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Lecture 1 - Relations and Functions

1. The document discusses functions and relations, including defining relations as sets of ordered pairs and functions as special relations where each element of the domain corresponds to exactly one element of the range. 2. It describes different types of functions like linear, constant, identity, quadratic, absolute value, and piecewise functions. It also covers evaluating functions, even and odd functions, and operations on functions like addition, multiplication, and composition. 3. The document concludes by defining inverse functions as relations that reverse the process of the original function, and discusses finding the inverse of a function by interchanging x and y and solving for the new y.

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Anthony Balatar
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214 views31 pages

Lecture 1 - Relations and Functions

1. The document discusses functions and relations, including defining relations as sets of ordered pairs and functions as special relations where each element of the domain corresponds to exactly one element of the range. 2. It describes different types of functions like linear, constant, identity, quadratic, absolute value, and piecewise functions. It also covers evaluating functions, even and odd functions, and operations on functions like addition, multiplication, and composition. 3. The document concludes by defining inverse functions as relations that reverse the process of the original function, and discusses finding the inverse of a function by interchanging x and y and solving for the new y.

Uploaded by

Anthony Balatar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
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Chapter 1

Functions and Relations


Mr. Anthony F. Balatar Jr.
Subject Instructor
Relations and Functions
• A relation is a set of ordered pairs. The domain of a relation is the set
of first coordinates. The range is the set second coordinates.
Illustrative Example:
Letter: I L O V E M A T H
Number: 4 5 6 8 3 6 2 8 4
Ordered Pairs: {(I, 4), (L, 5), (O, 6), (V, 8), (E, 3), (M, 6), (A, 2), (T, 8), (H, 4)}
Domain: {I, L, O, V, E, M, A, T, H} Range: {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8}
Relations and Functions
Note that for each letter, there corresponds exactly one
number. This is a special kind of relation called function.
A function is a relation in which each element of the
domain corresponds to exactly one element of the range.
“All Functions are Relations, but not all Relations are
Functions”
Relations and Functions
Characteristics of a Function:
1. Each element in the domain X must be matched with exactly
one element in range Y.
2. Some elements in Y may not be matched with any element in
X.
3. Two or more elements in X may be matched with the same
element in Y.
Relations and Functions
Types of Relations:
1. One to one correspondence
2. One to many correspondence
3. Many to one correspondence
4. Many to many correspondence
Relations and Functions
Ways to Describe Function:
1. Set of Ordered Pairs
2. Mapping Diagram (or Arrow Diagram)
3. Table of Values
4. Graph
5. Equation
Relations and Functions
Vertical Line Test – If a graph represents a
function if and only if no vertical line intersects
in the graph in more than one point.
Relations and Functions
When finding domain and range of a function:
1. A radical with an even index, radicand must be non –
negative or the radicand must be greater than or equal to
zero.
2. A fraction whose denominator must not be equal to zero.
TYPES OF FUNCTION
A. LINEAR FUNCTION
A function f is a linear function if f(x) = mx + b, where m and b
are real numbers, and m and f(x) are not both equal to zero. The
graph of any linear function is a straight line.
Domain: {x|x ꞓ ℜ}
Range: {y|y ꞓ ℜ}
TYPES OF FUNCTION
B. CONSTANT FUNCTION
A linear function f is a constant function if f(x) = mx + b,
where m = 0 and b is any real number. Thus, f(x) = b.
Illustrative Example: f(x) = 5
TYPES OF FUNCTION
C. IDENTITY FUNCTION
A linear function f is an identity function if f(x) = mx + b,
where m = 1 and b = 0. Thus, f(x) = x.
Illustrative Example: f(x) = 5x
TYPES OF FUNCTION
D. QUADRATIC FUNCTION
It is any equation of the form f(x) = ax2 + bx + c (standard
form) where a, b and c are real numbers and a ≠ 0.
Domain: {x|x ꞓ ℜ}
Range: {y|y ≥ k} if the graph opens upward
Range: {y|y ≤ k} if the graph opens downward
TYPES OF FUNCTION
D. QUADRATIC FUNCTION
The graph of any quadratic function is called a parabola. A
parabola is shaped like a cup. It has a line of symmetry. This
means that part of this parabola on one side of a line is a
reflection or a mirror image of the other part on the other side
symmetrically. The point where the line of symmetry crosses
the parabola is called the vertex.
TYPES OF FUNCTION
D. QUADRATIC FUNCTION
If the coefficient of x2 is positive, the parabola opens upward.
On the other hand, if the coefficient of x2 is negative, the
parabola opens downward. If the graph opens upward, the
vertex is at the minimum point. If the graph opens downward,
the vertex is at the maximum point.
TYPES OF FUNCTION
D. QUADRATIC FUNCTION
The vertex form (h, k) of a quadratic function is expressed into
the form f(x) = a(x – h)2 + k, where a ≠ 0 and is symmetrical to
the line x = h.
If a > 0, the parabola opens upward.
If a < 0, the parabola opens downward.
TYPES OF FUNCTION
E. ABSOLUTE VALUE FUNCTION
The function f is an absolute value function if for all real
numbers x, f(x) = |x|, and f(x) = x if x ≥ 0 and f(x) = -x if x ≤
0.
Illustrative Example: |4x – 3| = 5
TYPES OF FUNCTION
F. PIECEWISE FUNCTION
A piecewise function or a compound function is a function
defined by a multiple sub – functions, where each sub – function
applies to a certain interval of the main function’s domain.

−𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 2
Illustrative Example: f(x) = ቊ
𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 2
EVALUATION OF FUNCTION
To find f(x) for a given value of x is to evaluate the function f by
substituting the input value x into the equation. The domain is
the set of all x values that makes sense in the equation.
Illustrative Example: Given that f(x) = 3x – 5, find:
a. f(2) = 3(2) – 5 = 6 – 5 = 1, hence, f(2) = 1
b. f(-6) = 3(-6) – 5 = -18 – 5 = -23, hence, f(-6) = -23
EVALUATION OF FUNCTION
Remember that:
a. f(x) means “the value of f at x”. It does not mean “f times x”.
b. Letters other than f such as G or g and H or h can also be
used.
c. f is the name of the function and f(x) is the value of the
function at x.
EVEN and ODD FUNCTIONS
The function f is an even function if and only if f(-x) = f(x),
for all x in the domain f. This means that the right hand side of
the equation of an even function does not change even if x is
replaced by –x.
Illustrative Example: 3x4 – 2x2
f(-x)= 3(-x)4 – 2(-x)2 = 3x4 – 2x2, hence, the function is even.
EVEN and ODD FUNCTIONS
The function f is an odd function if and only if f(-x) = -f(x),
for all x in the domain f. This means that every term in the right
hand side of the equation of an odd function changes sign if x is
replaced by –x.
Illustrative Example: x5
f(-x) = (-x)5 = – x5, hence, the function is odd.
OPERATIONS ON FUNCTIONS
Review of the following:
A. Addition and Subtraction of Polynomials
- to add two polynomials, write the sum and simplify by
combining like terms.
- to subtract an expression from another expression, add its
negative. That is, a – b = a + (-b)
OPERATIONS ON FUNCTIONS
Review of the following:
B. Multiplication of Polynomials
- Laws of Exponents:
Product Rule: xm ∙ xn = xm+n
Power Rule: (xm)n = xmn
Power of a Product Rule: (xy)n = xnyn
𝑥𝑚 𝑥𝑚
Quotient Rule: = xm – n where m > n or = xn – m where m < n
𝑥𝑛 𝑥𝑛
𝑥𝑚
= x0 or 1, where m = n
𝑥𝑛
OPERATIONS ON FUNCTIONS
Review of the following:
B. Multiplication of Polynomials
To multiply a polynomial by a monomial, multiply each term
of the polynomial by the monomial.
FOIL Method (First, Outer, Inner, Last)
(a + b)(c + d) = ac + ad + bc + bd
OPERATIONS ON FUNCTIONS
Review of the following:
C. Special Products
- Square of a Binomial (x + y)2 = x2 + 2xy + y2
- Cube of a Binomial (x + y)3 = x3 + 3x2y + 3xy2 + y3
(x – y)3 = x3 – 3x2y + 3xy2 – y3
OPERATIONS ON FUNCTIONS
Review of the following:
C. Special Products
- Product of Sum and Difference (x – y)(x + y) = x2 – y2
- Sum and Difference of Two Cubes
x3 + y3 = (x + y)(x2 – xy + y2)
x3 – y3 = (x – y)(x2 + xy + y2)
OPERATIONS ON FUNCTIONS
Review of the following:
C. Special Products
- Square of a Trinomial
(x + y + z)2 = x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xy + 2xz + 2yz
OPERATIONS ON FUNCTIONS
Let f and g be any two functions.
Sum and Difference of Functions: (f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x)
Product of Functions: (fg)(x) = f(x) ∙ g(x)
Quotient of Functions: (f/g) = f(x) / g(x)
Composition of Functions: (f ◦ g)(x) = f[g(x)]
INVERSE FUNCTIONS
A relation inversing the process performed by any
function f(x) is called inverse of f(x). If f is a one to
one function, then the inverse of f denoted by f-1 is
the function formed by reversing all the ordered
pairs in f. Thus, f-1(x) = {(y, x)|(x, y) is in f.
INVERSE FUNCTIONS
To find f-1(x):
1. Replace f(x) with y.
2. Interchange x and y.
3. Solve for the new y from the equation Step 2.
4. Replace the new y with f-1(x) if the inverse is a
function.
INVERSE FUNCTIONS
Two functions f and g are inverses to each other if:
f[g(x)] = g[f(x)] = x
Horizontal Line Test – used to determine if the
graph has an inverse or none.

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