National Safe Boating Council

Open Water
Boat Control
Timothy Delgado, courtesy of the Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection

STUDENT TRAINING MANUAL

First Edition — 2013
Acknowledgements

Development of a concise manual like the Open Water Boat Control Student Training Manual is
not an easy or quick endeavor. The team of National Safe Boating Council (NSBC) Instructors
who spearheaded this program’s development was guided by the design and methodology of the
Essentials of Close-Quarters Boat Control Manual and training program. The bar was set high
from that previous, successful work. I believe they have surpassed that prior effort.

Open Water Boat Control focuses on the set of critical skills needed by a boat operator to proceed
away from the comparative lower risk of protected water and venture into open water to open the
throttle and cruise safely and efficiently. Determination of the needed skill sets was not simple.
The authors’ approach to boat control on open water is combined with a solid understanding of boat
design, propulsion and environmental conditions that influence boat handling coupled with proper
decision-making for the novice boater. Each skill was studied, practiced, and observed with the goal
to create a logical, easy-to-follow learning progression.

I wish to acknowledge and thank the team of NSBC instructors and trainers who made this program
happen. Team leader Emily King (NSBC Training Director), Doug Golding, Betsy Woods and
Captain Jeff Gunn were the writers. They were assisted by some of the finest instructors in
the United States, including Captain Ed Huntsman, Captain Jim Battye and Cindy Bellar.
The significant contributions of these instructors have gone beyond those of subject matter experts.
Each has a deep dedication and commitment to safer and enjoyable boating. Their commitment
is seen in this new approach to instruction for on-water skills. I also thank Debbie Huntsman,
Designer/Illustrator; Ruthie Marlenée, Editor; Sheila Chappell, NSBC Office Manager; and
Fred Messmann, NSBC Deputy Director, who also helped to edit and proof the manual.

A special thanks to our Technical Grant Manager, Mr. Mike Baron, U.S. Coast Guard Headquarters
(Washington D.C.), and to the U.S. Coast Guard Boating Safety Division Office of Auxiliary
and Boating Safety for the administering grant support from the Sport Fish Restoration and Boating
Trust Fund, which funded development of the Open Water Boat Control Student Training Manual.
Finally, a huge thank you goes to the men and women of the Ohio Department of Natural Resources
Division of Watercraft, Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency, Connecticut Department of Energy
and Environmental Protection and the Arizona Fish and Game Department for support with on-
water sites and boats. Their contributions, feedback, and insight as pilot training agencies served to
greatly advance this program. We hope their contributions will be returned to them in the
advancement and refinement of safe boat operation in their areas of oversight and protection.

A special note: This manual is a working document and will be updated as the program grows and
technology changes to stay on the cutting edge of training. I am sure the individuals identified
above will insist on it! On behalf of boaters nationwide, thanks to each of you, and all others who
helped in producing the NSBC Open Water Boat Control program.

Virgil Chambers, Executive Director

National Safe Boating Council
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
BEFORE YOU BEGIN Arrows and Wakes in Graphics 1
Purpose 2
Student Prerequisites 2
Responsibility 2
Proper Lookout 2
A Message from the Safe Speed 2
Risk of Collision 3
Executive Director Action to Avoid Collision 3
This Open Water Boat Control Student Training Manual is the guide for the second segment of the Environmental Awareness 3
Equipment 3
National Safe Boating Council’s boat operator training program. Essentials of Close-Quarters Boat
Terminology 3
Control is the initial training that should be successfully completed before embarking on the skills
Disclaimer 3
and maneuvers discussed in this manual. It is not because the skills in the second segment are more
difficult, because they are not. It is because the close-quarters training provides the fundamental PERFORMANCE Basic Hull Design and Performance 4
knowledge of how a boat operates. These skills are carried out through this next phase under safe, Directional Thrust 4
competent boat operation and control. Pivot Point 4
Transition from Displacement to Planing Mode 5
In this second segment, the operator is out in the open water under calm conditions. An understanding Transition from Planing to Displacement Mode 5
of equipment, terminology, and basic operator preparedness is discussed and reviewed. The concepts Recognize Minimum Planing RPM 5
of safe operation are applied with the theoretical knowledge of boat control along with the TRIM Boat Trim 6
U.S. Inland Navigation Rules governing how one responds to other boats on the open water. Engine Trim 6
Trim Tabs 6
This training, unlike the Close-Quarters Boat Control, permits the student to operate beyond the
Porpoising 7
slow/idle speed. Wind and current still affect the boat’s operation and should be accounted for
Chine Walking 7
during some of the skills presented. Remember, the same principles apply as they did in
Close-Quarters Boat Control. New topics such as boat and engine trim, minimum planing TURNS Steering the Boat 8
revolutions per minute (RPM), maneuvers while on plane, avoidance turns and crossing wakes and Steering Straight on Plane 8
Gradual Turns on Plane 8
waves will be properly demonstrated and accomplished. When correctly practiced and applied,
Sharp Turns on Plane 9
the skills covered in this manual combined with those learned in the Essentials of Close-Quarters
Avoidance Turns 10
Boat Control will give you the basics for being a safe and responsible boat operator.
STOPS Stopping Under Control 11
Safe and enjoyable boating, Coasting Stop from Plane 11
Urgency Stop from Plane 12
Emergency Stop from Plane 12
Virgil Chambers BOAT HANDLING IN
Executive Director WAKES AND WAVES Crossing Wakes and Waves 13
National Safe Boating Council BOAT HANDLING
IN WIND Weathervane Effect 14
Ferrying and Ferry Angle in Wind 14
Holding Station in Wind 15
BOAT HANDLING
IN CURRENT Current Terms 16
Ferrying and Ferry Angle in Current 16
Holding Station in Current 17
EMERGENCIES AND
RESCUES Retrieving a Person from Overboard 18
Heavy Weather 19
GLOSSARY OF BOATING
TERMS AND PHRASES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Before You Begin
Arrows and Wakes in Graphics Wakes in graphics
Wakes provide further information on the boat state
Throttle revolutions per minute (RPM) setting and speed.
arrows in graphics

throttle at idle RPM

throttle at displacement RPM (above idle)

wake in displacement turning in displacement

boat in planing mode and throttle is being

reduced for maneuvers or turns

throttle at planing RPM

wake in plowing

Throttle direction setting arrows in graphics

Arrow(s) at the stern of the boat show(s) the direction
in which the propulsion and steering wheel are acting
on the stern. An arrow pointing aft indicates reverse wake in planing turning
gear; if pointing forward, forward gear. Arrows do (planing reducing RPM)
not indicate the direction the boat is moving because
engine(s) can be in reverse while a boat is making
headway. Absence of an arrow means neutral.

making neither headway or sternway

reverse gear forward gear

Wind arrows in graphics

WIND Arrows representing the wind
neutral direction are labeled as such and
show the direction of the wind’s
Steering direction setting arrows in graphics travel. The arrows always point
WIND
Arrow(s) at the stern of the boat also indicate(s) the downwind, to leeward.
propulsion and steering setting and turns as gradual or
sharp.

Current arrows in
graphics
gradual (wide) turn sharp (tight) turn
Arrows representing the
(in displacement) (in displacement)
direction of the current
in the water.

Ferry arrows in graphics

gradual turn sharp turn Arrows representing the ferry
(planing) (planing reducing RPM)
direction of the boat over the water.

