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Introduction To Digital Image Processing

This document provides an overview of digital image processing. It discusses prerequisites like signals and systems and programming in MATLAB or C++. The textbook is listed as "Digital Image Processing" by Gonzalez and Woods. Key topics covered include what a digital image is in terms of pixels and sampling, what digital image processing involves, and examples like medical imaging, law enforcement, satellite imagery, and more. Megapixels in cameras refer to the number of pixels and higher megapixels means more detail. Neighboring pixels, adjacency, sampling, quantization, and distance measures are also introduced.

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66 views

Introduction To Digital Image Processing

This document provides an overview of digital image processing. It discusses prerequisites like signals and systems and programming in MATLAB or C++. The textbook is listed as "Digital Image Processing" by Gonzalez and Woods. Key topics covered include what a digital image is in terms of pixels and sampling, what digital image processing involves, and examples like medical imaging, law enforcement, satellite imagery, and more. Megapixels in cameras refer to the number of pixels and higher megapixels means more detail. Neighboring pixels, adjacency, sampling, quantization, and distance measures are also introduced.

Uploaded by

farsun
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 46

Digital Image Processing

Dr. Faraz Akram


The University of Faisalabad

Prerequisites:
- Signals and Systems
- Digital Signal Processing
- Computer Programming (MATLAB or C++)

Textbook:
- Digital Image Processing, third edition,
by R. Gonzalez and R. Woods,

Introduction

One picture is worth more than ten


thousand words
Anonymous

Contents
This lecture will cover:
What is a digital image?
What is digital image processing?
State of the art examples of digital image
processing

What is a Digital Image?

a two-dimensional function, f(x, y), where x and y are spatial


coordinates, and the amplitude of f at any pair of
coordinates (x, y) is called the intensity (gray level of the
image) at that point. When x, y, and the amplitude values of f
are all finite, discrete quantities, we call the image a digital
image.
(Gonzalez and Woods)

What is a Digital Image?

DIGITALIMAGES are electronic


snapshots taken of a scene or scanned
from documents, such as photographs,
manuscripts, printed texts, and artwork.
The digital image is sampled and
mapped as a grid of dots or picture
elements (pixels). Each pixel is assigned
a tonal value (black, white, shades of
gray or color)

What is a Digital Image?


A digitalimage is a representation of a twodimensional image as a finite set of digital
values, called picture elements or pixels.

What is pixel?

Pixel is the smallest element of an image. Each pixel


correspond to any one value.
The value of a pixel at any point correspond to the light
intensity at that particular location.

What is megapixel of your camera?


And what does that mean?

10

What is a Digital Image? (cont)


Pixel values typically represent gray levels,
colors, heights, opacities etc.
Remember digitization implies that a digital image
is an approximation of a real scene

1 pixel

11

What is a Digital Image? (cont)


Common image formats include:
1 sample per point (B&W or Grayscale)
3 samples per point (Red, Green, and Blue)
4 samples per point (Red, Green, Blue, and Alpha,
a.k.a. Opacity)

For most of this course we will focus on grey-scale

12

Gray level?
The value of the pixel at any point denotes
the intensity of image at that location, and
that is also known as gray level.

13

What is Digital Image Processing?


Digital image processing focuses on two
major tasks
Improvement of pictorial information for
human interpretation
Processing of image data for storage,
transmission and representation for
autonomous machine perception

14

Why we need Digital Image


Processing?

15

Examples: Artistic Effects


Artistic effects are
used to make
images more
visually appealing,
to add special
effects and to make
composite images

16

Examples: Image Enhancement


One of the most common uses of DIP
techniques: improve quality, remove noise
etc

17

Examples: PCB Inspection


Printed Circuit Board (PCB) inspection
Machine inspection is used to determine that
all components are present and that all solder
joints are acceptable
Both conventional imaging and x-ray imaging
are used

18

Examples: Industrial Inspection


Human operators are
expensive, slow and
unreliable.
Make machines do the
job instead.
Industrial vision systems
are used in all kinds of
industries.
Can we trust them?

19

Examples: Medical Imaging

20

Examples: Law Enforcement


Image processing
techniques are used
extensively by law
enforcers
Number plate
recognition for speed
cameras/automated
toll systems
Fingerprint recognition
Enhancement of
CCTV images

21

Examples: Hurdle detection


Hurdle detection is one of the common task
that has been done through image
processing, by identifying different type of
objects in the image and then calculating
the distance between robot and hurdles.

22

Examples: The Hubble Telescope


Launched in 1990 the Hubble
telescope can take images of
very distant objects
However, an incorrect mirror
made many of Hubbles
images useless
Image processing
techniques were
used to fix this

23

Examples: GIS
Geographic Information Systems
Digital image processing techniques are used
extensively to manipulate satellite imagery
Terrain classification
Meteorology

25

Examples: HCI

Try to make human


computer interfaces more
natural
Face recognition
Gesture recognition

What we learned today?

