WSN Labs, Digital Systems Group, CSIR-CEERI, PILANI-333031(Raj),India

Compared to Tcl
Real datatypes, object-orientation More differentiated syntax Much faster (even than Tcl 8.0) Can use threads Less need for C extensions hence fewer extension conflicts Better Java integration Python uses Tk as de-facto GUI std

solomon@ceeri.ernet.in /kota_solomonraju@yahoo.co.uk,

CSIR-CEERI RCS & WSN Labs, Digital Systems Group, CSIR-CEERI, PILANI-333031(Raj),India

JPython
Seamless integration with Java Separate implementation classic Python called CPython here Implements the same language Different set of standard modules differences in gray areas e.g. some different introspection calls different command line options, etc.

solomon@ceeri.ernet.in /kota_solomonraju@yahoo.co.uk,

CSIR-CEERI RCS & WSN Labs, Digital Systems Group, CSIR-CEERI, PILANI-333031(Raj),India

Java integration
Interactive Compiles direct to Java bytecode Import Java classes directly Subclass Java classes pass instances back to Java Java beans integration Can compile into Java class files run as applet in browsers

solomon@ceeri.ernet.in /kota_solomonraju@yahoo.co.uk,

CSIR-CEERI RCS & WSN Labs, Digital Systems Group, CSIR-CEERI, PILANI-333031(Raj),India

Example

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CSIR-CEERI RCS & WSN Labs, Digital Systems Group, CSIR-CEERI, PILANI-333031(Raj),India

solomon@ceeri.ernet.in /kota_solomonraju@yahoo.co.uk,

CSIR-CEERI RCS & WSN Labs, Digital Systems Group, CSIR-CEERI, PILANI-333031(Raj),India

Recommended Referals
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language) Http://web.media.mit.edu/~dustin/books/pycs.pdf http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_application_development https://cs.american.edu/~fleck/classes/csc280/spring11/slides/tkinter.ppt http://www.tutorialspoint.com/

solomon@ceeri.ernet.in /kota_solomonraju@yahoo.co.uk,

CSIR-CEERI RCS & WSN Labs, Digital Systems Group, CSIR-CEERI, PILANI-333031(Raj),India