1
INTRODUCTION TO OPEN WATER BOAT CONTROL
Purpose Responsibility Risk of Collision Terminology
This course is intended to train a boat operator to control Open bodies of water are gateways to various boating Every boat/vessel shall use all available means appropriate Descriptions of the skills in this course utilize a high
a boat in normal daytime, calm open water “cruising” activities, including cruising, water skiing, tubing, to the prevailing circumstances and conditions to determine if degree of accuracy in terminology. To prevent confusion,
situations. It builds upon the step-by-step skills the student PWCs, paddling, etc. Nothing will exonerate any vessel, risk of collision exists. If in doubt, such risk shall exist. the student must have a complete understanding of the
learned in the Essentials of Close-Quarters Boat Control operator, owner, master or crew from the consequences of terminology used throughout the text and on the water.
Course. This course provides instruction of basic boat complying with the U.S. Inland Navigation Rules, or of Action to Avoid Collision
control skills, primarily through hands-on training on the neglecting any required precaution by the ordinary practice The glossary provides many definitions of terms used
Any action taken to avoid collision shall be positive, made throughout the manual. Words shown in italic bold are
water with a certified instructor. It will enable the novice of seamen, or by the special circumstances of the case. in ample time and with due regard to good seamanship.
and even the experienced boater to gain confidence and to included in the glossary.
In complying with the rules, due regard shall be given to all Any alteration of course or speed shall be substantial to be
have safer and more enjoyable boating experiences. readily apparent to another boat/vessel observing visually The following is a review of terms from the Essentials of
dangers of navigation and collision and to any special
The goal of this manual is to introduce the basic boat circumstances, including the limits of the vessels involved, or by radar. Action taken shall result in passing at a safe Close-Quarters Boat Control that will also be used in this
handling concepts along with terminology to augment and which may make a departure from these rules necessary to distance. If necessary to avoid collision, a boat/vessel shall course. The following terms describe the gear that the boat
reinforce the on-water training. The student boater can avoid immediate danger. slacken speed, stop or reverse. is in, not necessarily the direction of movement for the boat.
study this information prior to actual instruction. This Forward in forward gear
manual can also be used on the water to clarify instruction Proper Lookout Environmental Awareness
Reverse in reverse gear
through its illustrations. This manual is not intended to Every boat shall, at all times, maintain a proper look-out by Fun on the water depends on weather and water conditions.
Neutral out of gear
teach skills without the assistance of an instructor. sight and hearing as well as by all available means A boater learns through experiences to observe the changes
Headway moving forward through the water
appropriate in the prevailing circumstances and conditions in the wind, clouds, waves and current. As skills progress,
The best way to learn boat control is through instruction, Sternway moving backward through the water
so as to make a full appraisal of the situation and the risk the boater will be able to handle more challenging
study and actual hands-on experience. This course will conditions. A boater always needs to be aware of any
provide the step-by-step skills and then have you, the of collision. Below are more terms used throughout this course.
changing conditions.
student, apply them to actual maneuvers. First, the skills This skill involves a constant awareness of other boats
will be conducted in displacement mode. As student This course is to be conducted during daylight hours in Heading the direction the boat is traveling
and potential hazards in the environment. The operator
proficiency is developed, the skills will then be performed must continuously make 360 degree scans of the area and normal, calm conditions, as well as in light-to-gentle Maximum Displacement RPM
in planing mode. Each boat is different, so part of the pay most attention in the direction the boat is travelling. breeze conditions. Water conditions should be preferably the upper end of displacement mode. It is the
exploration will be to find the boat’s ideal cruising speed This monitoring of boats, hazards, water conditions and calm but depending on the boat and students, the training point just before the bow starts to rise slightly
for the skills in this course. This ideal cruising speed is weather is called situational awareness. The student may be conducted in choppy conditions. and begins plowing.
when the boat levels off on plane and speed begins to shall maintain this situational awareness and constantly
Equipment Minimum Planing RPM
increase. The throttle must be reduced to reach the cruising evaluate all contacts to ensure risk of collision does not the lower end of planing mode. It is the point
speed. If the throttle is reduced too much, the boat will lose occur. This is necessary as our boat or other boats may Boats to be used in this course must be wheel-steered, just on plane when the boat levels off and
speed and the bow will rise. The point on plane where the change course and/or speed at any time that shall require stern-drive (I/O) or outboard powered, with either single before speed increases. The throttle must be
bow levels off and before it increases speed will be called the student to take action to avoid collision. This action is or twin engines, and ideally of center-console design. reduced to maintain this desired speed. If the
the minimum planing RPM for this training course. For a determination of whether our boat is the stand-on or The boat should be in the range of 18–26 feet in length. throttle is reduced too much, the boat will lose
this training course, the skills will be performed at the give-way vessel. This skill is an ongoing process from The boat needs to have enough seating and standing area speed, the bow will rise, and the boat will have
minimum planing RPM — no faster. beginning to the end of the voyage. for a minimum of four students and one instructor when missed the desired speed, and may return to
underway. The boat should have an engine stop lanyard plowing mode.
Student Prerequisites Safe Speed or an emergency stop switch.
Students must have completed a National Safe Boating Boating varies during the different days of the week with Disclaimer
Council (NSBC) Essentials of Close-Quarters Boat Control Gear shifting and throttle functions should be combined in
the number of boats on the waterway, daytime versus one lever for each engine. All of the boat’s mechanical This course and text use certain techniques to keep the
Course prior to this training course. They must also have nighttime, the presence of background light at night,
completed a National Association of State Boating Law systems must be working properly. Trim tabs and engine(s) novice safe while skill and experience are gained. To a
visibility including fog, calm versus waves, the stopping position(s) will be taught in the course as applicable. degree, the techniques are subjective, due in part to the
Administrators (NASBLA)-approved basic boating safety and turning abilities of your boat, and the draft in relation to
course as well as meet the legal requirements of the state wide range of factors influencing boat handling. Boat
the depth of the water. All these factors must be taken into design is a major factor. Discovering how a specific
where the course is being conducted. account in determining a safe speed. Even during the boat performs can only be accomplished on the water.
Students must have a good theoretical knowledge of basic course, minimum planning RPM may be too fast for the Therefore, a disclaimer is warranted. This content cannot
boating practices. The U.S. Inland Navigation Rules will current conditions. Adjustments will be made for each boat guarantee a positive outcome; thus it carries no warranty,
be complied with at all times and students will apply the to proceed at a safe speed so that it can take proper and expressed or implied.
Steering and Sailing Rules as they meet boats throughout effective action to avoid collision and be stopped within a
this training course. They will also need to be familiar with distance appropriate to the prevailing circumstances and
aids to navigation and adhere to the meaning and conditions.
regulatory instructions of these aids.
2 3
Performance
Basic Hull Design and Performance Transition From
Boat hulls have many different designs and are usually built As the stern moves to the left, the bow then turns to the right The pivot point may move aft as a boat transitions from Planing to Displacement Mode
for a specific purpose or type of operation. These hull types with the stern swinging rapidly to the left, and the bow displacement speed to planing speed. As the boat comes When it is time to come down off plane back to
include displacement hulls, semi-displacement hulls and moving much slower to the right. It is best to monitor the onto a plane, as much as one third of the forward hull may displacement mode, announce loud enough for all to hear
planing hulls. Displacement hulls are large hulls with a lot amount of your turn by observing the stern movement. ride above the water and the pivot point may be as far back “coming down.” With one hand on the wheel and the
of draft and are designed for slow speeds and carrying large as the middle of the boat on center line. At high speed, other on the throttle, reduce throttle slowly and smoothly
loads for cargo or passengers. It takes a smaller engine or In reverse gear, the stern is pulled to the right or left. the combination of directed thrust and a lot of rudder effect while steering straight. The boat will lose speed, the
engines to power it up to its maximum speed, usually no In reverse, directional thrust is not as powerful as forward from the lower unit can cause a lot of turning inertia and the bow will begin to rise and the stern will drop. Continue to
greater than ten to fifteen knots. because of the inefficiency of the propeller in reverse. boat may slide sideways. If this happens, slow down. reduce speed until you have reached idle speed while
That being said, directed thrust in reverse does pull the stern Trimming the boat by adjusting load or using trim tabs maintaining bow control. The stern will rise as the stern
This manual is designed to address the characteristics and in the desired direction much more efficiently than an may also have an effect on the pivot point. Take your time wave passes under the boat from stern to bow. The boat
operation of planing hull boats. Planing hulls are designed inboard powered boat. in getting the feel of your boat. Don’t use any more speed has now resumed displacement mode. Do not slow down
with a flatter bottom with a vee forward. With sufficient or turn of the wheel than necessary. While underway,
If we want to back to the right, turn the wheel right and shift too quickly as there will be rapid deceleration and the stern
power and at a fast speed, the hull will ride up or plane observe proper seamanship and safety at all times.
into reverse. The directed thrust of the propeller in reverse wake may cause flooding by coming over low transoms.
on the water. Planing hulls need a lot of power and speed
will pull the stern to the right. The stern will move slowly to
to get the boat up out of the water and on plane. Semi-
the right, but be aware of the rapid swing of the bow to the
Transition From Recognize Minimum Planing RPM
displacement hulls are a combination of the displacement
left. Keep it in control. Displacement to Planing Mode For most planing boats, the ideal cruising speed for optimum
and planing hulls, and can make better speed than a
displacement hull but will never plane. Handling a planing hull in displacement mode requires fuel efficiency and comfort is just above the point where
The increased efficiency and relative ease of maneuvering
minimal throttle to power the boat forward. When it is time the boat levels out on plane. Boat engine(s) and trim tabs are
All boats, regardless of hull design, are in displacement using directed thrust from an outboard or I/O has attributed to
to transition from displacement to planing mode, ensure the adjusted to find that smooth and comfortable ride, if
mode at slow speeds. The Close-Quarters Boat Control the overwhelming popularity of these engines instead of the
boat and all occupants are ready for the increase in speed. applicable. Speed is also dependent on the environment and
course covered all skills in displacement mode. This Open old straight inboard engine with a fixed prop and rudder.
Announce “coming up” so all can hear and “hold on.” weather conditions. Cruising speed will need to be adjusted
Water course will cover both displacement and planing and while assessing factors such as boat traffic, visibility, wind,
Pivot Point Situational awareness must be maintained at all times while
the transition to and from each mode. current, hazards, etc. For the purposes of this course, the
underway. With one hand on the wheel and one
As a boat turns, it pivots on its axis which NSBC uses the term minimum planing RPM for the highest
hand on the throttle, increase power briskly and smoothly
Directional Thrust will be located along the centerline
while steering straight. If too much power is applied and speed that students will be learning and performing the skills
In the Open Water course, we will be using boats which are of the boat somewhere between the without adjusting motor trim or trim tabs. Engine trim and trim
the propeller cavitates, slow down and try again. As power
powered by outboard engines or inboard/outboard (I/O) bow and stern. The pivot point tabs’ adjustments will be learned later on in the course.
increases, the bow will rise as the hull attempts to climb
engines for propulsion. In a conventional inboard powered location will vary in boats The minimum planing RPM is the moment when the boat
over the bow wave. As the boat enters planing mode,
boat, the propeller is fixed on the shaft and relies on rudder depending on hull design, levels out on plane and the throttle is reduced until just before
the speed will increase and the boat will level out. The
action to turn the boat. On an outboard or I/O, the propeller is trim, water conditions the boat starts to return to plowing and displacement mode.
throttle may now be reduced to bring the boat to its desired
mounted on the bottom of the lower unit. The entire outboard and boat speed. When a The throttle is increased just enough to keep the boat on level
cruising speed. If the throttle is reduced too much, the boat
or the lower unit of an I/O swings right or left as the steering boat is in forward gear plane. This speed is the lower end of planing mode.
will lose speed and the bow will begin to rise, plowing
wheel is turned. The lower units of outboards and I/O’s are and making headway,
through the water. Speed will need to be increased again to
designed as foils and act as rudders helping to turn the boat. or moving ahead, the
get back to planing speed.
When all power is taken off and the boat is in neutral, the boat typical pivot point is
will maintain steering by rudder control as long as there is about one third back
residual headway or sternway. from the bow.

