Core Java

- Sharad Ballepu
sharadballepu@sharmanj.com
www.sharmanj.com

Core Java

Servlets & JSPs

Agenda

Introduction
Access Modifiers
Operators
Flow Control
Arrays and Strings
OOPS Explored
Exceptions
Garbage Collection
Collections
Threads
Demo
2

Introduction What is Java

Programming language
Another programming language using which we can develop applets,
standalone applications, web applications and enterprise applications.

Platform Independent
A Java program written and compiled on one machine can be
executed on any other machine (irrespective of the operating system)

Object Oriented
Complies to object oriented programming concepts. Your program is
not object oriented unless you code that way

Compiled and Interpreted

The .java file is compiled to a .class file & the .class file is interpreted
to machine code

Introduction Java Virtual Machine

.java file

Java
Compiler

.class
file

Java Virtual Machine

Mac

Microsoft

UNIX
4

Introduction My First Program Version 1

package com.sharadballepu.test;
public class HelloWorld
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println(Hello World);
}
}

Compile the program: javac HelloWorld.java

Execute the program: java HelloWorld
Output: Hello World
5

Introduction My First Program Version 2

package com.sharadballepu.test;
public class HelloWorld
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
HelloWorld hw = new HelloWorld();
hw.display();
}
public void display()
{
System.out.println(Hello World);
}
}
Compile the program: javac HelloWorld.java
Execute the program: java HelloWorld
Output: Hello World

Introduction My First Program Version 3

package com.sharadballepu.test;
public class HelloWorld
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
HelloWorld hw = new HelloWorld();
hw.display(args[0]);
}
public void display(String userName)
{
System.out.println(Hello + userName);
}
}
Compile the program: javac HelloWorld.java
Execute the program: java HelloWorld Sharad
Output: Hello Sharad

Introduction My First Program Version 4

package com.sharadballepu.test;
public class HelloWorld
{
String userName;
public static void main(String[] args)
{
HelloWorld hw = new HelloWorld();
hw.userName = args[0];
}
public void display()
{
System.out.println(Hello + userName);
}
}
Compile the program: javac HelloWorld.java
Execute the program: java HelloWorld Sharad
Output: Hello Sharad

Introduction Java Keywords

abstract

boolean

break

byte

case

catch

char

class

const

continue

default

do

double

else

extends

final

finally

float

for

goto

if

implements

import

instanceof

int

interface

long

native

new

package

private

protected

public

return

short

static

strictfp

super

switch

synchronized

this

throw

throws

transient

try

void

volatile

while

assert

Introduction Stack v/s Heap

x = 10

y = new A()

method2()

method1()
C
main()

Stack

Heap
10

Introduction - Object Oriented Concepts

Class

Object

Abstraction

Encapsulation

Inheritance

Polymorphism

A blueprint that defines the attributes and methods

An instance of a Class

Hide certain details and show only essential details

Binding data and methods together

Inherit the features of the superclass

One name having many forms

11

Introduction - Data Types

Data type

Byt Min Value

es

Max Value

Literal Values

byte

-27

27 1

123

short

-215

215 1

1234

int

-231

231 1

12345, 086, 0x675

long

-263

263 1

123456

float

1.0

double

123.86

char

216 1

a, \n

boolean

true, false

General rule:
Min value = 2(bits 1)
Max value = 2(bits-1) 1
(where 1 byte = 8 bits)

12

Java Modifiers
Modifier

Class

Class
Variables

Methods

public

private
protected
default
final
abstract
strictfp

transient

synchronized
native

volatile
static

Method
Variables

13

Modifiers Class

public

default

final

abstract

strictfp

Class can be accessed from any other class present in any package

Class can be accessed only from within the same package. Classes outside the
package in which the class is defined cannot access this class

This class cannot be sub-classed, one cannot extend this class

Class cannot be instantiated, need to sub-classs/extend.

Conforms that all methods in the class will conform to IEEE standard rules for
floating points

14

Modifiers Class Attributes

public

private

protected

default

final

transient

volatile

static

Attribute can be accessed from any other class present in any package
Attribute can be accessed from only within the class
Attribute can be accessed from all classes in the same package and subclasses.
Attribute can be accessed only from within the same package.
This value of the attribute cannot be changed, can assign only 1 value
The attribute value cannot be serialized
Thread always reconciles its own copy of attribute with master.
Only one value of the attribute per class
15

Modifiers Methods

public

private

protected

default

final

abstract

strictfp

synchronized

native

static

Method can be accessed from any other class present in any package

Method can be accessed from only within the class

Method can be accessed from all classes in the same package and sub-classes.
Method can be accessed only from within the same package.

