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Exponential & Logarithmic Functions

This document provides information about exponential and logarithmic functions. It defines exponential functions as functions of the form f(x) = ax where a is a positive real number not equal to 1. It discusses the key properties of exponential functions including their graphs for cases where a > 1 and 0 < a < 1. The document also defines logarithmic functions, discusses their inverse relationship with exponential functions, and outlines several important properties of logarithms including product, quotient, and change of base rules. It provides examples of applications of exponential and logarithmic functions in fields like population growth, radioactive decay, and compound interest.

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Rahul Sankaran
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99 views

Exponential & Logarithmic Functions

This document provides information about exponential and logarithmic functions. It defines exponential functions as functions of the form f(x) = ax where a is a positive real number not equal to 1. It discusses the key properties of exponential functions including their graphs for cases where a > 1 and 0 < a < 1. The document also defines logarithmic functions, discusses their inverse relationship with exponential functions, and outlines several important properties of logarithms including product, quotient, and change of base rules. It provides examples of applications of exponential and logarithmic functions in fields like population growth, radioactive decay, and compound interest.

Uploaded by

Rahul Sankaran
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EXPONENTIAL &

LOGARITHMIC
FUNCTIONS
CLASS XI
• SAI PRIYANKA S • MANTHRAA M
• HARINI SIVARAM • HEMA PRIYADHARSHINI
• MADHUMITHA MANI • ADITI REDDY K
• SHWETHA SRI • SUPRAJA SRIKANTH
EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION
• If 𝑎 is a positive real number other than unity, then a
function that associates each 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 to 𝑎 𝑥 is called the
exponential function.
• In other words, a function 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 defined by 𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑎 𝑥 , where 𝑎 > 0 and 𝑎 ≠ 1 is called the exponential
function.
• We observe that the domain of an exponential function is
𝑅 the set of all real numbers −∞, ∞ and the range is the
set 0, ∞ as it attains only positive values.
• Graph of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 is identical to that of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑥 for
𝑎 > 1 and graph 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑥 is identical to that of
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑥 for 0 < 𝑎 < 1.
CASE 1: WHEN 𝑎 > 1 CASE 11: WHEN 0 < 𝑎 < 1

• We observe that the values of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑥 increase • In this case, the values of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑥 decrease with
as the values of 𝑥 increase. the increase in 𝑥 and 𝑦 > 0 for all 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅

< 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 < 0 > 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 < 0


• Also 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑥 ൞= 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 0 • Also 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑥 ൞= 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 0
> 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 > 0 < 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 > 0

• Thus the graph of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑥 for 𝑎 > 1 is as shown • Thus the graph of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑥 for 0 < 𝑎 < 1 is as shown
LAWS OF EXPONENTS
1. Product with same base 5. Quotient to a power
𝑥 𝑎 . 𝑥 𝑏 = 𝑥 𝑎+𝑏 𝑥 𝑎 𝑥𝑎
=
𝑦 𝑦𝑎
2. Power to power
6. Zero power
𝑥𝑎 𝑏 = 𝑥 𝑎𝑏
𝑥0 = 1
3. Quotient with same base
7. Negative power
𝑥𝑎
= 𝑥 𝑎−𝑏 1
𝑥𝑏 𝑥 −𝑎 =
𝑥𝑎
4. Product to a power
8. Quotient with negative power
(𝑥𝑦)𝑎 = 𝑥𝑎 . 𝑦𝑎
1
= 𝑥𝑎
𝑥 −𝑎
APPLICATIONS OF EXPONENTS
• Exponents are used in Computer Game Physics, pH and Richter Measuring Scales, Science, Engineering,
Economics,Accounting, Finance, and many other aspects of life. Here are a few examples
• Power of 2 exponents are the bases of all computing which is done in "Binary" or base 2 numbers.
• Money invested that earns interest on the interest follows exponential rate of growth to produce large
amounts of money.
• The World's Population is increasing in an exponential rate.
• During any spread of a disease the bacteria in our body multiply exponentially.
• Indirect example of using exponents is when we talk about extremely tiny or extremely big quantities. For
example, the term "nanometer" means 10−9 meter. The prefix "Nano" means the number 10−9 , which is an
extremely small decimal number (0.000000001).
• Or, within computer world we often hear about megabytes, gigabytes, and terabytes. "Mega" means 106 or
one million, "giga" means 109 , and "tera" means 1012 .
APPLICATIONS OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
• Unrestricted population growth: A population of size P 𝑡 doubles in size every d (for doubling period)
time units. 𝑃0 = P 0 the initial size at time 𝑡 = 0.
• Example: A population starts with 400 individuals and doubles every 5 years.
P 𝑡 = 𝑃0 . 2𝑡𝑙𝑑 P 𝑡 = 400 . 2𝑡𝑙5
• Radioactive decay: An amount A 𝑡 of a radioactive material decays by losing half of its mass every h (for
half-life) time units. 𝐴0 = A 0 the initial mass at time 𝑡 = 0.
• Example: An initial amount of 750g of a material with a half life of 12 days.