The big advantage of directed thrust is the high-pressure When in reverse gear and having sternway, the pivot point
discharge current directed to one side of the boat pushing the moves aft to a spot somewhere one third to one quarter from
stern of the boat into a turn with much greater efficiency. the stern. As the boat turns around the pivot point in
This directed thrust provides extremely effective directional forward gear, the stern travels more quickly and in a much
larger radius than the bow. It is advisable to watch the stern Displacement mode Plowing mode Planing mode
control when powering ahead or astern. With the wheel
centered and in forward gear, the boat will steer straight as the boat progresses through the turn. In reverse, the pivot
because the directed thrust is aimed straight astern. As the point moves well aft as the directed thrust pulls the stern
wheel is turned in forward gear, the stern is pushed to the either right or left. Keep a sharp eye on the bow as it will
right or left as a result of the thrust being directed in either swing quickly and can easily get out of control.
direction. If you want to make a right turn, turn the wheel to
the right. The lower unit angles towards the right side of the
transom and the directed thrust pushes the stern to the left.

4 5
Trim
Boat Trim
The safe and efficient operation of a boat requires that pitch when it is all the way down. While the boat is being Trim tabs and engine trim/tilt are great tools in helping to flatter aft section of the hull with only a small part of the hull
the boat be in balance or boat trim. Trim means that as operated in slow speed, displacement mode, the trim keep your boat balanced, efficient and, most of all, safe. in the water. In this situation, the boat is very sensitive to
the boat sits in the water, it is level from bow to stern and should be all the way down or trimmed in. You may want Using one system or both together is unique to the boat steering and a small turn of the wheel will have a quick and
side-to-side. The boat will not operate efficiently and may to consider raising the engine or trimming out if the water on which it is installed. Thorough training and practice is sharp response to a change in the boat’s direction.
be unsafe if the bow or stern is too low, or if the boat lists is very shallow, but be sure to lower the unit, or trim in needed to learn the operation and effects these systems As speed increases, the boat may start a rhythmical roll
to one side. A boat sitting in the water with its load of before increasing the throttle. have on that particular boat. Remember, boat loading, from side-to-side (chine-to-chine).
fuel and installed equipment is designed to be in trim. weight and sea conditions will have an ever-changing effect
As people, supplies and gear are loaded, the boat may When you are in open water and it is safe to increase speed on how boats handle, and how they need to be trimmed. It The operator’s reaction is to quickly steer the boat back
become unlevel, or “out of trim.” Before departing, all the and go up onto plane, follow the directions of going up is important to understand these tools, and use them to to its original heading. The boat may get very difficult
gear and supplies must be evenly distributed and properly onto plane as described in this manual. Keeping your your advantage. to steer as it swings back and forth and rolls from side-
stowed to ensure the boat regains trim. engine trimmed in will bring the boat onto plane quicker, to-side causing loss of control, and possibly spinning out
especially with a heavy load. Keeping trimmed in will also into a capsize. This veering back and forth is called chine
Passengers and crew may need to be moved around to a give a softer ride in choppy waters because the bow is walking. The boat may roll or fall off to one side away
comfortable and safe place to balance the boat to ensure trim down and the vee hull in the bow cuts the chop. Once you from its original balanced position. If the turn and roll is
and stability. Passengers shall not be seated in a dangerous are on plane at your desired speed and the water is calm, you severe enough, the boat may slide and list to the outside
place such as bow or gunwale riding to achieve trim. Other may raise or trim out the engine using the tilt/ trim switch. of the turn and expose the chine to the water resulting in
weight should be moved instead. This process needs to The bow will rise and the RPM’s will increase until a violent deceleration to that side of the boat. The sudden
be monitored during the trip and adjusted as necessary to the boat finds its most efficient trim angle. Trimming out too sliding out of control or rapid deceleration from catching
ensure trim is maintained. As fuel is burned and food and much will cause the bow to rise excessively, and may cause Raised trim tabs Lowered trim tabs raise the
have little effect
a chine may result in ejecting passengers or the operator,
beverages are consumed, the load will lighten. Passengers the boat to bounce or porpoise. Further trimming out will stern and lower the bow
and possibly even tripping the boat and causing it to roll
will move around, so trimming the boat is an ongoing cause the RPM’s to drop and the propeller will cavitate. over and capsize.
process and must be maintained accordingly. The boat will lose speed, plow and go off plane. If this happens,
trim back in until the boat rides smoothly and efficiently. Porpoising Chine walking may be caused by sloppy helm control,
Engine Trim To review, when on plane, adjusting the propeller closer to the
Porpoising is a continual, rhythmic up and down bouncing choppy surface conditions, improper trim or too much play
Further trimming of the boat may also require raising and transom or trimming in, raises the transom and pushes the bow in the steering cables. Chine walking must be corrected
motion of the bow. It is not caused by wave action or
lowering the outboard engine or outdrive on an inboard/ down. Trimming out or adjusting the propeller away from the or stopped before it gets out of control and causes an
choppy seas. It is a result of trimming out your outboard
outboard engine. Engine trim is the angle of the motor in transom, lowers the stern and raises the bow. accident. Methods to stop chine walking are making slow,
or lower unit raising the bow too high. The lower unit
relation to the hull. The ideal trim angle is the one in which should be lowered back down or trimmed in, which will continuous, properly timed steering corrections. If that
the boat rides level, with most of the hull on the surface Trim Tabs doesn’t work, then slow down gradually, never rapidly;
lower the bow and stop the bouncing. The trim tabs may
instead of plowing through the water. The optimal trim In addition to the engine or lower unit trim/tilt function for also be used to lower the bow to stop porpoising. It may or try trimming the boat using engine tilt/trim or trim tabs.
setting will vary depending on many factors including trimming the boat, trim tabs are another method of fine also be corrected by proper trimming of the passengers and Have your mechanic check to see if the steering cables are
speed, hull design, weight and balance, and conditions on tuning the trim and ride of a boat. They provide lift in order gear in the boat, ensuring good balance and stability. This tight. Slack in cables or low hydraulic steering fluid may
the water (wind and waves). to compensate for changes in speed, weight distribution and trimming of the boat by moving passengers and gear cause sloppy steering resulting in poor wheel control.
water conditions. Trim tabs are stainless steel flaps or planes should be completed before getting underway and should
Most boats have a tilt/trim switch used to raise and lower that are mounted on the transom. The tabs are adjusted up In this course, we will operate at minimum planing RPM
be observed and corrected throughout the trip.
the engine or outdrive. The tilt function is a small electric and down by a hydraulic power unit which is controlled from and chine walking should not be a problem. However,
or hydraulic motor which raises the engine up out of the two switches at the boat’s helm console. please know, at higher speeds most boats are prone to chine