26

Digital images
Basic terms of digital imaging
Pixel
Grayscale

Digital Image processing


Applications of Digital Image Processing

Digital Image Processing


Lecture-2
Dr. Faraz Akram
The University of Faisalabad

Concept of Dimensions

28

Dimensions define the minimum number of points required to point


a position of any particular object within a space.
1 dimension signal: The common example of a 1D signal is a
waveform [F(x)].
2 dimension signal: The common example of a two dimensional
signal is an image [F(x, y)].

1DSignal

2DImage

29

Bits Per Pixel and shades

How many numbers can be represented by one bit?

Shades:

The famous gray scale image is of 8 bpp, means it has =256


different colors in it or 256 shades (0 - 255).

30

Black color: Remember , 0 pixel value always


denotes black color. But there is no fixed value
that denotes white color.
White color: The value that denotes white color
can be calculated as:

White in Binary?

White in 8 bit?

31

Varying # of bits per pixel

Image Size

32

The size of an image depends upon three things.


Number of rows
Number of columns
Number of bits per pixel

Grayscaleimage,having256differentshades
ofgray
NoofRows=1024
NoofColumns=1024
WhatistheimagesizeinMb?

33

Sampling and Quantization

The basic idea behind converting an analog signal to


its digital signal is to convert both of its axis (x, y)
into a digital format.

Sampling: Digitizing coordinate values


Quantization: Digitizing Amplitude values

34

Sampling and Quantization


Sampling:related to coordinates values
(Nyquist frequency)
Quantization:related to intensity values
0

75

75

75 128 128 128 128

75

75

75 128 128 128 255 255 255

75

75

75 200 200 200 255 255 255 200

128 128 128 200 200 255 255 200 200 200
128 128 128 255 255 200 200 200 75
175 175 175 225 225 225 75

75

75

75 100

175 175 100 100 100 225 225 75

75 100

75

75

75

35

35

35

35

35

35

35

35

35

35

75

75

75

75 100 100 100 200 200 200 200

35

Sampling and Quantization


a

(a) Continuous image


projected onto a sensor
array. (b) Result of image
sampling
and
quantization.

36

1024

512

256

128

64

32

37

Aliasing and moir patterns


Aliasing occurs when a signal is sampled at a less
than twice the highest frequency present in the
signal.

moirpattern

Properlysampledimage

Spatialaliasinginthe
formofamoirpattern

38

Relationship between Pixels


Neighbors of a pixel:
A pixel at coordinates (x, y) has 4 horizontal and
vertical neighbors whose coordinates are?
A1

A2

A3

A4

A5

A6

A7

A8

A9

This set of pixels are called the 4-neighbors of P, and


is denoted by .

39

Relationship between Pixels

The four diagonal neighbors of are given by,

A1

A2

A3

A4

A5

A6

A7

A8

A9

This set is denoted by .

40

Relationship between Pixels

The points and are together known as 8-neighbors


of the point , denoted by

Note: Some of the points in the , and may fall


outside image when lies on the border of image.

41

Neighbors of a Pixel

4-neighbors of a pixel are its


vertical and horizontal
neighbors denoted by
8-neighbors of a pixel are its
vertical, horizontal and 4
diagonal neighbors denoted
by

42

Adjacency
Two pixels are connected if they are neighbors
and their gray levels satisfy some specified
criterion of similarity.
For example, in a binary image two pixels are
connected if they are 4-neighbors and have
same value (0/1).

Types of Adjacency

43

Let V be set of gray levels values used to define


adjacency.

4-adjacency: Two pixels p and q with values from V are 4adjacent if q is in the set .
8-adjacency: Two pixels p and q with values from V are 8adjacent if q is in the set .
m-adjacency: Two pixels p and q with values from V are
m-adjacent if,

q is in
q is in and the set [ ] is empty
(has no pixels whose values are from V).

Types of Adjacency

44

Mixed adjacency is a modification of 8adjacency. It is introduced to eliminate the


ambiguities that often arise when 8-adjacency
is used.
For example:

45

Types of Adjacency
In this example, we can note that to connect between
two pixels (finding a path between two pixels):
In 8-adjacency way, you can find multiple paths
between two pixels
While, in m-adjacency, you can find only one path
between two pixels
So, m-adjacency has eliminated the multiple path
connection that has been generated by the 8adjacency.

Distance Measures

46

The Euclidean distance between two 2-D points ,


is defined by

City Block Distance ()

Chessboard distance ()

47

Distance Measures
Given pixels p, q and z with coordinates
(x, y), (s, t), (u, v) respectively,
the distance function D has following properties:
a.
[]
b.
c.

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