SPEAKERS:

ENGR. J OAN P. LAZARO

ENGR. ALEXI S J OHN M. RUBI O
ENGR. PARALUMAN G. SI M









Seminar Outline:
Introduction to C Programming
Identifiers
Arithmetic Operators
Relational Operators
Logical Operators
Basic Input and Output
Conditional Statements
Looping Statements

Introduction to C Programming
What is Programming?
Programming is instructing a computer to do
something for you with the help of a programming
language.
What is C Programming Language?
C was created at the Bell Telephone Laboratories in
1972 by Dennis Ritchie. It was developed into such a
powerful and flexible language that its use quickly
spread beyond Bell Labs. The C language is so named
because its predecessor was called B.
The B language was also developed at Bell Labs, by
Ken Thompson.

Introduction to C Programming
I dentifiers
one or more characters used to identify or name data
elements such as variables, constants, arrays,
records, and subprograms.
an identifier is a combination of alphanumeric
characters, the first being a letter of the alphabet or
an underscore, and the remaining being any letter of
the alphabet, any numeric digit, or the underscore.


Introduction to C Programming
Constant
a data item that remains unchanged throughout the
execution of the program.
a memory location whose constants stay the same
during the execution of the program.
Variable
a named data item, the value of which may change
during the execution of the program.
a memory location whose contents can be filled and
changed during the execution of the program.

Introduction to C Programming
Data Type
a definition or interpretation of a set of data
specifying the possible range of values of the set, the
operation that can be performed on the rules and the
way in which values are stored in the memory.

DATA TYPE SIZE (BITS) RANGE
CHAR 8 0 to 255
INT 16 0 to 65535
FLOAT 32 3.4e-38 to 3.4e-38
Introduction to C Programming
Expressions
It is a combination of values, variables, operators,
and functions that are interpreted (evaluated)
according to the particular rules of precedence and of
association for a particular programming language,
which computes and then produces (returns, in a
stateful environment) another value.

Introduction to C Programming
Kind of Expressions
1. Arithmetic
an expression that contains arithmetic operators and
operands which can be reduced to a single numeric value.
2. Relational
an expression constructed by connecting constants,
variables and/or other expressions by a relational
operator.
3. Logical
an expression constructed by combining individual
conditional variables or expressions into a more complex
statements by combining them with a logical operator.

Introduction to C Programming
Arithmetic operator
a symbol used to represent a mathematical operation.

OPERATOR OPERATION ACTION
++ Increment Increments operand by 1
-- Decrement Decrements operand by 1
+ Addition Adds its two operand
- Subtraction Subtracts the 2
nd
operand to the 1
st
operand
* Multiplication Multiplies its two operand
/ Division Divides the 1
st
operand by the 2
nd
operand
% Modulus Gives the remainder when the 1
st
operand is
divided by the 2
nd
operand
Introduction to C Programming
Order of Precedence




Note: If same precedence operation is read from left to right.

Operators Precedence
++, -- 1
*, /, % 2
+, - 3
Introduction to C Programming
Relational operator
a symbol used to compare operands and yields either
true or false.

Operator Operation
== Equal
> Greater than
< Less than
>= Greater than or Equal
<= Less than or Equal
!= Not Equal
Introduction to C Programming
Logical operator
a symbol that defines the logical connection between
two or more conditions.




Logical operator: NOT( ! )

Operator Meaning
! NOT (Reverse the value of a condition)
&& AND (Both condition must be true)
|| OR (At least one condition is true)
CONDITION RESULT
FALSE (0) TRUE (1)
TRUE (1) FALSE (0)
Introduction to C Programming
Logical Operator: AND ( && )




Logical Operator: OR ( || )

1
st
CONDITION 2
nd
CONDITION RESULT
FALSE (0) FALSE (0) FALSE (0)
FALSE (0) TRUE (1) TRUE (1)
TRUE (1) FALSE (0) TRUE (1)
TRUE (1) TRUE (1) TRUE (1)
1
st
CONDITION 2
nd
CONDITION RESULT
FALSE (0) FALSE (0) FALSE (0)
FALSE (0) TRUE (1) FALSE (0)
TRUE (1) FALSE (0) FALSE (0)
TRUE (1) TRUE (1) TRUE (1)
Introduction to C Programming
Structure of a C Program
//Compiler Directives #include<header files>
#include<stdio.h> //standard input & output library
// main() Function
int main(void)
{ // start of main function
// Program contents
// Program contents
// Program contents
}//end of main fuction

Basic Input / Output
printf( ) Function
A library function that is used to display information
on the screen.
Syntax:
printf(control string, arguments);
where:
control string - contains characters to be displayed or
format codes that tell how to display the rest of the
argument.
argument list list of values or/and variables.

