Instructor: Lichuan Gui: Measurements in Fluid Mechanics

Measurements in Fluid Mechanics
058:180 (ME:5180)
Time & Location: 2:30P - 3:20P MWF 3315 SC
Office Hours:
4:00P 5:00P MWF 223B-5 HL
Instructor: Lichuan Gui

lichuan-gui@uiowa.edu
Phone: 319-384-0594 (Lab), 319-400-5985 (Cell) http://
lcgui.net
www.lcgui.net
(download lectures from this website)
Lectures
- around 40 lectures in class room followed by discussions if
necessary
- lecture note available on web after each class (http://icon.uiowa.edu &
http://lcgui.net )
Homework
- homework problems assigned MWF, due FMW
- Paper version accepted in class, PDF/DOC files accepted by email
- late submission with legitimate reason, explained in
writing
Class project
- write computer program with Matlab (sample programs
provided)
- process digital particle image (PIV) recordings with algorithms
in class
rt atintroduced
the beginning
of PIV lectures (Matlab program practice & examples earlier)
- details may be discussed in the class or office hours
- presentation in class when the class lectures are
-completed
report include introduction, method description, program structure,
source code, and results.
Examinations
- two in-semester 50-minute and one final 120-minute
examinations
- closed
notes and books
- one-page formula sheet allowed.
Grading
The final course grade will be based on the total points earned during the
semester. The distribution of points is as follows:
Homework problems
Class project
Two in-semester exams
Final examination
TOTAL
25%
25%
12.5% each
25%
= 25
= 25
= 25
= 25
= 100 points
Text book
Measurement in Fluid Mechanics, Stavros Tavoularis, 2005,
Cambridge, 2005
Reference books
Particle Image Velocimetry, Raffelet. al., 2ndEdition, 2007, Springer
Particle Image Velocimetry, Adrian and Westerweel, 2011,
Cambridge
Flow Visualization, Wolfgang Merzkirch, 2nd Edition, 1987,
Academic
4
Lecture 1. Fluid properties and continuum hypothesis
easurements in Fluid Mechanics
Mechanics - the branch of physics concerned with the behavior of physical

bodies when subjected to forces or displacements, and the
subsequent effects of the bodies on their environment.
Fluid - fluids are easily deformation materials and take the shape of
any container
- fluids include liquids and gases
Liquids - relatively high density and difficult to change
volume
Gases - relatively low density and easily to change
volume
- tend to occupy the entire available volume of
their container
- fluids are composed of molecules that collide with one another and
solid objects.
ontinuum hypothesis
- the continuum assumption considers fluids to be continuous.
- fluid property values continuously distributed within volume
of
fluidvalues defined at an infinitely small fluid element i.e. a
- local
mathematical point
luid mechanics
- the study of fluids and the forces on them
- fluid mechanics can be divided into
fluid statics - the study of fluids at rest
fluid kinematics - the study of fluids in motion;
fluid dynamics - the study of the effect of forces on
fluid motion
experimental fluid dynamics (EFD)
computational fluid dynamics (CFD)
Measurement
- the process or the result of determining the ratio of a physical
quantity, such as
a length or a mass, to a unit of measurement, such as the meter
or the kilogram.
asurements in Fluid Mechanics
- Methods and techniques used in the process or for result
analysis of
determining force, motion and other physical quantities of
fluids
ernational System of Units (SI)
10
easurable fluid properties

Mass- quantity of material ( m )
SI unit: kilogram (kg), gram (g)
Volume
- quantity of space ( V )
Density
- mass per unit volume ( )
Specific volume
- volume divided by mass (v)
SI unit: cubic meter (m3), liter

(=0.001
m3) 3
SI unit: kg/m
SI unit: m3/kg
Force - any influence that causes a free

body
SI unit: newton
to undergo a change in speed, a
change
Body
force
- acts throughout the volume (N)
in direction, or a change in
- e.g. gravity and electromagnetic forces
shape ( F )
Surface force
- acts across an internal or external surface
element
- decomposed in to two perpendicular
components
Normal component (F )
Tangential or shear
component
s)
- force per(Funit
areaSI()
unit: pascal (Pa=1N/m2
A
Fs
n=Fn/A
Shear stress
s=Fs/A
11
Stress tensor
Normal stresses: 11 , 22 , 33
Shear stress: 12 , 13 , 21 , 23 , 31 , (
32
12 = 21 , 13 = 31 , 23 = 32)
External forces: F1 , F2 ,, Fn
Pressure - force per unit area applied in a direction perpendicular to the

surface
- average normal stress along any three orthogonal directions
- Symbol:
SI P
unit: pascal (Pa=1N/m2), bar (=105Pa)
Viscosity- resistance to deformation because of shear SI unit: Pas=kg/(sm)

stress (, )
Surface tension
- property of the surface of a liquid that SI unit: N/m
allows
it to resist an external force.
ndex of refraction
- a measure of the speed of light in substance
12
Temperature- quantitatively expresses the