water, or lowers the engine into the water. This enables the Chine Walking walking and can quickly cause a dangerous situation.
engine to be moved up or down for servicing or taking the In the up position, the tabs are in line with the bottom of A chine is the edge of the boat’s hull where the sides meet
boat out of the water. Once the engine is lowered into the the hull and have little or no effect. When the tabs are the bottom of the boat. When a boat is operating at a fast
water with the tilt/trim switch, it should be actuated until lowered, the water pressure on the tabs’ surface creates speed in planing mode, much of the forward part of the hull
the lower unit is all the way down into the lowered upward pressure. This raises the stern and lowers the bow. may be out of the water. The boat is actually riding on the
position. The sound of the electric motor will change in This results in better speed with lower RPM and increased
fuel efficiency. Trim tabs will also trim out the boat both
fore-and-aft and side-to-side. The tabs may be used to
correct a small list on either side. If the port side is higher
because of a heavier load on the starboard side, the port
side may be lowered by extending the starboard trim tab.
This is a nice feature to help trim the boat side-to-side,
but the prudent skipper should redistribute weight within
Level In Out
the boat to keep the boat balanced and in trim.

6 7
Turns
Steering The Boat Gradual Turns Steps are: (graphic on previous page) Sharp Turns Steps are:
• Steering straight on plane at a distant object. • Steering straight on plane at a distant object. Select another
Steering a boat is drastically different than back to center to straighten out for steering straight (as shown Select another distant object about 30 degrees off the bow distant object about 30 degrees off the bow. Using dead
steering a car. This is quite evident when Distant in graphic on the left). While steering straight, keep your or using dead ahead as 12:00 according to a clock. ahead as 12:00 according to the hands of a clock, a 30
watching a new boater trying to operate Object focus on your distant object while keeping a proper lookout A 30 degree change is 11:00 to port or 1:00 to starboard degree change is 11:00 to port or 1:00 to starboard;
a boat. The natural reaction is to treat the boat all around and with occasional glances to the gauges. according to the hands of a clock; • Perform a proper lookout and ensure all is clear, ready
like a car which steers from the front, with the Continue practicing by aiming for different distant objects. • Perform a proper lookout and ensure all is clear, ready passengers, announce “turning,” reduce the throttle
back following through the turn. The boater While practicing, occasionally take the boat intentionally passengers, announce “turning” and then steer gradually (if needed) and then steer quickly to aim at the new target.
may soon realize that the stern is swinging off course by turning the wheel slightly toward port (left) or to aim at the new target. Steer straight at the new target; Return to minimum planing RPM and steer straight at the
out of control and impacting piers, and other starboard (right), and then straighten out again on your • Perform proper lookout and ensure all is clear. Announce new target;
boats. A good example of this is when the object. With practice, any tendency to over-steer will “turning” and steer gradually back to previous target
rear of a car slides while turning on ice. With diminish. making a 30 degree turn in the opposite direction;
a little training, the operator learns that a boat • As proficiency is developed, repeat sequence to 60
actually steers from the stern. degree turns, which is a course change to port of 10:00
This topic is briefly covered in the Essentials Distant Object Distant Object Distant Object Distant Object
Dead Ahead 60° off the bow according to a clock or to starboard at 2:00. Then to 90 Dead Ahead 60° off the bow
of Close-Quarters Boat Control Student degrees, 120 degrees, 150 degrees and 180 degrees.
Training Manual.
Gradual turns are slow and wide and require minimal throttle
A boat is steered by using a rudder. adjustments. Steering should be smooth with little over or
The propeller generates a high-pressure under steering. The boat should not slide or cavitate during
discharge current which flows across the course alterations. Be sure to maintain a proper lookout
rudder. When the rudder is centered or throughout this maneuver. Practice doing turns both to the
amidships, the boat will steer straight. starboard and port all the way to 180 degree turns.
As the wheel is turned, the rudder also
turns deflecting the discharge current. Sharp Turns on Plane
This deflection causes the stern of the boat
It’s important to learn your boat’s handling and performance
to swing in the desired direction, turning
characteristics. Cavitation from too sharp and quick a turn can
the boat either right or left. The more the
result in loss of propulsion and control. You must maintain a
wheel is turned, the more the rudder is To perform a
firm grip on the steering wheel, position your feet shoulder
turned increasing rudder surface area for the gradual turn,
look all around you, width apart, brace yourself and adjust your balance to the
discharge current to push on, increasing the
checking that course momentum the boat will create.Announce to your passengers
tightness of the turn. As throttle is increased, is clear of boats to maintain a firm grip, brace and balance before attempting
the discharge current or thrust is also increased and hazards. Make
resulting in more water running across the Gradual sure all passengers
these maneuvers.
rudder, thereby increasing the speed of the turn. Turns on are ready. Announce Sharp turns may be used for many reasons such as avoiding an
“turning,” change obstruction in the water, or just to retrieve an object blown out of
This method has been used for centuries and Plane course and aim for
works for both power and sail boats. distant object.
the boat, such as a hat.A sharp turn would also be used to quickly
While operating return to a passenger who fell overboard. This will be discussed
Steer straight
on plane, there is toward the object. further in the man overboard (MOB) recovery section of this
Steering Straight on Plane minimal lag time manual. They may also be needed to make course adjustments To perform
While underway, observe proper seamanship to steering response. on a busy boat traffic day. Practice the turns by starting with your a sharp turn,
and safety at all times. Operating in open A boater will need to be wide gradual turns and make them tighter and tighter. ensure course
water on plane intensifies the boat’s response able to make gradual is clear of boats
When the turns become so sharp that the hull begins to slide or the and hazards and
to steering adjustments. The operator must turns to avoid other boats,
propeller starts to cavitate, then the limit of sharp turns has been all passengers are
be alert to any changes in heading that might objects or hazards on a lake. ready. Announce
require a quick response. The response must Small movements in steering reached and a decrease in the throttle must be applied to make the “turning,” reduce
be prompt and minimal. result in immediate action. turns sharper and more efficient. The turns may cause the boat to throttle if needed,
The faster the boat moves naturally decrease speed. The really sharp turns require a decrease change course and
With the left hand on wheel, steer straight. in the throttle by the operator to safely perform the task and once aim for distant object.
through the water, the greater As proficiency is
The right hand will be free to assist with the forces are on the propulsion the turn is complete, to increase the throttle back to minimum increased, gradually
steering and increase or decrease throttle as unit. Every boat is different, planing RPM. Both hands on the wheel may be needed to increase the sharpness
needed to maintain minimum planing RPM. so it is important to become complete this skill because of the plowing effect and the force of of the turns.
Keep the left hand in one place on the wheel familiar with the boat’s handling water against boat and propeller. The goal is to safely carve the
to determine how far to turn the wheel characteristics. turn without the boat sliding or cavitating.