The method cannot be overridden

Only provides the method declaration
Method conforms to IEEE standard rules for floating points
Only one thread can access the method at a time
Method is implemented in platform dependent language
Cannot access only static members.

16

Operators - Types

Definition:
An operator performs a particular operation on the operands it is applied
on

Types of operators

Assignment Operators
Arithmetic Operators
Unary Operators
Equality Operators
Relational Operators
Conditional Operators
instaceof Operator
Bitwise Operators
Shift Operators

17

Operators Assignment Operators/Arithmetic Operators

Assignment Operator
Operator

Description

Example

Assignment

int i = 10;
int j = i;

Arithmetic Operators
Operator

Description

Example

Addition

Subtraction

int i = 9 4;

Multiplication

int i = 8 * 6;

Division

int i = 10 / 2;

Remainder

int i = 10 % 3;

int i = 8 + 9; byte b = (byte) 5+4;

18

Operators Unary Operators/Equality Operators

Unary Operators
Operator

Description

Example

Unary plus

int i = +1;

Unary minus

int i = -1;

++

Increment

int j = i++;

--

Decrement

int j = i--;

Logical Not

boolean j = !true;

Equality Operators

Operator

Description

Example

==

Equality

If (i==1)

!=

Non equality

If (i != 4)
19

Operators Relational Operators/Conditional Operators

Relational Operators
Operator

Description

Example

>

Greater than

if ( x > 4)

<

Less than

if ( x < 4)

>=

Greater than or equal to

if ( x >= 4)

<=

Less than or equal to

if ( x <= 4)

Conditional Operators
Operator

Description

Example

&&

Conditional and

If (a == 4 && b == 5)

||

Conditional or

If (a == 4 || b == 5)

20

Operators instanceof Operator/Bitwise Operators/shift operators

instanceof Operator
Operator

Description

Example

instanceof

Instamce of

If (john instance of person)

Bitwise Operators
Operator

Description

Example

&

Bitwise and

001 & 111 = 1

Bitwise or

001 | 110 = 111

Bitwise ex-or

001 ^ 110 = 111

Reverse

~011 = -10

Shift Operators
Operator

Description

Example

>>

Right shift

4 >> 1 = 100 >> 1 = 010 = 2

<<

Left Shift

4 << 1 = 100 << 1 = 1000 = 8

>>>

Unsigned Right shift

4 >>> 1 = 100 >>> 1 = 010 = 2

21

Flow Control if-else if-else

if-else

Syntax

Example

if (<condition-1>) {
// logic for true condition-1 goes
here
} else if (<condition-2>) {
// logic for true condition-2 goes
here
} else {
// if no condition is met, control
comes here
}

int a = 10;
if (a < 10 ) {
System.out.println(Less than 10);
} else if (a > 10) {
System.out.pritln(Greater than 10);
} else {
System.out.println(Equal to 10);
}
Result: Equal to 10s

22

Flow Control switch

switch

Syntax

Example

switch (<value>) {
case <a>:
// stmt-1
break;
case <b>:
//stmt-2
break;
default:

int a = 10;
switch (a) {
case 1:
System.out.println(1);
break;
case 10:
System.out.println(10);
break;
default:
System.out.println(None);

//stmt-3

Result: 10
23

Flow Control do-while / while

do-while
Syntax

Example

do {
// stmt-1
} while (<condition>);

int i = 0;
do {
System.out.println(In do); i++;
} while ( i < 10);
Result: Prints In do 11 times

while
Syntax

Example

while (<condition>) {
//stmt
}

int i = 0;
while ( i < 10 ) {
System.out.println(In while); i++;
}
Result: In while 10 times
24

Flow Control for loop

for
Syntax

Example

for ( initialize; condition; expression) for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)

{
{
// stmt
System.out.println(In for);
}
}
Result: Prints In do 10 times

25

Arrays and Strings Arrays Declaration/Construction/Initialization

Array Declaration
int myArray[];
int[] myArray;
double[][] doubleArray;

