"Android Application Development"

PART I - Introduction
Background
 Software platform from Google and the Open
Handset Alliance
 July 2005, Google acquired Android, Inc.
 November 2007, Open Handset Alliance formed
to develop open standards for mobile devices
 October 2008, Android available as open
source
Open Handset Alliance (OHA)
included several companies
What is Android
 It is a open source software platform and operating system
for mobile devices
 Based on the Linux kernel
 Developed by Google and later the Open Handset Alliance
(OHA)
 Allows writing managed code in the Java language
 Android has its own virtual machine i.e. DVM(Dalvik Virtual
Machine),which is used for executing the android
application.
Versions
Why Android
 Android, the world's most popular mobile
platform
 Android powers hundreds of millions of mobile
devices in more than 190 countries around the
world.
 It's the largest installed base of any mobile platform
and growing fast.
 Android gives you a world-class platform for
creating apps and games for Android users
everywhere, as well as an open marketplace for
distributing to them instantly.
Why Android
 Global partnerships and large installed base
 Building on the contributions of the open-source Linux
community and more than 300 hardware, software, and
carrier partners, Android has rapidly become the fastest-
growing mobile OS
 Android’s openness has made it a favorite for consumers
and developers alike, driving strong growth in app
consumption.
 With its partners, Android is continuously pushing the
boundaries of hardware and software forward to bring new
capabilities to users and developers
 For developers, Android innovation lets you build
powerful, differentiated applications that use the latest
mobile technologies.
Why Android
 Powerful development framework
 Android gives you everything you need to build
best-in-class app experiences. It gives you a single
application model that lets you deploy your apps
broadly to hundreds of millions of users across a
wide range of devices—from phones to tablets and
beyond.
 The Android Developer Tools offer a full Java IDE
with advanced features for developing, debugging,
and packaging Android apps.
 Open marketplace for distributing your apps
(Google Play Store)
Platform Versions
ANDROID ARCHITECTURE
The software stack is split into Four Layers:
 The application layer
 The application framework
 The libraries and runtime
 The kernel
Linux Kernel

 The architecture is based on the Linux 3.4 or

3.10 kernel version
 This layer is core of android architecture. It
provides service like power management,
memory management, security etc.
 It helps in software and hardware binding for
better communication.
Native Libraries

 Android has its own libraries, which is written in

C/C++. These libraries cannot be accessed
directly. With the help of application framework,
we can access these libraries. There are many
libraries like web libraries to access web
browsers, libraries for android and video
formats etc.
Android Runtime
 Until version 5.0, Android used Dalvik as a process virtual
machine with trace-based just-in-time (JIT) compilation to run
Dalvik "dex-code" (Dalvik Executable), which is usually
translated from the Java bytecode. Following the trace-based
JIT principle, in addition to interpreting the majority of
application code, Dalvik performs the compilation and native
execution of select frequently executed code segments
("traces") each time an application is launched.
 Android 4.4 introduced Android Runtime (ART) as a new
runtime environment, which uses ahead-of-time (AOT)
compilation to entirely compile the application bytecode into
machine code upon the installation of an application. In Android
4.4, ART was an experimental feature and not enabled by
default; it became the only runtime option in the next major
version of Android, 5.0.
Core Libraries
 Dalvik VM Specific Libraries
 This is a set of libraries used predominantly for interacting directly with an
instance of the Dalvik VM and is unlikely to be used by most Android application
developers.
 Java Interoperability Libraries
 The Java Interoperability Libraries are an open source implementation (based on
the Apache Harmony project) of a subset of the Standard Java core libraries that
have been adapted and transformed for use by applications running within a
Dalvik VM.These libraries provide support for tasks such as string handling,
networking and file manipulation (to name but a few) and are both familiar to, and
widely used by Java developers .
 Android Libraries
 This category encompasses those Java-based libraries that are specific to
Android development. Examples of libraries in this category include the
application framework libraries in addition to those that facilitate user interface
building, graphics drawing and database access.
Application Framework