8 9
Turns Stops
Stopping Under Control
• Perform proper lookout and ensure all is clear, ready This skill will be practiced slowly and only as the student gains We have learned that boats do not have brakes, just another • Shift into reverse idle speed to complete stop, and steer
passengers, announce “turning,” reduce the throttle proficiency will the maneuver be performed at minimum reason we don’t drive them like a car. All boats when to keep the bow straight;
(if needed) and steer quickly back to previous target planing RPM and closer to the floating object. Do not exceed underway gather momentum and that momentum may be • Use boater’s eye to determine the instant the boat is
making a 30 degree turn in the opposite direction; minimum planing RPM! hard to slow or stop depending on the hull design, draft, stopped and shift into neutral.
return to minimum planing RPM; speed and environmental conditions. A displacement hull
• As proficiency is developed, repeat sequence to 60 Avoidance Turn Steps are: pushes water which continuously wants to slow the boat;
degree turns — that is a course change to port at 10:00 • Steering straight at minimum planing RPM, an object however a large, heavy ship has a lot of momentum and
or to starboard at 2:00. Then to 90 degrees, 120 is observed dead ahead (floating object is placed by the may take a lot of power in reverse to stop. A large ship at
degrees, 150 degrees and 180 degrees. Be prepared to instructor — such as a small buoy or Type IV PFD); cruising speed may take up to seven miles to come to a
decrease the throttle at 90 degrees, 120 degrees, 150 • Determine if object is too close for a stopping maneuver; complete stop; you don’t want to get in its way!
degrees and 180 degrees to make these sharper turns • Perform a proper lookout and ensure all is
and then return to minimum planing RPM when new clear, announce to passengers to “hold on”; A small boat may be slowed or stopped by decreasing
heading has been attained. • Announce “turning” and swerve the bow to an throttle, shifting into neutral or even shifting into reverse and
approximate 45 degree turn away from the object when the adding throttle if necessary. A simple decrease in throttle To perform a coasting stop, announce
The pinwheel maneuver can be practiced by turning “coming down.”
boat is within 6 boat lengths from the object; may slow the boat’s headway enough for most situations. In
in large circles to the starboard or port at determined • When the boat has turned approximately 45 degrees away an urgency stop, we will have to stop all headway as quickly
minimum planing RPMs, and slowly making the circles from the object, immediately turn the wheel back towards as we can, shifting into reverse and using a good amount of
tighter and tighter. Decrease the throttle as needed. the object. This will swing the stern away from the object. throttle to affect our stop. If you need to slow or stop while
Do not change the speed at any time during this maneuver; in planing mode, just the action of coming off plane and
Figure 8s are another way to practice turns as well as • Practice this turn from both port and starboard directions; transitioning to displacement mode will quickly slow the
crossing waves and wakes. (Refer to crossing wakes and • As proficiency is gained, practice at closer distances. boat as it settles down into the water. Try to get into the Decrease the throttle to idle speed.
waves section in this manual.) mindset of using only as much power as needed to get the
job done.
Avoidance Turns
An avoidance turn is used when the boat operator sees an Coasting Stop from Plane
object or other hazard in the water dead ahead and must take This stop is a slow, comfortable easy stop when there is
action to miss this object. This action allows the boat to miss no urgency or reason to stop quickly. The most common Shift into neutral. Continue coasting
the object thus preventing a collision from occurring. situation for this stop is slowing down near a bend or several seconds keeping bow straight
until stern wave passes.
blind spot in a river or channel to wait on boating traffic or
This maneuver is a series of turns that prevents the boat from approaching a no wake zone. In this course, the coasting
hitting the object by moving the hull away from the object. To perform an avoidance turn, stop will be used when changing boat operators. While on
We must remember that when we turn the boat, the pivot point announce “hold on” then
“turning.”
plane and steering straight, reduce the throttle to idle speed
is forward and the stern swings away from the direction of the gradually and then shift into neutral. Allow the boat to coast,
turn. The action of this first turn away from the object will steer paying attention to how the boat reacts. The larger the boat
the bow away, but will swing the stern towards the object. Swerve the bow about 45° — the more distance is needed to stop. If heading into the Shift to reverse idle to complete stop.
away from the object.
wind or current, less distance is needed to stop.
Now, there is a good chance the object will be impacted by the
hull or worse yet, will be hit by the lower unit and prop. Immediately turn the wheel back Steering may be reduced or lost when decreasing the throttle
This action is typical of a novice boater thinking that he will just towards the object. This will too quickly. While coasting in neutral, steer straight with
turn away from the object. This first turn must immediately be swing the stern away. rudder effect only. Finish the maneuver with a standard stop.
followed up by an aggressive turn in the opposite direction
Use boater’s eye to assure boat has
which will shift the stern’s direction away from the object. Coasting Stop Steps are: (graphic on right) stopped. Shift into neutral.
The two turns should be about 45 degrees with the second turn • Steering straight in planing mode at minimum planing
following the first turn very quickly. The actual amount of RPM, perform a proper lookout and ensure all is clear;
wheel that should be turned is dependent on the steering system • Make sure passengers are ready, announce “coming
on that particular boat — how many turns the steering has lock down,” decrease the throttle to idle speed and then shift
to lock. This maneuver, if performed correctly, will prevent any into neutral;
contact with an object. When looking behind you, the wake • Continue coasting in neutral and keeping bow straight by
will look like you just did an “S” turn. steering with rudder effect only;

