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Tensor Analysis: Presented by

The document discusses tensor analysis and Christoffel symbols. It defines the first and second kind Christoffel symbols, and proves properties of Christoffel symbols including that the covariant derivative of the metric tensor gij equals the sum of two Christoffel symbols. It also covers the transformation laws of Christoffel symbols under coordinate transformations, and defines the covariant derivative of covariant and contravariant vectors.

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arun kumar
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69 views16 pages

Tensor Analysis: Presented by

The document discusses tensor analysis and Christoffel symbols. It defines the first and second kind Christoffel symbols, and proves properties of Christoffel symbols including that the covariant derivative of the metric tensor gij equals the sum of two Christoffel symbols. It also covers the transformation laws of Christoffel symbols under coordinate transformations, and defines the covariant derivative of covariant and contravariant vectors.

Uploaded by

arun kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
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TENSOR ANALYSIS

PRESENTED BY:
ATHIRA.R
M.TECH , CHEMICAL
RA1512012010004

1
CHRISTOFFEL SYMBOLS

First kind:

[ij,k] = ½[ð/ðxi(gjk)+ð/ðxj (gik) - ð/ðxk (gij) ]

Where gij are the components of the metric tensor.

Second kind:

{k

ij} =gkl [ij l] 2


 No summation is indicated in the christoffel symbol of
first kind.
 Summation is made to be overall in the christoffel
symbol of second kind.
 Christoffel symbols of both kinds are symmetric in the
indices I and j
[ij,k]=[ji,k]
{k
ij} ={k
ji} 3
PROBLEM 1

Prove that : ð/ðxk (gij ) = [ik,j]+[jk,i]

By defenition of christoffel symbol, we know that

[ik,j] = ½[ð/ðxi(gkj)+ð/ðxk (gij) - ð/ðxj (gik) ] …………..(1)

[jk,i] = ½[ð/ðxj(gki)+ð/ðxk (gji) - ð/ðxi (gjk) ] …………..(2)

Since gij is a symmetric tensor:


4
gij = gji

gjk = gkj

gki = gik

Hence by adding (1) and (2) we get the required result.

5
PROBLEM 2

Prove that ð/ðxk (gij )= -gjl {i -gim {j

lk} mk}

We know that, gij glj =ʆli

Diff. W.r.to xk , we get:

gijð/ðxk (glj ) + glj ð/ðxk (gij )= 0

Multiplying by glm and transposing , we get

glm glj ð/ðxk (gij )= - glm [gij ð/ðxk (glj )] 6


Or ʆmj ð/ðxk (gij ) = -glm {gij [lk,j]}- gij {glm [jk,l]}
= -glm {i - gij {m
lk} jk}
Interchanging m and j we get the required result.

7
TRANSFORMATION OF
CHRISTOFFEL SYMBOLS

Law of tranformation of christoffel symbol of first


kind:

Let [ij,k] which is a function of xi transform to [ij,k] in

another coordinate system xi :

[ij,k]= (ð2 xp /ð xi ð xj ) (ðxq / ð xk )gpq + (ðxp / ð xi )


(ðxq / ð xj ) (ðxr / ð xk )[pq,r]

8
Law of transformation of christoffel symbol of second
kind:
Let gkl [ij,l] transform to gkl[ij,k]:
{l = (ð2 xt /ð xi ð xj ) (ðxl / ð xt ) + (ðxp / ð xi )
ij} (ðxq / ð xj ) (ðxl / ð xt ){t
pq}

9
PROBLEM 3

Prove that: {i
ij} =ð/ðxi [log√g]
Let Gik be the cofactor of gik in g. So that:
g = gik Gik
Therefore ðg/ð gik = Gik
Also (ðg/ð xj ) = (ðg/ð gik )( ð gik /ð xj )
= Gik ( ð gik /ð xj )………………….(1)
We know that: gik = Gik /g…………………………(2)

10
Substituting (2) in (1)

(ðg/ð xj ) =g gik ( ð gik /ð xj )

1/g (ðg/ð xj ) = gik ( ð gik /ð xj )

ðlog g/ð xj = gik [jk,i]+ gik [ji,k]

={k + {i

jk} ji}

11
Hence {i

ij} =2 (ðlog g/ð xj )

= (ðlog√ g/ð xj )

12
COVARIANT DIFFERENTIATION
OF COVARIANT VECTOR

Let Ai and Ai be the components of a covariant vector


then (ð Ai /ð xj ) – Ai {l

ij} is a covariant tensor of


second order.This is called the covariant derivative of

Ai with respect to xj and is denoted by Ai,j.

13
COVARIANT DIFFERENTIATION
OF CONTRAVARIANT VECTOR
Let Ai and Ai be the components of contravariant vector in
the coordinate system Xi and Xi

(ð Ai /ð xj ) – Al {i

lj} is a mixed tensor of second order. This


is called the covariant derivative of Ai with respect to xj
and is denoted by Aij .

14
The covariant derivative of gij is zero.

15
16

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