 The Application Framework is a set of services that

collectively form the environment in which Android
applications run and are managed. This framework
implements the concept that Android applications are
constructed from reusable, interchangeable and
replaceable components. This concept is taken a step
further in that an application is also able to publish its
capabilities along with any corresponding data so that
they can be found and reused by other applications.
Application Framework
 The Android framework includes the following key services:
 Activity Manager – Controls all aspects of the application lifecycle and activity
stack.
 Content Providers – Allows applications to publish and share data with other
applications.
 Resource Manager – Provides access to non-code embedded resources such
as strings, color settings and user interface layouts.
 Notifications Manager – Allows applications to display alerts and notifications to
the user.
 View System – An extensible set of views used to create application user
interfaces.
 Package Manager – The system by which applications are able to find out
information about other applications currently installed on the device.
 Telephony Manager – Provides information to the application about the
telephony services available on the device such as status and subscriber
information.
 Location Manager – Provides access to the location services allowing an
application to receive updates about location changes.
Applications

 Located at the top of the Android software stack

are the applications. These comprise both the
native applications provided with the particular
Android implementation (for example web
browser and email applications) and the third
party applications installed by the user after
purchasing the device.
Security-Development process
 Source code security review-
Source code review can detect a broad range of security issues. Android
strongly encourages both manual and automated source code review.
 Android Lint should be run on all application code using the Android
SDK. Issues that are identified should be corrected.
 The Android lint tool is a static code analysis tool that checks your
Android project source files for potential bugs and optimization
improvements for correctness, security, performance, usability,
accessibility, and internationalization.
 Native code should be analyzed using an automated tool that can detect
memory management issues such as buffer overflows and off-by-one
errors.
 Automated testing- Compatibility Test Suite
 Signing applications (APKs)
Advantages of Android as a platform
1) Low Investment & High ROI(Return On Investment)
Android comparatively has a low barrier to entry.
Android provides freely its Software Development Kit
(SDK) to the developer community which minimizes
the development and licensing costs. The
development costs can be divided into three stages:
 Stage 1 – application development,
 Stage 2 – testing, and
 Stage 3 – hardware cost for testing and deploying
the android mobile application.
Advantages of Android as a platform
continued..
2) Open Source
 Get the open source advantage from licensing,
royalty-free, and the best technology framework
offered by the Android community. The architecture
of the Android SDK is open-source.
 This is what makes the Android mobile application
development platform very attractive for handset
manufacturers & wireless operators, which results
in a faster development of Android based phones,
and better opportunities for developers to earn
more.
Advantages of Android as a platform
continued..
3) Easy to Integrate
 The entire platform is ready for customization. You
can integrate and tweak the mobile app according
to your business need. Android is the best mobile
platform between the application and processes
architecture. Most of the platforms allow
background processes helping you to integrate the
apps.
Advantages of Android as a platform
continued..
4) Multiple Sales Channels
 Unlike other mobile platforms, Android applications
can be deployed in different ways. You do not have
to rely on a single market to distribute your
applications. You can use third-party application
marketplace (especially in Google Android Market),
but you can also form your own distribution and
sales channel: applications for vertical markets, to
develop new application stores, and also place it on
your website.
 You build it, you publish it. With your choice of
promotional strategy, you can reach your end users
through multiple channels.
Advantages of Android as a platform
continued..
5) Easy Adoption
 Android applications are scripted in Java language
with the help of a rich set of libraries. Anyone can
build Android applications with the knowledge of
Java.
PART II – Getting Started
Tools
 Android SDK
 Android Studio/ Eclipse or any
 Real Android Device (optional)
 JDK- http://www.oracle.com
 PDANET on windows for debugging on real
android devices- http://pdanet.co/
Downloading the Android Studio
SDK Interface
 A software development kit that enables
developers to create applications for the
Android platform.
 The Android SDK includes sample projects with
source code, development tools, an emulator,
and required libraries to build Android
applications.
 Applications are written using the Java
programming language and run on Dalvik, a
custom virtual machine designed for embedded
use which runs on top of a Linux kernel.
SDK Manager Interface
Running the Android Studio
That is All