10 11
Stops
Urgency Stop from Plane
This stop is for stopping the boat more quickly than the Center the wheel and shift into reverse and increase the Emergency Stop Steps are: (graphic on bottom right, • Observe and avoid the stern wave by increasing throttle
coasting stop while still keeping the bow straight. The most throttle until stopped. Maintain bow control. (Be aware previous page) to allow wave to dissipate and safely pass underneath the
common situation for this stop may be when a hazard is in of stern wave.) Steering may be reduced or lost when • Steering straight at minimum planing RPM, an object is boat. Decrease throttle back to forward idle and then shift
the water dead ahead and boat traffic is on the side which decreasing the throttle too quickly. observed dead ahead; into neutral;
prevents steering around the hazard. While steering straight, • Perform a proper lookout and ensure all is clear; announce • Assess distance of the boat to the object;
quickly decrease the throttle to idle and then neutral. Urgency Stop Steps are: (graphic on bottom left) to passengers to “hold on”; • Practice this turn from both port and starboard;
• Steering straight in planing mode at minimum planing • Announce “turning and coming down” then turn the • As proficiency is gained, practice at closer distances.
It is important to avoid the stern wave from coming over the RPM, perform a proper lookout and ensure all is clear; bow sharply 90 degrees away from the object;
transom of the boat when you are quickly decreasing throttle • Make sure passengers are ready, announce “coming • Immediately decrease the throttle rapidly to forward idle.
to forward idle. Look behind the boat for the stern wave. If down,” quickly decrease the throttle to idle; Note: be sure to pay attention to decreasing the throttle
your transom is lower than the wave, increase throttle to • Watch the stern wave, add throttle as needed to avoid to avoid the potential of accidentally putting it into
allow the wave to dissipate before decreasing throttle the stern wave swamping the boat. When the stern neutral or reverse gear!
back to forward idle. When the stern wave has safely passed wave has safely passed, shift into neutral;
underneath the boat, shift into neutral and finish the stop. • Steering straight with rudder effect only, count to five;
Caution must be observed to ensure the stern wave passes • Shift into reverse and increase the throttle. Steer to
underneath the boat. If the transom is low, this wave could keep the bow straight; Boat Handling in Waves and Wakes
swamp the boat and may result in a stability issue, or at least • Use boater’s eye to determine the instant the boat is
stopped and shift into neutral. Crossing Wakes and Waves Steps to cross a large wake are: (graphic below)
wet feet. The stern wave may also cause the boat to surge
• Steering straight at minimum planing RPM,
forward and the boat may veer off course. Coast in neutral, A boat operator needs to be aware of waves created by boats a large wake is observed ahead;
steering straight with rudder effect only and count to five. Emergency Stop from Plane (wakes) and waves created by the wind. Gentle breezes • Perform a proper lookout and ensure all is clear,
An emergency stop is performed only when unexpected create ripples in the water. As winds get stronger, they will ready passengers and announce “wake”;
circumstances demand immediate action. This skill will be create small, closely spaced waves on small bodies of water • Steer to cross at a 45 degree angle and decrease throttle;
practiced slowly at first.As the student gains proficiency, commonly referred to as chop. As wind continues to get • When clear of wake(s), perform lookout and return to
the maneuver will be performed at minimum planing RPM stronger, waves will begin to crest or curl over. Learning how course and minimum planing RPMs.
and closer to the floating object. Do not exceed minimum to approach waves takes practice and experience.
planing RPM! At minimum planing RPM while steering Steps to cross small or moderate wakes are:
straight, an object is observed in the water. Turn the bow Operating in open water, a boat operator will encounter • Steering straight at minimum planing RPM,
To perform an urgency stop, announce sharply 90 degrees away from the object and immediately waves and wakes from other boats that vary in size. a moderate wake is observed ahead;
“coming down.” decrease the throttle to forward idle. Observe and avoid the Crossing wakes head-on or on the beam is not the best • Perform a proper lookout and ensure all is clear,
stern wave and then shift into neutral. Care should be taken practice for the boat or for passengers. Large yachts, barges ready passengers and announce “wake”;
while performing this maneuver — not only the risk of losing and commercial vessels typically produce a very large wake. • Steer to cross at a slight angle (less than 45 degrees) and
Quickly decrease the throttle to idle speed. steering control exists, but also the possibility of having the A boat operator must avoid crossing a large wake at a high adjust throttle if needed;
boat’s stern wave come over the transom, swamping the boat. rate of speed so as not to launch the boat into the air and put • When clear of wake(s), perform lookout and return to
all passengers and the boat in serious danger. course and minimum planing RPMs.
Watch the stern wave and
avoid before shifting into neutral.
To perform an emergency stop, announce
“hold on,” “turning” and “coming down.”
Turn the bow 90° away from the object.
Shift into neutral. Count to five.
Immediately decrease
throttle to
1 2 3 4 5 forward idle.

Shift to reverse and increase throttle.

Steer to keep bow straight. Watch the stern
wave and avoid
before shifting
into neutral.

To cross a large wake, ensure course is clear of boats and Reduce throttle. Adjust course to cross at a 45 degree
hazards. Ready passengers, announce “wake.” angle. When clear, return to course and speed.
Use boater’s eye to assure boat has stopped.
Shift into neutral.

12 13
Boat Handling in Wind
Weathervane Effect hold position (prevent leeway) and maintain an effective ferry Steps to ferry to port — stern-to-wind are: Steps to ferry to starboard — stern-to-wind are:
angle. The angle of the boat is very important. Too little angle (graphic below) (graphic below)
Wind pushes a drifting boat’s bow faster than the stern. causes the technique to be ineffective. Too much angle causes • Determine wind direction and use weathervane effect • Determine wind direction and use weathervane effect
The bow of a drifting boat will swing downwind while loss of steering control and becomes a leeway drift. to position the boat stern-to-wind; (This maneuver to position the boat stern-to-wind (maneuver should be
the stern will lie closer to the wind. This is called the should be started near a fixed object; the goal is to ferry started near a fixed object; the goal is to ferry to another
weathervane effect. Steps to ferry to starboard — bow-to-wind are: to another fixed object); fixed object);
(graphic bottom left) • Ferry to port: set the wheel to the left (angle the boat • Ferry to starboard: set the wheel to the right (angle the
As a boat drifts downwind, the boat’s drag through the • Determine wind direction and position the boat bow-to- between 30–45 degrees), shift into reverse; boat between 30–45 degrees), shift into reverse;
water slows it down. At the stern, the drag of the engine wind (near a fixed object and the goal is to ferry to another • Stay in reverse long enough to acquire the desired ferry • Stay in reverse long enough to acquire the desired ferry
(outdrive and prop) may cause the stern to drift more fixed object); angle with the wind slightly on the starboard side and angle with the wind slightly on the port side and steer to
slowly than the bow. Also, the stern is heavier than the bow • Ferry to starboard: set the wheel to the right (angle the boat steer to maintain the desired ferry angle; maintain the desired ferry angle;
and sits lower in the water. The bow has less to drag between 30-45 degrees), shift into forward; • Shift between reverse and neutral, staying in gear just • Shift between reverse and neutral, staying in gear just
through the water and, depending on hull design, may also • Stay in forward long enough to acquire the desired ferry long enough to offset leeway; long enough to offset leeway;
have greater windage. The wind, therefore, blows the bow angle with the wind slightly on the port side and steer to • Nearing fixed object to end sideways movement: • Nearing fixed object to end sideways movement:
more quickly than the stern. maintain the desired ferry angle; pull stern back into the wind using some wheel to the pull stern back into the wind using some wheel to the
• Shift between forward and neutral, staying in gear just long right, shift into reverse until stern-to-wind. left, shift into reverse until stern-to-wind.
When putting the stern to-the-wind, the weathervane effect enough to offset leeway;
assists. When putting the bow to-the-wind, you must work • Nearing fixed object to end sideways movement: steer bow
against the weathervane effect. back into the wind using some wheel to the left, shift into
forward until bow-to-wind.
It is important to note that in open water with waves, putting
the stern to the wind may cause waves to wash over the stern, Steps to ferry to port — bow-to-wind are:
swamping the boat. The amount of wind and waves a boat (graphic below)
can safely take on the stern will vary by boat design. • Determine wind direction and position the boat bow-to-
wind (near a fixed object and the goal is to ferry to another
Ferrying and Ferry Angle in Wind fixed object);
Ferrying is a technique that uses the wind (or current) as an • Ferry to port: set the wheel to the left (angle the boat WIND WIND WIND WIND

advantage to help move a boat sideways. Understanding the between 30-45 degrees), shift into forward;
forces involved in ferrying is important to avoid fighting • Stay in forward long enough to acquire the desired ferry Ferry to port — stern-to-wind: Ferry to starboard — stern-to-wind:
angle with the wind slightly on the starboard side and Maintain the desired ferry angle. Shift between reverse and Maintain the desired ferry angle. Shift between reverse and
against these forces. neutral, staying in gear long enough to offset leeway. neutral, staying in gear long enough to offset leeway.
steer to maintain the desired ferry angle;
Positioning a boat at an angle to the wind causes the wind • Shift between forward and neutral, staying in gear just
to hit the side of the boat. The resulting wind pressure long enough to offset leeway; The ferrying stern-to-wind skill should not be
• Nearing fixed object to end sideways movement: steer performed if waves are large enough to splash
(windage) on the side of the boat pushes the boat sideways.
bow back into the wind using some wheel to the right,
Holding Station in Wind
Wind on the port side pushes the boat to starboard, and wind aboard over the stern. This course presumes a
shift into forward until bow-to-wind. Holding station in the wind means staying in the same
on the starboard pushes the boat to port. Engines are used to larger boat with adequate freeboard astern, and
position over the bottom, despite what the wind is doing to
operating in calm to light breeze conditions.
the boat. This skill is basically the same as ferrying except
Any amount of water coming aboard over the
the intent is to avoid moving sideways while also avoiding
WIND WIND WIND WIND transom must be avoided. If this is occurring,
downwind movement. The challenge is to use ferrying
then the conditions of wind and waves are too
skills to keep the ferry angle so minimal that the boat does
great! Do not ferry stern-to-wind.
not inadvertently ferry off station.