Array Construction
int[] myArray = new int[5];
int[][] twoDimArray = new int[5][4]

Array Initialization
int[] myArray = new int[5];
for (int I = 0; I < 5; i++) {
myArray[i] = i++;
}

int[5] myArray = {1,2,3,4,5};

26

Arrays and Strings Arrays Representation

Heap

myArray
int[ ] myArray = {1,2,3,4,5}
27

Arrays and Strings Strings

Creating String Objects

String myStr1 = new String(abc);
String myStr2 = abc;

abc

Most frequently used String methods

-

charAt (int index)

compareTo (String str2)
concat (String str2)
equals (String str2)
indexOf (int ch)
length()
replace (char oldChar, char newChar)
substring (int beginIndex, int endIndex)

String Constant Pool

28

Constructors

Creates instances for Classes

Same name as Class name
Can have any access modifier
First statement should be a call to this() or
super()

Employee emp = new Employee()

public class Employee {

public int empid;
public String name;
public Employee(int empid) {
this.empid = empid;
}
public Employee(String name, int empid) {
this.name = name;
this.empid = empid;
}
}

29

OOPS Explored - Abstraction

Abstraction
Hide certain details and show only essential details
public abstract class Shape
{
String color;
public abstract double getArea();
}
public interface Shape
{
String static final String color = BLACK;
public abstract double getArea();
}

Abstract class v/s interface

30

OOPS Explored - Encapsulation

I want to share
my wedding gift
only with my
friends

I can share my
puppy video
with everyone

My YouTube videos
My YouTube videos

My Cute
My Cute
puppy
cat

My Wedding
My Hawaii
Gift
trip
31

OOPS Explored - Encapsulation

Encapsulation

Binding data and methods together

public class Employee

{
private String empName;
private int salary;
public String getSalary(String role)
{
if(Manager.equals(role)) {
return salary;
}
}

public String setSalary(String role, int newSal)

{
if (Admin.equals(role)) {
salary = newSal;
}
}
}

32

OOPS Explored - Inheritance

Inheritance
Inherit the features of the superclass
public class Car //superclass
{
public int maxSpeed;
public String color;
public int getSafeSpeed() { return maxSpeed/2.5; }
}
public class Nissan extends Car
{
public boolean inteligentKey;
}

//subclass

33

OOPS Explored - Polymorphism

Polymorphism
One name, many forms
public abstract class Shape
{
public abstract int getArea();
}
public class Square extends Shape
{
public int getArea(int s) { return s*s; }
public int getArea() { retrun getArea(1); }
}

Public class Rectangle extends Shape

{
public int getArea(int length, int breadth) { return length * breadth; }
public int getArea() { return getArea(1,1); }
}

Runtime v/s Compile time Polymorphism

34

OOPS Explored Polymorphism - Example

Shape s1 = new Shape();

s1.display();

public class Shape

{
public void display() {
System.out.println(In Shape);
}
}
public class Square extends Shape
{
public void display() {
System.out.println(In Square);
}
}

Square s2 = new Square ();

s2.display();
Shape s3 = new Square ();
s3.display();
Square s4 = new Shape ();
s4.display();

s4

square
S3

shape

s2
s1

35

Exceptions Exception Hierarchy

Throwable

Error

Exception

Checked
Exception

Unchecked
Exception

36

Exceptions Handling exceptions

What do you do when an Exception occurs?

Handle the exception using try/catch/finally
Throw the Exception back to the calling method.

Try/catch/finally
public class MyClass {
public void exceptionMethod() {
try {
// exception-block
} catch (Exception ex) {
// handle exception
} finally {
//clean-up
}
}
}
37

Exceptions Handling exceptions

Try/catch/finally - 2
public class MyClass {
public void exceptionMethod() {
try {
// exception-block
} catch (FileNotFoundException ex) {
// handle exception
} catch (Exception ex) {
// handle exception
} finally { //clean-up }
}
}

Using throws
public class MyClass {
public void exceptionMethod() throws Exception {
// exception-block
}
}
38

Exceptions try-catch-finally flow

Put exception code in try

no

Handle exceptions
In catch?

yes

Handle exception
In the catch block

More exceptions
To handle?

Execute
finally?

no

yes
yes
Clean-up code

in finally

END

39

Garbage Collection

40

Garbage Collection

What is Garbage Collection?

Can we force Garbage Collection?

