Find the values of the ff.
1. 43
2. (3/2)3
3. (2/3)4
4. (0.5)3
5. (1/2)3
1
ANALYZE AND EXPLORE!!!!!!
Suppose that a bacterial culture is growing at a rate
such that after each hour the number of bacteria
doubles. It there were 1000 bacteria when the culture
started to grow, then after 1 hour the number of
bacteria will be 2000, after 2 hours there will be 4,000
and so on. The table below shows the number of
bacteria, y at the given time, x.
Number of Hours Number of Bacteria
0 1000
1 2000
2 4000
3 8000
4 16 000
2
Number of Hours Number of Bacteria
0 1000
1 2000
2 4000
3 8000
4 16 000
Observe from the table that the number of bacteria, y
at given time, x can be obtained using the formula.
y = 1000 (2)x
3
Exponential Functions and
Their Graphs
The exponential function f with base a is
defined by
f(x) = ax
where a > 0, a 1, and x is any real number.
For instance,
f(x) = 3x and g(x) = 0.5x
are exponential functions.
5
Definition of the Exponential Function
The exponential function f with base b is defined by
f (x) = bp or y = bp
Where b is a positive constant other than and p is any real number.
Here are some examples of exponential functions.
f (x) = 2p g(x) = 10p h(x) = 3p
Base is 2. Base is 10. Base is 3.
6
The value of f(x) = 3x when x = 2 is
f(2) = 32 = 9
The value of f(x) = 3x when x = 2 is
1
f(2) = 32 =
9
The value of g(x) = 0.5x when x = 4 is
g(4) = 0.54 = 0.0625
7
The graph of f(x) = ax, a > 1
y
Exponential
Growth
Function 4
Range: (0, )
(0, 1)
x
4
Horizontal Asymptote
y=0
Domain: (, )
8
The graph of f(x) = ax, 0 < a < 1
y
Exponential
Decay
4
Function Range: (0, )
(0, 1)
x
4
Horizontal Asymptote
y=0
Domain: (, )
9
Manual Graphing
Lets graph the following together:
f(x) = 2x
10
Example #1: Sketch the graph of f(x) = 2x.
x f(x) (x, f(x)) y
-2 (-2, ) 4
-1 (-1, )
2
0 1 (0, 1)
1 2 (1, 2) x
2 4 (2, 4) 2 2
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Manual Graphing
Lets graph the following together:
f(x) = 8x
12
Example #2: Sketch the graph of f(x) = 8x.
x f(x) (x, f(x)) 8
-1 1/8 (-1, 1/8) 4
-2/3 1/4 (-2/3, 1/4)
2
-1/3 (-1/3, )
0 1 (0, 1) x
1 8 (1, 8) 1 1
13
Manual Graphing
Lets graph the following together:
f(x) = ()x
14
Example #3: Sketch the graph of f(x) = ()x
x f(x) (x, f(x)) y
-2 4 (-2, 4) 4
-1 2 (-1,2)
2
0 1 (0, 1)
1 (1, ) x
2 (2, ) 2 2
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Paired Seatwork:
Sketch the graph of the following on your
paper at the same time, make a table of values
and note the trend
1. y = (1/3)x
2. y= 3x
3. y = 42x
16
Based from the examples, we observe the ff.
1. The exponential function is a one-to-one function
2. The domain consists of all real numbers.
3. The range consist of all positive real numbers
.4. The function is increasing (the curve is rising)
when b >1
5. The function is decreasing (the curve is failing)
when 0 < b < 1
6. The curve passes through (0,1)
7. The curve is asymptotic the horizontal axis
17
18
Transformations Involving Exponential Functions
Transformation Equation Description
Horizontal g(x) = bx+c Shiftsthe graph of f (x) = bx to the left c units if c > 0.
translation Shifts the graph of f (x) = bx to the right c units if c < 0.
Vertical stretching or g(x) = cbx Multiplying y-coordintates of f (x) = bx by c,
shrinking Stretches the graph of f (x) = bx if c > 1.
Shrinks the graph of f (x) = bx if 0 < c < 1.
Reflecting g(x) = -bx Reflectsthe graph of f (x) = bx about the x-axis.
g(x) = b-x Reflects the graph of f (x) = bx about the y-axis.
Vertical translation g(x) = bx+ c Shiftsthe graph of f (x) = bx upward c units if c > 0.
Shifts the graph of f (x) = bx downward c units if c < 0.
19
Example: Sketch the graph of g(x) = 2x 1. State the
domain and range.
The graph of this y f(x) = 2x
function is a vertical
translation of the 4
graph of f(x) = 2x
down one unit . 2
Domain: (, ) x
y = 1
Range: (1, )
20
Example: Sketch the graph of g(x) = 2-x. State the
domain and range.
The graph of this y f(x) = 2x
function is a
reflection the graph 4
of f(x) = 2x in the y-
axis.
Domain: (, ) x
2 2
Range: (0, )
21
Discuss these transformations
y = 2(x+1)
Left 1 unit
y = 2x + 2
Up 2 units
y = 2-x 2
Ry, then down 2 units
22
The graph of f(x) = ex
y
x f(x)
Natural
Exponential 6
-2 0.14
Function -1 0.38
4
0 1
2 1 2.72
2 7.39
x
2 2
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