Steps to holding station — bow-to-wind are:

(graphic on next page)
• Determine wind direction and position the boat
bow-to-wind;
• Hold station for several minutes maintaining boat
alignment with wind direction, avoid ferrying;
Ferry to starboard — bow-to-wind: Ferry to port — bow-to-wind: • Shift between forward and neutral, staying in gear just
Maintain the desired ferry angle. Shift between forward and Maintain the desired ferry angle. Shift between forward and long enough to allow steering to maintain course and
neutral, staying in gear long enough to maintain steering neutral, staying in gear long enough to maintain steering offset leeway;
and offset leeway. and offset leeway. • Maintain a proper lookout.

14 15
Boat Handling in Wind Boat Handling in Current
Holding Station in Current
Steps to holding station, stern-to-wind: Steps to ferry to port — bow-to-current are: Holding station in the current means staying in the same
(graphic on right) (graphic below) position over the bottom, despite what the current is doing
WIND WIND
• Determine wind direction and use weathervane effect to • Determine current direction and position the boat bow- to the boat. This skill is basically the same as ferrying
position the boat stern-to-wind; to-current (maneuver should be started near a fixed except the intent is to avoid moving sideways while also
• Hold station for several minutes maintaining boat object; the goal is to ferry to another fixed object); avoiding down-current movement. The challenge is to use
alignment with wind direction, avoid ferrying; • Ferry to port: set the wheel to the left (angle the boat up ferrying skills to keep the ferry angle so minimal that the
• Shift between reverse and neutral, staying in gear just to 30 degrees in strong current and up to 45 degrees in boat does not inadvertently ferry off station.
long enough to allow steering to maintain course and light current), shift into forward;
offset leeway; • Stay in forward long enough to acquire the desired Steps to holding station — bow-to-current are:
• Maintain a proper lookout. ferry angle with the current slightly on the starboard (graphic below)
side and steer to maintain the desired ferry angle; • Determine current direction and position the boat
The holding station, stern-to-wind skill should not be • Shift between forward and neutral, staying in gear just bow-to-current;
performed if waves are large enough to splash long enough to offset current; • Hold station for several minutes maintaining boat
aboard over the stern. This course presumes a larger • Nearing fixed object to end sideways movement: alignment with current direction, avoid ferrying;
boat with adequate freeboard astern, and operating in steer bow back into the current using some wheel to the • Shift between forward and neutral, staying in gear
calm to light breeze conditions. Any amount of water Holding station bow-to-wind: Holding station stern-to- right, shift into forward until bow-to-current. just long enough to offset current;
coming aboard over the transom must be avoided. shift between forward and wind: shift between reverse • Maintain a proper lookout.
If this is occurring, then the conditions of wind and neutral, staying in gear long and neutral, staying in
waves are too great! enough to allow steering and gear long enough to allow
offset leeway. steering and offset leeway.

Boat Handling in Current

Current is the flow of water. In a straight section of river, ferry angle with the current slightly on the port side and
the current is generally strongest where the water is deepest, steer to maintain the desired ferry angle;
and weakens toward the shore, as the bottom rises to impede • Shift between forward and neutral, staying in gear just
it. Near shore, weak countercurrents may flow. Current long enough to offset current;
strengthens where shorelines bottleneck (Venturi effect). • Nearing fixed object to end sideways movement:
steer bow back into the current using some wheel to the Warning: Holding station with your stern to five
left, shift into forward until bow-to-current. knots of current is just like backing up at five knots
Current Terms with no current. Most boat’s sterns are not designed
Set — the direction of a current’s flow to withstand the current piling up on their transom.
Drift — the speed of a current’s flow This piling up of water will cause flooding with
(one knot = one nautical mile per hour) possible swamping or capsizing. A boat’s bow is
designed to ride up and slice through waves and
Ferrying in Current currents. This makes bow-to-current ferrying and
holding station very easy to perform with better
Steps to ferry to starboard — bow-to-current are:
control.
(graphic on right)
• Determine current direction and position the boat bow-
to-current (maneuver should be started near a fixed
object; the goal is to ferry to another fixed object);
• Ferry to starboard: set the wheel to the right (angle the
boat up to 30 degrees in strong current and up to 45
degrees in light current), shift into forward;
• Stay in forward long enough to acquire the desired
16 17
Emergencies and Rescues
Retrieving a Person From Overboard
Being able to rescue yourself and others is a fundamental An active person is able to assist with getting back on board A passive or unconscious person is beyond the scope of this communications to call for help, like a marine VHF radio;
boating skill in any on-water program. The same should the boat. Various boarding systems can be used such as a training course because the operator or a crew member may not just a cell phone! Check that the distress signals, flares,
apply to on-water powerboating courses. Having the ladder, makeshift ladder or a line cleated at the bow and stern need to enter the water to assist the person. Additional are not expired and know how to use them. Is there an EPIRB
proper rescue equipment on board and practicing how to that reaches the water level where a person can walk up the training and equipment is needed to perform these types (Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacon) onboard?
use it is very important before any emergency occurs. line towards the bow of the boat. Assist the person as they of rescues. Summon help by issuing a MAYDAY call Have a means to let someone know there is trouble and help is
climb on board the boat. Retrieve the Type IV PFD. on channel 16 VHF radio or dial 911 on a cell phone needed. Be able to take the search out of search and rescue!
In the case of a person falling overboard, the priority is to depending on the location and body of water.
get the boat back to the person as quickly as possible. While approaching the person in the water, stay about 10 There are many times when boaters just get caught in a
Coordination among everyone on the boat is important to a feet away at idle speed. With calm to light wind changing weather pattern and it goes from bad to worse.
successful rescue. Someone shouts “man-overboard port, conditions, the boat can be pointed either bow-to-wind or Retrieving a person overboard steps are: What advice is there for them to survive the situation and
starboard or astern” while simultaneously throwing a stern-to-wind and holding station abeam to the person. (graphic on previous page) get to port safely? Many books have been written about
Type IV PFD to the person. Keeping a visual on the person Throw a line or reach with a boat pole to the active person. • Shout “man-overboard port, starboard or astern” this and it would be impossible to even begin to cover that
and pointing to the person in the water is a big aid to the When the active person makes good contact with the line or and throw a Type IV PFD to the person then point to in this brief manual. To start, make sure everyone’s life
boat operator. While all of these things are occurring, the pole, immediately shut off the engine(s) and pull the person the person in the water (these duties can be done by jacket is securely fitted!
boat operator calls out “hold on, turning,” decreases the to the boat. different crew members);
throttle and turns sharply toward the person in the water. • Simultaneously, the boat operator will perform Trim the boat by distributing weight to ensure stability.
A simple reduced speed turn to circle back to the person is proper lookout and if all is clear, ready passengers by Refer to the section in this manual covering boat trim.
the quickest and most reliable. announcing “turning” and decrease the throttle while Close and double check that all hatches, ports and vents
turning sharply toward the overboard person; are water tight. Keep the water on the outside. Check the
HOLD ON! ABEAM. • Approach the person 10 feet away at idle speed and bilges and pump them dry. Secure all equipment and gear
TURNING! STARBOARD.
hold station abeam to the person; in a safe place where it will not slide or fly around. Ensure
40’.
• Throw a line or reach with a pole to the person. all deck gear such as small boats, kayaks or anything else
When the person overboard has a firm grip on the line topside is tied down with no chance for movement.
or pole, shut off engine(s); Even the slightest bit of slack in a line will cause the
• Pull person to the boat while setting up boarding system; object to shift with the rolling and pitching of the boat.
• Assist the person onboard the boat. This uncontrolled movement will shock load the line or
MAN strap until it breaks and the object gets loose. This may
OVERBOARD! cause injury, extensive damage and may affect stability.
STARBOARD! Heavy Weather
The boat should always be ready for sea.
As a rule, a prudent mariner should check the weather for the
area prior to departure and periodically during the voyage. Every boat should have a good strong anchor that is
Trips should be postponed or canceled if the predicted sufficient for the size of the boat. It should be secured
weather and sea conditions are dangerous. The size, design to the deck or in a forward locker readily available for
and seaworthiness of the vessel should be determined deployment. The anchor should have a length of chain
if planning to venture out in spite of the weather. More attached (equal to or greater than the length of the boat), and
important is the training and experience of the crew and safety strong anchor line that is at least 7 to 10 times the depth of
of any passengers or guests. Brief the crew on the situation to the water, when practical. Practice anchoring, it’s an art!
prepare them for what is expected. Assign duties, keep them Don’t just drop and pray it won’t drag. A sea anchor is a
occupied and get as much rest as possible when not on watch. great device to help keep the boat in control if power is lost,
Restrict movement around the boat, especially outside. Rig as well as to position the boat’s bow to-the-wind and seas.
safety lines and harnesses for use on deck.
During bad weather, the simple and common sense rule in
GOT HIM. Know the boat and its equipment, especially its capabilities and boating is just don’t go! History has shown that boaters
10’. MOTOR OFF! limitations. Know where all equipment is and how to use it. sometimes don’t follow this basic concept, and go charging
Have the proper survival and lifesaving gear appropriate for the off to sea in conditions that a responsible boat operator has
5’. area and body of water. File a float plan. Have reliable no business being in. So, be smart, don’t depart!