Runtime gc()
System - gc()

Making your objects eligible for Garbage Collection

Reassign reference variable
Set a null value
Islands of isolation

41

Garbage Collection

A a = new A();
a.Name = A1;
a = A2;

A1

A2

Reassign Reference

A a = new A();
a = null;

A1

Set null

Islands Of Isolation

B
A

C
42

Collections - Introduction

String student1 = a;
String student2 = b;
String student3 = c;
String student4 = d;
String student5 = e;
String student6 = f;

Difficult to maintain multiple items of same type as

different variables
Data-manipulation issues
Unnecessary code
43

Collections Arrays v/s Collections

abc

def

ghi

jkl

123

new Person()

def

Arrays

abc

Collections

44

Collections - Overview

LinkedHashSet

45

Collections Collection types

Three basic flavors of collections:

Lists - Lists of things (classes that implement List)
Sets - Unique things (classes that implement Set)
Maps - Things with a unique ID (classes that implement Map)

The sub-flavors:
Ordered - You can iterate through the collection in a specific order.
Sorted - Collection is sorted in the natural order (alphabetical for
Strings).
Unordered
Unsorted

46

Collections Lists

ArrayList

Resizable-array implementation of the List interface.

Ordered collection.
Should be considered when there is more of data retrieval than
Often used methods add(), get(), remove(), set(), size()

add/delete.

Vector
Ordered collection
To be considered when thread safety is a concern.
Often used methods add(), remove(), set(), get(), size()

Linked List
Ordered collection.
Faster insertion/deletion and slower retrieval when compared to ArrayList

47

Collections Set

HashSet

Not Sorted
Not Ordered
Should be used if only requirement is uniqueness
Often used methods add(), contains(), remove(), size()

LinkedHashSet

TreeSet

Not Sorted
Ordered
Subclass of HashSet
Should be used if the order of elements is important

Sorted
Ordered
Should be used if you want to store objects in a sorted fashion
Often used methods first(), last(), add(), addAll(), subset()
48

Collections Map

HashMap

Not Sorted, not ordered

Can have one null key and any number of null values
Not thread-safe
Often used methods get(), put(), containsKey(), keySet()

Hashtable

LinkedHashMap

Not Sorted, not ordered

Cannot have null keys or values
Thread-safe

Not sorted, but ordered

TreeMap
Sorted, ordered
49

Threads - Introduction
What are Threads/ Why Threads?
A thread is a light-weight process.
Used to provide the ability to perform multiple things at the same time.

method1()
thread1.start()
main()

thread1.run()

Thread Creation
There are 2 ways one can create a thread
Extending the Thread Class
Implementing the Runnable Interface
50

EXECUTION

Threads - Introduction

maintenance

Process report
User validation

EXECUTION

TIME

maintenance
Process report
User validation

Multi-threaded
environment
51

TIME

Threads - Creation

Extending the Thread Class

Implementing the Runnable Interface

public Class MyThread extends Thread

{
public void run()
{
System.out.println(In Thread);
}
}

public Class MyThread implements Runnable

{
public void run()
{
System.out.println(In Thread);
}
}

To Invoke:

To Invoke:

MyThread t1 = new MyThread();

t1.start();

MyThread t1 = new MyThread();

Thread t = new Thread(t1);
t.Start();
52

Threads Thread Life cycle

T1

T2

start

T1

T2

runnable

T1

blocked

T1

T2

running

T1

T2

end

53

Threads Important Methods

From the Thread class

public void start()
public void run()
public static void sleep(long millis) throws InterruptedException
public static void yield()
public final void join()
public final void setPriority(int newPriority)

Thread.MIN_PRIORITY
Thread.NORM_PRIORITY
Thread.MAX_PRIORITY

: 1
: 5
: 10

From the Object class

public final void wait()

public final void notify()
public final void notifyAll()

54

Threads Synchronization

Account
100
90acct = getAccount (123);

Account

MyThread t1 = new MyThread(acct);

MyThread
100
50 t2 = new MyThread(acct);
t1.start();
100
140
t2.start();

shared object
public class Account {
private int bal;
private int acctId;

public Account(int acctId) {

this.acctId = acctId;
}
public boolean withdraw(int amt) {
if (bal > 0) {
// give money
// other related activities
bal = bal amt;
}
}
}

acct

acct

run()

run()

T1 stack

T2 stack
55

56