Getting Started

Chapter One
DAVID M. KROENKE and DAVID J. AUER
DATABASE CONCEPTS, 6
th
Edition
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,
without the prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the
United States of America.
Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Publishing as Prentice Hall
Chapter Objectives
Identify the purpose and scope of this book
Know the potential problems with lists
Understand the reasons for using a database
Understand how using related tables helps you
avoid the problems of using lists
Know the components of a database system
Learn the elements of a database
Learn the purpose of the database management
system (DBMS)
Understand the functions of a database
application

KROENKE and AUER - DATABASE CONCEPTS (6th Edition)
Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
1-3
Purpose of a Database
The purpose of a database is to
keep track of things.
Unlike a list or spreadsheet, a
database may store information that
is more complicated than a simple
list.
KROENKE and AUER - DATABASE CONCEPTS (6th Edition)
Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
1-4
Problems with Lists:
Redundancy
In a list, each row is intended to
stand on its own. As a result, the
same information may be entered
several times.
For Example: A list of Projects may
include the Project Managers Name,
ID, and Phone Extension. If a
particular person is managing 10
projects, his/her information would have
to be entered 10 times.

KROENKE and AUER - DATABASE CONCEPTS (6th Edition)
Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
1-5
Problems with Lists:
Multiple Themes
In a list, each row may contain
information on more than one theme.
As a result, needed information may
appear in the lists only if information
on other themes is also present.
For Example: A list of Projects may
include Project Manager information
(Name, ID, and Phone Extension) and
Project information (Name, ID,
StartDate, Budget) in the same row.
KROENKE and AUER - DATABASE CONCEPTS (6th Edition)
Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
1-6
List Modification Issues
Redundancy and multiple themes
create modification problems:
Deletion problems
Update problems
Insertion problems
KROENKE and AUER - DATABASE CONCEPTS (6th Edition)
Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
1-7
List Modification Issues
(Contd)
KROENKE and AUER - DATABASE CONCEPTS (6th Edition)
Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
1-8
Figure 1-5: The Student with Adviser and Department List
Addressing Information
Complexities
Relational databases are designed to
address many of the information
complexity issues.
KROENKE and AUER - DATABASE CONCEPTS (6th Edition)
Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
1-9
Relational Databases
A relational database stores information
in tables. Each informational topic is
stored in its own table.
In essence, a relational database will
break-up a list into several partsone
part for each theme in the list.
A Project List would be divided into a
CUSTOMER Table, a PROJECT Table,
and a PROJECT_MANAGER Table.
KROENKE and AUER - DATABASE CONCEPTS (6th Edition)
Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
1-10
Putting the Pieces Back
Together
In our relational database, we broke our list
into several tables. Somehow the tables
must be joined back together.
In a relational database, tables are joined
together using the value of the data.
If a PROJECT has a CUSTOMER, the
Customer_ID is stored as a column in the
PROJECT table. The value stored in this
column can be used to retrieve specific
customer information from the
CUSTOMER table.
KROENKE and AUER - DATABASE CONCEPTS (6th Edition)
Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
1-11
Sounds Like
More Work, Not Less
A relational database is more complicated
than a list.
However, a relational database minimizes
data redundancy, preserves complex
relationships among topics, and allows for
partial data.
Furthermore, a relational database
provides a solid foundation for user forms
and reports.
KROENKE and AUER - DATABASE CONCEPTS (6th Edition)
Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
1-12
Relational Database Example
KROENKE and AUER - DATABASE CONCEPTS (6th Edition)
Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
1-13
Figure 1-6: The Adviser and Student Tables
A Relational Database Solves
the Problems of Lists
KROENKE and AUER - DATABASE CONCEPTS (6th Edition)
Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
1-14
Figure 1-7: Modifying the Adviser and Student Tables
The Department, Advisor and
Student Tables
KROENKE and AUER - DATABASE CONCEPTS (6th Edition)
Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
1-15
Figure 1-8: The Department, Adviser, and Student Tables
The Art Course Database Tables
KROENKE and AUER - DATABASE CONCEPTS (6th Edition)
Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
1-16
Figure 1-10:
The Art Course
Database Tables
The Project Equipment Tables
KROENKE and AUER - DATABASE CONCEPTS (6th Edition)
Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
1-17
Figure 1-12: The Project Equipment Database Tables
Structured Query Language
(SQL)
Structured Query Language (SQL)
is an international standard for
creating, processing and querying
databases and their tables.
Many database applications use SQL
to retrieve, format, report, insert,
delete, and/or modify data for users.
KROENKE and AUER - DATABASE CONCEPTS (6th Edition)
Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
1-18
SQL Example
KROENKE and AUER - DATABASE CONCEPTS (6th Edition)
Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
1-19
We can use SQL to combine the data
in the three tables in the Art Course
Database to recreate the original list
structure of the data.
We do this by using an SQL SELECT
statement.
SQL Example (Contd)
KROENKE and AUER - DATABASE CONCEPTS (6th Edition)
Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
1-20
SELECT CUSTOMER.CustomerLastName,
CUSTOMER.CustomerFirstName,
CUSTOMER.Phone,
COURSE.CourseDate, ENROLLMENT.AmountPaid,
COURSE.Course, COURSE.Fee
FROM CUSTOMER, ENROLLMENT, COURSE
WHERE CUSTOMER.CustomerNumber
= ENROLLMENT.CustomerNumber
AND COURSE.CourseNumber
= ENROLLMENT.CourseNumber;
SQL Example Results
KROENKE and AUER - DATABASE CONCEPTS (6th Edition)
Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
1-21
Figure 1-13: Results of the SQL Query to Recreate the Art Course List
Database Systems
The four components of a database
system are:
Users
Database Application
Database Management System
(DBMS)
Database
KROENKE and AUER - DATABASE CONCEPTS (6th Edition)
Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
1-22
Components of a Database
System
KROENKE and AUER - DATABASE CONCEPTS (6th Edition)
Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
1-23
Figure 1-15: Components of a Database
System
Users
A user of a database system will
use a database application to track
things;
use forms to enter, read, delete and
query data; and
produce reports.
KROENKE and AUER - DATABASE CONCEPTS (6th Edition)
Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
1-24
The Database
A database is a self-describing collection
of related records.
The database itself contains the
definition of its structure.
Metadata is data describing the
structure of the database data.
Tables within a relational database are
related to each other.
KROENKE and AUER - DATABASE CONCEPTS (6th Edition)
Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
1-25
Example Database Metadata:
A Relationship Diagram
KROENKE and AUER - DATABASE CONCEPTS (6th Edition)
Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
1-26
Figure 1:16
Example Metadata: A Relationship Diagram
for the Art Course Tables in Figure 1-10
Database Contents
KROENKE and AUER - DATABASE CONCEPTS (6th Edition)
Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
1-27
Figure 1-17 Database Contents
Database Management
System (DBMS)
A database management system
(DBMS) serves as an intermediary
between database applications and
the database.
The DBMS manages and controls
database activities.
The DBMS creates, processes and
administers the databases it
controls.
KROENKE and AUER - DATABASE CONCEPTS (6th Edition)
Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
1-28
Functions of a DBMS
Create databases
Create tables
Create supporting structures
Read database data
Modify database data (insert, update, and delete)
Maintain database structures
Enforce rules
Control concurrency
Provide security
Perform backup and recovery
KROENKE and AUER - DATABASE CONCEPTS (6th Edition)
Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
1-29
Referential Integrity
Constraints
The DBMS will enforce many constraints .
Referential integrity constraints ensure
that the values of a column in one table
are valid based on the values in another
table.
If a 5 was entered as a CustomerID in the
PROJECT table, a Customer having a
CustomerID value of 5 must exist in the
CUSTOMER table.
KROENKE and AUER - DATABASE CONCEPTS (6th Edition)
Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
1-30
Database Applications
A database application is a set of
one or more computer programs that
serves as an intermediary between
the user and the DBMS.