Basic Input / Output
printf( ) Function format
codes

printf ( ) Backslash codes

Format Code Meaning
%d or %I Display an integer
%f Display a float
%c Display a character
Code Meaning
\n Newline
\t Horizontal tab
\a Alert (beep)
\\ Backslash
Basic Input / Output
scanf() Function
A library function that reads data from the keyboard
and assigns that data to one or more program
variable.
Syntax:
scanf(control string, argument list);
where:
control string format codes of the values to input.
argument list list of variables where the values
read from the keyboard will be stored. Variable must
be prefix by ampersand (&) sign.


Basic Input / Output
puts() Function put string
Also used to display text messages on the screen. It
cannot display numeric values. It takes a single string
as its argument and displays it, automatically adding
a new-line at the end.
Syntax: puts(argument);

putch() Function put character
displays any alphanumeric characters to the standard
output device. It displays only one character at a time
Syntax: putch(character variable);




Basic Input / Output
gets() Function get string
A function that accepts a string from the standard
input device, the keyboard. Its method is to read
characters until it reaches a newline (\n) character,
which is generated by pressing the Enter key.
Syntax: gets(string variable);

getch() Function get character
getch function prompts the user to press a character
and that character is not printed on screen
Syntax: variable = getch( );



Basic Input / Output
Example #1:
Create a program that will let the user enter their
name, address, gender (M or F), age and contact
number, the program will then output all the entered
data.

Example #2:
Create a program that will let the user enter two
numbers and will output their sum, difference,
product and quotient

Basic Input / Output
Hands on Activity #1
Write a program that will compute the monthly salary
of an employee given the number of days work, rate
per day, number of absence(s), the number of hour(s)
late, also include the name, position and address of
the employee.
Conditional Statement
Conditional Statements checks an expression then
may or may not execute a statement a group of
statements depending on the result of the Boolean
expression.
Boolean Expression is expression, which are
answerable by TRUE or FALSE. A Boolean
Expressions must have a relational operator to
evaluate these things.

Conditional Statement
I F-ELSE-I F Statement
Syntax:
if(<condition>)
{
<statement/s A>;
}
else if(<condition>)
{
<statement/s B>;
}
else
{
<statement/s C>;
}


where:
condition logical expression
that determines whether the
action is to be executed.
statements A action/actions to
be performed if the logical
expression is TRUE.
statement B action/actions to
be performed if the first logical
expression is FALSE.
statement C action/actions to
be performed if both logical
expression are FALSE.
Conditional Statement
SWI TCH Statement
Syntax:
switch(<expression>)
{
case <value 1>:
<statement sequence>;
break;
case <value 2>:
<statement sequence>;
break;
.
.
.
case <value n>:
<statement sequence>;
break;
default:
<statement sequence>;
}
where:
expression an int or char expression
also called selector
value an expression to be matched with
a case label
statement sequence action associated
with preceding cases
break statement used to terminate the
statement sequence associated with
each value. If break is omitted,
execution will continue until the next
case statement.
default statement is the main statement
to be executed if no matches are
found in the case. It is optical and
therefore if it is not present, no action
takes place if all matches fail
Conditional Statement
Example #3:
Create a program that will let a user enter his / her
discount code and amount bought and the program
will compute for total amount to be paid.
DISCOUNT CODE DISCOUNT
A 5%
B 10%
C 15%
D 20%
E NONE
Conditional Statement
Hands On #2:
Create a program that will let the user enter his / her
age, the program will then determine their age
classification.


AGE CLASSIFICATION
0 12 KIDS
13 18 TEENAGERS
19 25 YOUNG ADULT
26 40 ADULT
40 60 MIDDLE AGE
60 above SENIOR CITIZEN
LOOPING STATEMENTS
In order to repeat a statement multiple times, a
control structure known as loops are to be used.
Loop allows a set of instructions to repeat until a
certain condition is reached.
C supports the same type of loop as other modern
structured languages.


LOOPING STATEMENTS
FOR Loop Statement
Syntax:
for (initialization; condition;
incrementation)
{
<statements/s>;
}


where:
I nitialization an assignment
statement that is used to set
the loop control variable.
Condition a relational
expression that determines
when the loop will exist by
testing the loop-control
variable against some values.
I ncrementation defines how
the loop-control variable will
change each time the loop is
repeated.

LOOPING STATEMENTS
WHI LE Loop Statement
Syntax:
while (<condition>)
{
<statement/s>;
}

where:
statement can be an empty
statement, a single statement or
a block of statement that is to be
repeated.
conditions may be any valid
expression. The loop iterates
while the condition is true and
program control passes to the
next line following the loop if
the condition is false.
LOOPING STATEMENTS
DO-WHI LE Loop Statement
Syntax:
do
{
<statement/s>;
} while (<condition>);


where:
statement can be an empty
statement, a single
statement or a block of
statement that is to be
repeated.
conditions may be any valid
expression. The loop
iterates while the condition
is true and program control
passes to the next line
following the loop if the
condition is false.
LOOPING STATEMENTS
Example 4:
Create a program that will output your name 10
times.
LOOPING STATEMENTS
Hands On #4:
Create a program that will let the user to enter n
values and will compute the total of all entered
values.