Computer Organization

Faculty
G.Rajesh Kumar,
Sr Asst Professor, IT Dept
 Question : 01
• The acronym PC stands for:
A. Private Computer
B. Personal Computer
C. Personal Compact
 Question : 02
• Complex scientific research is usually done
using:
A. Mainframe Computer
B. Super Computer
C. Mini Computer
 Question : 03
• A laptop is an example for Personal Computer
A. True
B. False
 Question : 04
• Which is not a Personal Computer
A. Desktop
B. Laptop
C. Mainframe
D. Tablet
 Question : 05
• Mainframes are very cheap
A. True
B. False
 What is a
Computer ???
 Definition: Cambridge
• It is an ​electronic ​machine that is used
for ​storing, ​organizing, and ​finding
words, ​numbers, and ​pictures, for
doing ​calculations, and for ​controlling
other ​machines
 Definition
• It is a fast electronic calculating machine that
– accepts digitized input information
– process it according to a list of internally stored
information and
– produces the resulting output information
Syllabus
 Pre-requisites

• Fundamentals of Computer

• Digital Logic Circuits

• Programming Languages (C, C++, Java)

 Unit 1
• Functional Blocks of a Computer: CPU,
memory, input-output subsystem, control
unit. Instruction set architecture of a CPU –
registers, instruction execution cycle, RTL
interpretation of instructions, addressing
modes, instruction set.
• Case study – Instruction set of some common
CPUs
 Unit 2
• Data Representation: Signed number
representation, fixed and floating point
representations, character representation.
• Computer Arithmetic: Integer addition and
subtraction - Ripple carry adder, carry look-
ahead adder. Multiplication – Shift-and add,
Booth multiplier, carry save multiplier.
Division – Restoring and non-restoring
techniques, floating point arithmetic.
 Unit 3
• Microprogrammed Control: Control memory,
address sequencing, micro program example,
and design of control unit, hardwired control,
and micro programmed control.
 Unit 4
• Memory System Design: Semiconductor
memory technologies. SRAM vs DRAM.
• Memory Organization: Memory interleaving,
concepts of hierarchical memory organization,
cache memory, cache size vs block size,
mapping functions, replacement algorithms,
write policies, virtual memory, secondary
storage.
 Unit 5
• Peripheral Devices and their Characteristics:
Input-output subsystems, I/O device interface,
I/O transfers, - program controlled, Interrupt
driven and DMA, privileged and non –
privileged instructions, software interrupts
and exceptions. Programs and processes – role
of interrupts in process state transitions, I/O
device interfaces – SCSI, USB.
 Unit 6
• Pipeline and Vector Processing: Parallel
Processing, Pipelining, Arithmetic Pipeline,
Instruction pipe line, RISC pipeline Vector
Processing, Array Processors
 Text Books
1. “Computer Organization and Design: The
Hardware/Software Interfaces”, 5th Edition by
David A Patterson and John L Hennessy,
Elsevier.
2. “Computer Organization and Embedded
Systems”, 6th Edition by Carl Hamacher,
McGrew Hill Higher Education.
 Reference Books
• Computer System Architecture, Third Edition
by M. Morris Mano.
• Computer Architecture and Organization, 3rd
Edition by John P Hayes, WCB/McGrew-Hill.
• Computer Organization and Architecture:
Designing for Performance, 10th Edition by
William Stallings, Pearson Education.
• Computer System Design and Architecture, 2nd
Edition by Vincent P Heuring and Harry F
Jordan, Pearson Education.
 Termwork
First Mid
Assignment-1
Written Exam

Second Mid
Assignment-2
Written Exam
 Lenovo Desktop
• Name & Model : Intel Core i3-2120
• CPU Speed : 3.3 GHz
• RAM : 2GB
• 32-bit Operating System
• Hard disk : 320GB

HOW MANY CORES ARE IN YOUR MOBILE?

 Types of Computers
• Desktop & Mobile
• Notebook
• Workstations
• Mainframes
• Servers
• Supercomputers
DESKTOP COMPUTERs

• It has
– Processing & Storage units(e.g. Hard disks,
CD‐ROMs),
– visual display &audio output units,
– Input units ( keyboard, mouse, etc)
• It can be easily located on a home or office
desk
• Used in homes, schools, business offices,…
 NOTEBOOK COMPUTERs

• Compact form of personal computer (laptop)

• Size of a thin briefcase
• Portable
WORKSTATIONs

• Has high resolution graphics input/output

capability
• Has dimensions of desktop computer
• More computational power than PC
• Costlier
• Used to solve complex problems which arises in
engineering application
Mainframe

• Also called Enterprise Systems

• More computational power and storage than
Workstation
• Used for business data processing in medium
to large corporations.
 Servers

• Contain big database storage units.