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Glossary of Boating Terms and Phrases
Abeam — Beside the boat, out to one side. Engine Stop Lanyard — A safety switch or lanyard with Minimum Planing RPM — The lower end of planing Stand-On Vessel — The stand-on vessel shall maintain
one end attached to the operator while underway and the mode. It is the point just on plane when the boat levels off course and speed in order for the give-way vessel to
Avoidance (“S”) Turn — A series of turns used to other end connected to a switch mounted by the helm that and before speed increases. Throttle should be adjusted to properly predict its track and take the appropriate action to
avoid an object in the water directly ahead of you while activates the starting system. If the operator is ejected or maintain this desired speed. If throttle is reduced too much, avoid collision.
underway at minimum planing speed. When completed the switch becomes disconnected, the engine will shut off. the boat will lose speed and the bow will rise, returning to
correctly, the wake will resemble an “S.” NSBC training operations require a safety switch or plowing mode. Stern Wave — A vertical disturbance of water from
lanyard to be used while underway. the boat’s wake that is moving toward the stern. When
Boat Trim — The proper balance and stability of the boat MOB — Acronym for man overboard. stopping the boat, care must be taken to ensure this wave
when fully loaded with people and gear. Trim should be Ferry or Ferrying — A boating maneuver that allows does not come over the transom.
achieved by stowing all gear and placing passengers so the the boat to travel sideways without gaining headway or Pinwheel — A maneuver to discover the turning
boat sits naturally without listing to either side. The bow losing sternway. Angle the bow or stern of the boat into the capabilities of your boat. Begin the pinwheel at minimum Tilt/Trim Switch — A switch, at the helm, usually found
and stern should sit naturally, not too high or low. wind or current towards the direction desired. By applying planing RPM and make large gradual circles either on the engine shift handle which raises and lowers the
power and employing the correct angle to current or wind clockwise or counterclockwise. Each circle will be smaller outboard engine or lower unit on an inboard/outboard.
Cavitation — The sudden formation of tiny air or the boat will travel sideways. than the last circle. As the circles get smaller and smaller, This is used to raise the engine out of the water for
exhaust gas bubbles in the water caused by the rotation you will need to decrease RPMs to prevent sliding and servicing or to put the boat on a trailer. It may also be used
of the propeller resulting in a decrease in efficiency and Figure 8s — A maneuver to gain skill in making turns, cavitation. Stop the maneuver when the water gets too to trim the bow up or down for better trim and efficiency.
an increase in engine RPM. This may cause loss of, or a adjusting throttle and crossing waves and wakes. Begin the choppy, the engine cavitates or the turns are so tight the
significant reduction in propulsion and potential damage to figure 8 at minimum planing RPM and steer the boat into a gunnels are at the waterline. Transom — The horizontal panel at the back of the boat.
the prop. This is also known as ventilation. big shape of an “8.” Each figure 8 will be smaller than the
last “8.” As the “8s” get smaller, you will need to decrease Pivot Point — As a boat turns, it pivots on a specific Trim Tabs — Metal flaps or planes that are mounted on
Chine — The intersection of the hull where the sides meet throttle and adjust throttle to cross the wakes that you have point which is located along the centerline of the boat the transom, and are adjusted up and down by a switch at
the bottom. created and to prevent cavitation. Stop the maneuver when somewhere between the bow and stern. The pivot point the helm console. Trim tabs help trim the boat side-to-side
the water gets too choppy, the engine cavitates or the turns location will vary in boats depending on hull design, trim, or by bringing the bow down.
Chop or Choppy — Short, steep waves, making for a are so tight the gunnels are at the waterline. and water conditions and boat speed. When a boat is in
rough, uncomfortable ride. forward gear making headway, the typical pivot point is Venturi Effect —The phenomenon that occurs when a
Give-Way Vessel — The vessel that must take action in a about one third back from the bow. fluid is forced through a narrow section, resulting in a
COLREGS or Rules of the Road — A general term crossing or overtaking situation. The give-way vessel must pressure decrease and a velocity increase.
used for the regulations governing vessels used to prevent alter course and or speed to avoid a collision. Planing Mode or On Plane — When a boat reaches
collisions. The rules are officially called The International enough speed to overcome the bow wave and ride up on Wake — The track of disturbed water created by a moving
Regulations for the Prevention of Collisions at Sea Heading — The direction the boat is travelling, may be the water with much of the forward hull out of the water. boat.
(COLREGS) and the U.S. Inland Navigation Rules. They given in compass degrees.
include application, steering and sailing rules, lighting, and Weathervane effect — The tendency of the bow of a
sound signals. Helm — The boat’s wheel or other steering gear. A boat’s drifting boat to turn and point downwind.
steering station.
Displacement Mode — A vessel at stop or moving at slow
speed through the water with nearly all of the bottom of the Holding Station — A boating maneuver to keep the boat
hull in the water. stationary allowing the air and water to flow by it. By
applying enough power to counter the wind or current, the
Directed Thrust — A means of steering a boat by turning boat will remain in one place staying stationary.
to port or starboard and the discharge current created by
the propeller “thrusts” the boat in that direction. The high Inboard/Outboard — A combination design where the
pressure discharge current produced by the propeller is boat has the engine installed in the hull like an inboard
directed by turning the outboard engine or lower unit of an powered boat, and the drive unit outside the transom like
inboard/outboard with the steering wheel. This results in an outboard engine.
pushing the stern, quickly and effectively bringing the boat
into a turn. Leeway — The downwind drift of a boat through the
water. Sideways drift of a boat caused by the wind.
Emergency Stop — Designed to stop the boat quickly to
avoid hitting an object in the water directly ahead of the Maximum Displacement RPM — The engine RPM at
boat while underway at planing speed. When sighting the the upper end of displacement mode. It is the point just
object immediately ahead, turn sharply 90 degrees right or before the bow starts to rise and the boat begins plowing.
left, then quickly decrease the throttle to idle speed, then
neutral.
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© 2013 National Safe Boating Council