1 𝑡𝑙ℎ 1 𝑡𝑙12
𝐴 𝑡 = 𝐴0 . = 𝐴0 . 2−𝑡𝑙ℎ 𝐴 𝑡 = 750 . = 750 . 2−𝑡𝑙12
2 2

• Compound Interest: The amount of money 𝐴 𝑡 in a compound interest account from principal P, at
interest rate r (expressed as a decimal), compounded n times per year and invested for t years.
APPLICATIONS OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
• Example: Invest $600 at 6% compounded monthly.
𝑟 𝑛𝑡 .06 12𝑡
𝐴 𝑡 =𝑃 1+ 𝐴 𝑡 = 600 1 +
𝑛 12

• Continuously Compounded Interest: The amount of money 𝐴 𝑡 in a continuously compounded


interest account from principal P, at interest rate r (expressed as a decimal) invested for t years.
• Example: Invest $320 at 4.25% compounded continuously.
𝐴 𝑡 = 𝑃𝑒 𝑟𝑡 𝐴 𝑡 = 320𝑒 .0425𝑡
• Credit Card Interest: The balance due after a month containing d days with average daily balance 𝐵0 , at
interest rate r (expressed as a decimal).
• Example: Balance due after 31 days with an average daily balance of $870 at 19%.
𝑟 𝑑 .19 31
𝐵 = 𝐵0 1 + 𝐵 = 870 1 +
365 365
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION
• If two variables 𝑥 and 𝑦 are connected by the relation 𝑦 = log 𝑎 𝑥 where
the base is positive, then ‘𝑦’ is said to be logarithmic function of 𝑥.
• In other words, If 𝑎 > 0 and 𝑎 is not equal to 1, then the function defined
by 𝑓 𝑥 = log 𝑎 𝑥 , 𝑥 > 0 is called the logarithmic function.
• The logarithmic function and the exponential function are inverse
functions i.e. , log 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑦  𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑦 .
• The domain of the logarithmic function is the set of all non-negative real
numbers i.e. 0, ∞ and the range is the set 𝑅 of all real numbers
−∞, ∞ .
• The domain and range of logarithmic function are inverse of the domain
and range of the exponential function i.e. Domain of exponential function
= 𝑅, Range of logarithmic function = 0, ∞ and Domain of logarithmic
function = 0, ∞ Range of logarithmic function = 𝑅.
CASE 1: WHEN 𝑎 > 1 CASE 11: WHEN 0 < 𝑎 < 1

• We observe that the values of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 = log 𝑎 𝑥 • In this case, the values of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 = log 𝑎 𝑥 decrease
increase as the values of 𝑥 increase. with the increase in 𝑥 for all 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅

< 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 0 < 𝑥 < 1 > 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 0 < 𝑥 < 1


• Also 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑥 ൞= 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥=1 • Also 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑥 ൞= 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥=1
> 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥>1 < 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥>1

• Thus the graph of 𝑓 𝑥 = log 𝑎 𝑥 for 𝑎 > 1 is as shown • Thus the graph of 𝑓 𝑥 = log 𝑎 𝑥 for 0 < 𝑎 < 1 is as
shown
PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMS
1. Product Rule
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑀𝑁 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑀 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑁
2. The Quotient Rule
𝑀
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑀 - 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑁
𝑁

3. The Power Rule


𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑀𝑝 = 𝑝 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑀
4. Change of Base Rule
log 𝑀
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑀 =
log 𝑏

5. If 𝑀 = 𝑁, then 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑀 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑁 ,


𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑀 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑁 , then 𝑀 = 𝑁
APPLICATIONS OF LOGARITHMS
Logarithms can be used to talk about things that can be both tiny and gigantic, such as in
• earthquake magnitudes,
• noise levels in decibels, and
• acidity (pH).
• money growing with fixed interest rate,
• bacteria growing in a petri dish,
• radioactive decay, for example in Radiocarbon dating, and
• the sound made by a bell.
Logarithms can also be used in calculations by
• turning multiplication into addition.

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