In the name of ALLAH, the Most Merciful, the Most Kind
In the name of ALLAH, the Most Merciful, the Most Kind
SYNCRONOUS MOTOR
Synchronous motor
Basic principle.
Starting of synchronous motor.
Why dc excitation is used?
what is synchronous motor?
It is a synchronous machine use to
convert electrical power to
mechanical power.
A synchronous motor is identical
with a an alternator or ac
generator or synchronous
generator.
Some features of synchronous
motor
It runs as synchronous speed the only to
change its speed can be change only by
changing supply frequency.
It is not self starting, it has to be run up to
synchronous speed by some means before it
can be synchronized to the supply.
It can used for both lagging and leading power
factor.
BASIC PRINCIPLE
It should be noted:
The rotating part is called rotor
and field winding is mounted on
it .it is also called rotor winding
Armature winding mounted on
stationary part called stator so also
called stator winding.
Basic principle
Consider a two pole synchronous motor
A 3-Φ supply is applied to the stator of the
motor which produces a 3-Φ current flow
in the winding.
This current results a magnetic flux of
constant magnitude rotating at
synchronous speed.
The field winding is excited by dc current
which produces steady state magnetic
field
Basic principle cont..
Now there two magnetic field present in
the motor :
Rotor filed
Stator field
Both field will tend to line up each other
just like two bar magnets will tend to
line up if place near each other.
Basic principle cont..
The stator magnetic field is rotating so
the rotor magnetic field will try to catch
up.
Due to inertia of the rotor and also
inertia of the load connected to the
rotor it can never catch up the stator
field but always lags behind it .
The greater the angle between the two
magnetic fields greater will be the
torque on the rotor.
Basic principle cont..
We can say the rotor chases the
rotating stator magnetic filed around in
a circle never quit catching up with it.
Starting of
synchronous motor
Why synchronous motor is not self
starting?
A synchronous motor is not a self
starting motor because torque is only
developed when running at
synchronous speed, therefore ,the
motor needs some type of device to
bring the rotor to synchronous speed.
Methods of starting
synchronous motor
By reducing supply frequency.
By using external prime mover.
By using damper winding.
Reducing the frequency
When we reduce the supply frequency
speed of the stator magnetic field to a
low enough value that the rotor can
accelerate and lock in with it during one
half of the magnetic field rotation.
Then the frequency is gradually
increase up to normal value.
Disadvantage
It requires an independent generator for
frequency control.
By using external prime mover
The speed of the rotor is made equal to
the synchronous speed.
when the both speed are synchronized
the prime mover is detached and motor
is connected to 3-Φ supply and field is
excited the motor will continue to
rotate.
Disadvantage
It needs the external prime mover.
By using damper winding
The pole shoes of most f the
machines are punched with
slots having copper bar
which are short-circuited at
both ends by heavy copper
rings. These bars are known
as damper winding or
amortissuer winding.
By using damper winding cont..
First main field winding is short circuited.
Reduce voltage with the help of auto
transformer, applied across stator terminals.
The motor starts up.
When it reaches a steady speed a weak d.c
excitation is applied by removing the short
circuit on the main field winding. If
excitations sufficient then the machine will
be pulled into synchronism.
By using damper winding cont..
Full supply voltage is applied across
stator terminals by cutting out the auto
transformer.
The motor may be operated at any
desired power factor by changing the
d.c excitation.
Pull in torque
The torque developed by the
synchronous motor as an induction
motor with its field un excited) is called
pull in torque.
Pull out torque
Pull-out torque is the maximum sustained torque
the electric motor develops at synchronous
speed for one minute with rated frequency and
normal excitation. Normal pull-out torque is
usually 150% of full-load torque for unity-power-
factor electric motors, and 175 to 200% for 0.8-
leading-power-factor electric motors.
Why d.c excitation?
Torque developed in a motor is
unidirectional only when
Directions of both the field and
armature currents remains unchanged
OR
Both change simultaneously
Why d.c excitation?
So in synchronous motor the armature
current and field flux will change
simultaneously only if D.C is given to
the field because it to rotate at
Slip
synchronous speed. rings
Pole
DCexcitation
w inding
Fan