common notions
of hot and cold ( T )
Energy- the ability a physical system has to do work
on other
physical systems ( E )
SI unit: kelvin (K)
Work - the amount of energy transferred by a

force acting
through a distance in the direction of the
force. ( W )
Heat - an energy transfer to the body in any
other way
than due to work performed on the body
(Q)
Power - the rate at which work is performed or
energy
is converted. ( P )
SI units: joule [J]
hermal conductivity
- material's ability to conduct heat ()
SI units: joule [J]
SI units: joule [J]
SI units: watt [W]
SI unit: W/(mK)
13
Heat flux- the rate of heat energy transfer through a

given surface
SI unit: W/m2
Heat capacity
- measurable physical quantity that characterizes SI unit: J/K
the amount
of heat required to change a substance's
temperature by a
given
amount.
( C )constant
Specific heat
capacity
under
SI unit: J/(kgK)
pressure ( CP )
Specific heat capacity under constant
volume ( CV )
nternal energy
- total energy contained by a thermodynamic
system ( U )
SI unit: J/(kgK)
SI unit: J
Enthalpy- total
(H) energy of a thermodynamic systemH=U+pV
Entropy ( S )- thermodynamic property that can be used to

determine
energy available for useful work in
dS=Q/T
14
Position
- Cartesian coordinate system (x, y, z)
P=xi+yj+zk
- Cylindrical coordinate system (, , z)

P=cosi+sinj+zk
- Spherical coordinate system (r, , )

P=rsincosi+rsinrsinj+rcosk
15
Displacement
- shortest distance from the initial to the final position of a point
(x, y, z)
P=xi+yj+zk
Velocity- the rate and direction of

change
in the position of an
object
V=P/t=x/ti+y/tj+z/tk
Acceleration
- rate of change of velocity over time
a=V/t=[V(t+t)-V(t)]/t
16
olume flow rate
Vn
Mass flow rate
Vorticity
- tendency for elements of the fluid to "spin."
Strain rate- rate of change in strain with respect to

time ( )
- length under applied

stress length
- original
v - speed of
17
ngular position ( )
ngular displacement ( )
SI unit: radian
ngular velocity ( ) =d/dt
2
/dt2
ngular acceleration ( =d/dt=d
)
Momentum- product of the mass and velocity of an

SI unit: kgm/s or Ns
object (P=mv).
ngular momentum
L=rP= rmv
SI unit: Nms or kgm2s1
Torque ( ) =rF
SI unit: Nm
18
Homework
- Read textbook 1.1-1.2 on page 3-5
-Questions and Problems: 1 and 2 on page 17
Provide definitions for the following measureable flow
properties:
angular momentum, entropy, thermal
conductivity, molecular diffusivity, and surface tension.
1.
2. List the established names for the SI units of force, pressure, energy, and
power
and their relationships to primary units. Also list the conversion factors of
these units
to corresponding units in the British gravitational system.
- Due on Friday, 08/24

- Send MS Word or PDF file to lichuan-gui@uiowa.edu
19

Instructor: Lichuan Gui: Measurements in Fluid Mechanics

Uploaded by

Instructor: Lichuan Gui: Measurements in Fluid Mechanics

Uploaded by

Measurements in Fluid Mechanics

4:00P 5:00P MWF 223B-5 HL

Instructor: Lichuan Gui

Lecture 1. Fluid properties and continuum hypothesis

easurements in Fluid Mechanics

Mechanics - the branch of physics concerned with the behavior of physical

easurements in Fluid Mechanics

easurements in Fluid Mechanics

ernational System of Units (SI)

easurements in Fluid Mechanics

ernational System of Units (SI)

easurements in Fluid Mechanics

ernational System of Units (SI)

easurable fluid properties

SI unit: kilogram (kg), gram (g)

SI unit: cubic meter (m3), liter

Force - any influence that causes a free

easurable fluid properties

Pressure - force per unit area applied in a direction perpendicular to the

Viscosity- resistance to deformation because of shear SI unit: Pas=kg/(sm)

easurable fluid properties

Temperature- quantitatively expresses the

SI unit: kelvin (K)

Work - the amount of energy transferred by a

SI units: joule [J]

SI units: joule [J]

SI units: joule [J]

SI units: watt [W]

easurable fluid properties

Heat flux- the rate of heat energy transfer through a

Entropy ( S )- thermodynamic property that can be used to

easurable fluid properties

- Cylindrical coordinate system (, , z)

- Spherical coordinate system (r, , )

easurable fluid properties

Velocity- the rate and direction of

easurable fluid properties

olume flow rate

Mass flow rate

Strain rate- rate of change in strain with respect to

- length under applied

easurable fluid properties

ngular velocity ( ) =d/dt

Momentum- product of the mass and velocity of an

- Due on Friday, 08/24

You might also like