KROENKE and AUER - DATABASE CONCEPTS (6th Edition)
Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
1-31
Functions of Database
Applications
Create and process forms
Process user queries
Create and process reports
Execute application logic
Control database applications
KROENKE and AUER - DATABASE CONCEPTS (6th Edition)
Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
1-32
Database Applications:
Example Data Entry Form
KROENKE and AUER - DATABASE CONCEPTS (6th Edition)
Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
1-33
Figure 1-20: Example Data Entry Form
Database Applications:
Example Query
KROENKE and AUER - DATABASE CONCEPTS (6th Edition)
Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
1-34
Figure 1-21: Example Query
Database Applications:
Example Report
KROENKE and AUER - DATABASE CONCEPTS (6th Edition)
Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
1-35
Figure 1-22: Example Report
Personal Database Systems
Personal database systems typically
have one application.
have only a few tables.
are simple in design.
involve only one computer.
support one user at a time.

KROENKE and AUER - DATABASE CONCEPTS (6th Edition)
Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
1-36
Personal Database Systems
KROENKE and AUER - DATABASE CONCEPTS (6th Edition)
Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
1-37
Figure 1-23: Personal Database System
Personal Database Systems:
An SQL Query in Microsoft Access
KROENKE and AUER - DATABASE CONCEPTS (6th Edition)
Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
1-38
Figure 1-24: SQL Generated by Microsoft Access Query
Personal Database Systems:
SQL Query Results in Microsoft Access
KROENKE and AUER - DATABASE CONCEPTS (6th Edition)
Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
1-39
Figure 1-25: Microsoft Access 2010
Enterprise-Class
Database Systems
Enterprise-Class database systems
typically:
support several users simultaneously,
include more than one application,
involve multiple computers,
are complex in design,
have many tables, and
have many databases.

KROENKE and AUER - DATABASE CONCEPTS (6th Edition)
Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
1-40
Organizational Database
Systems
KROENKE and AUER - DATABASE CONCEPTS (6th Edition)
Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
1-41
Figure 1-26 Enterprise-Class Database System
Commercial DBMS
Products
Example of Desktop DBMS Products
Microsoft Access
Examples of Organizational DBMS
Products
Microsofts SQL Server
Oracles Oracle
Sun Microsystems MySQL
IBMs DB2
KROENKE and AUER - DATABASE CONCEPTS (6th Edition)
Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
1-42
Enterprise-Class Database Systems:
Microsoft SQL Server 2012
KROENKE and AUER - DATABASE CONCEPTS (6th Edition)
Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
1-43
Figure 1-27 Microsoft SQL Server 2012
Enterprise-Class Database Systems:
Oracle Database 11g Release 2
KROENKE and AUER - DATABASE CONCEPTS (6th Edition)
Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
1-44
Figure 1-28 Oracle Database 11g Release 2
Enterprise-Class Database Systems:
Oracle MySQL 5.5
KROENKE and AUER - DATABASE CONCEPTS (6th Edition)
Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
1-45
Figure 1-29: Oracle MySQL 5.5
Getting Started
End of Presentation on Chapter One
DAVID M. KROENKE and DAVID J. AUER
DATABASE CONCEPTS, 6
th
Edition