Measurements & Measurement Systems

Measurements & Measurement
Systems
Methods of Measurement
Direct Method
Directly comparing against a standard
Indirect Method
Instruments
Physical means of determining quantities or variables
Provide information about the physical value of some variables
being measured
Elements of Instruments are
Detector
Intermediate Transfer Device
Indicator ,recorder or storage device
Three phases of instrument
Mechanical
Electrical
Slow and inaccurate

Slow
Electronic
Fast and accurate
Classification of Instruments
Absolute Instruments
Magnitude of the quantity of measurement in terms of physical

constants of the instrument
Tangent Galvanometer
Rayleigh Current Balance
Secondary Instruments
Quantity being measured can only be measured by observing

the output indicated by the instrument
Functions of Instruments
Indicating
Recording
Controlling
Elements of Generalized Measurement System

Primary Sensing element
Example
Primary sensing element
Presence of Magnetic field
Variable conversion element
Magnetic field to rotational

motion
Data Transmission element
Mechanical linkages
Variable Manipulation
element
Gearing
Data Presentation element
Pointer and Dial
Measurement System Performance

Static Characteristics
Accuracy
Sensitivity
Reproducibility
Drift
Static error
Dead zone
Dynamic Characteristics
Errors in Measurement
TRUE Value
Average of an infinite number of measured values when the

average deviation due to the contributing factor is zero
True value by Exemplar Method
Static Error
Agreement of the instrument reading with the true value

A = Am-At
A=error
Am is measured value of quantity
At is the true value
Static Error
Absolute static Error
0 = A
+/- 2A is negligible for 1000A but significant for 10A
Relative Static Error

Ratio of Absolute Static Error to True Value A/At
r = A/At= 0/At
At=Am/(1+ r)
Static Correction
C=At-Am=- A
Scale Range and Span

Scale Range
Difference between the largest and smallest reading of the

instrument
Xmax to Xmin
Span
Xmax-Xmin
Span and Range can be different
An Temperature Sensor with range 200C to 500C has a span of

300
Error Calibration Curve
Reproducibility
Degree of closeness with which a given value may be
repeatedly measured
DRIFT
Repeatability
Noise
A spurious current or voltage extraneous to the
current or voltage of interest in an electrical or

electronics circuit is called Noise
Signal to Noise Ration S/N
Signal power/Noise Power
Sources of Noise
Generated Noise
Conducted Noise
Radiated Noise
Accuracy
It is the closeness with which an instrument reading
approaches the true value of the quantity being

measured.
Point Accuracy
Accuracy as Percentage of Scale
Example
Thermometer with 500C range and +/- 0.5%

For 500C it is negligible (502.5 -497.5)
For 25C it is considerable (22.5-27.5) (err= 2.5/25 * 100)
Accuracy as Percentage of True Value
+/- of the True Value
Precision
Measure of the reproducibility of the measurements
Example: Accuracy
Who is more accurate when measuring a book that has a
true length of 17.0 cm?

A:
17.0 cm, 16.0 cm, 18.0 cm, 15.0 cm
B:
15.5 cm, 15.0 cm, 15.2 cm, 15.3 cm
Example: Precision
Who is more precise when measuring the same 17.0 cm book?
A:
17.0 cm, 16.0 cm, 18.0 cm, 15.0 cm
B:
15.5 cm, 15.0 cm, 15.2 cm, 15.3 cm
Significant Digits
The significant figures in a measurement include all
of the digits that are known, plus one last digit that is
estimated.
The numbers reported in a measurement are limited by the
measuring tool.
How many sig figs are there in a given measurement?
Measurement and Significant Figures

Every experimental
measurement has a
degree of uncertainty.
The volume, V, at right is
certain in the 10s place,
10mL<V<20mL
The 1s digit is also
certain, 17mL<V<18mL
A best guess is needed
for the tenths place
Uncertain Digit
Sensitivity
Ratio of the Magnitude of Output signal to Input
signal of the quantity being measured

Eg
Sensor gives output 1V for 1000units

For every change in unit we get 1 mV change
Linearity
Hystersis
Threshold
The minimum value for which the instrument does not change
the output.
Dead Time
The time required by a measurement system to begin to

respond to change in measurend
Resolution or Discrimation
The smallest change the instrument can detect
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Measurements & Measurement Systems

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Measurements & Measurement

Directly comparing against a standard

Three phases of instrument

Slow and inaccurate

Fast and accurate

Magnitude of the quantity of measurement in terms of physical

Quantity being measured can only be measured by observing

Elements of Generalized Measurement System

Presence of Magnetic field

Variable conversion element

Magnetic field to rotational

Data Transmission element

Data Presentation element

Pointer and Dial

Measurement System Performance

Average of an infinite number of measured values when the

Agreement of the instrument reading with the true value

Relative Static Error

Scale Range and Span

Difference between the largest and smallest reading of the

Span and Range can be different

An Temperature Sensor with range 200C to 500C has a span of

Error Calibration Curve

current or voltage of interest in an electrical or

Signal power/Noise Power

approaches the true value of the quantity being

Thermometer with 500C range and +/- 0.5%

Accuracy as Percentage of True Value

+/- of the True Value

true length of 17.0 cm?

How many sig figs are there in a given measurement?

Measurement and Significant Figures

signal of the quantity being measured

Sensor gives output 1V for 1000units

The time required by a measurement system to begin to

The smallest change the instrument can detect

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