• Handles large volumes of data requests
• Requests and responses are transported via
Internet
• They are widely accessible to all.
Supercomputers

• Faster than mainframes

• Helps in large scale numerical calculations
• Used for aircraft design and testing, military
application, weather forecasting, etc.
Quiz
 This course is about:

• What computers consist of

• How to fix computers
• How computers work
• How to build myself one
• How they are organized real cheap
internally
• Which one to buy
• What are the design tradeoffs
• Knowing all about the
• How design affects core i3, i5, i7
programming and applications
 Introduction of Computer
Architecture and Organization
 University Question
• Differentiate between Computer Architecture
and Organization (05 Marks)
 Computer Architecture
• Defn: It refers to the attributes of a system
visible to a programmer that have a direct
impact on the logical execution of a program
• E.g. : Instruction set, No. of bits for various
datatypes,…
 Computer Organization
• Defn: It refers to the operational units
and their interconnections that realize the
architectural specifications.
• E.g. Interfaces, Memory Used,…
 Example
Architectural Issue Organizational Issue
• Whether to have • Whether to
multiply include a multiply
instruction? unit or go for
repeated
addition?
 History of Computers
• First Generation : Vacuum tubes
• First General Purpose Computer : ENIAC
(Electronic Numerical Integrator and
Calculator)
– Made in University of Pennsylvania
– For World War II
 ENIAC
• Made in Army’s Ballistics Research Laboratory
(BRL)
• For range and trajectory tables for new
weapons
• 200 people were employed.
• Table preparation took many days
 ENIAC
• Professor John Mauchly and John Eckert
proposed first computer
• In 1943, proposal was accepted.
• ENIAC:
– 30 tons
– 18000 vacuum tubes
– 140KW power consumption
– 5000 additions per second
 ENIAC
• ENIAC:
– Decimal rather than binary
– 20 Accumulators
– 10 digit decimal for one accumulator
– Ring of 10 vacuum tubes made a digit.
• Drawback : Manual programming by setting
switches
• Completed in 1946
 ENIAC
• First task : feasibility study of Hydrogen bomb
• Operated under BRL until 1955 and then it
was disassembled.
Von-Neumann Machine
 Von Neumann Model
• ENIAC: the major drawback was wired
programming
• The idea of stored program in memory was
introduced by Von Neumann.
 University Question
• What is stored program concept in digital
computer? (03 Marks)
 Stored Program Concept
• The programming could be facilitated if the
program could be represented in a form
suitable for storing in memory alongside
data.
• Thus
– Computer could get its instruction by reading
them from memory &
– Program could be set and altered by setting values
of a portion of memory
• This idea is called Stored Program Concept
General Structure of Von Neumann
Machine
 Von Neumann Model
• It consist of 5 basic units:
1. Input: Transfers data and program from outside
world to machine
2. Memory: stores both data and instruction
3. ALU: performs arithmetic and logical operations
4. Control Unit: fetches, interprets and executes
instruction
5. Output Unit: transfer results to the outside
world
 Von Neumann’s Proposal
1. This device(computer) perform elementary
arithmetic operation (+,-,x,/) and hence it
should contain specialized organ called
Central Arithmetic part (CA)
2. The logical control is done by Central Control
(CC) organ
 Von Neumann’s Proposal
3. For long and complicated sequence of
operation, memory (M) is needed.
– CA , CC and M correspond to associative
neurons .
– The effective sensory (afferent) :input
– and motor (efferent) : output
– The input and output contact thru outside
recording medium (R)
 Von Neumann’s Proposal
4. The device must have organs to transfer
information from R to CA , CC and M
5. The device must have organs to transfer
information from CA , CC and M to R
• All of the today’s computer have this
structure & hence referred as Von Neumann
Machine
 History of Computers
• First Generation : Vacuum tubes
• First General Purpose Computer : ENIAC
(Electronic Numerical Integrator and
Calculator)
– Made in University of Pennsylvania
– For World War II
 ENIAC
• Made in Army’s Ballistics Research Laboratory
(BRL)
• For range and trajectory tables for new
weapons
• 200 people were employed.
• Table preparation took many days
 ENIAC
• Professor John Mauchly and John Eckert
proposed first computer
• In 1943, proposal was accepted.
• ENIAC:
– 30 tons
– 18000 vacuum tubes
– 140KW power consumption
– 5000 additions per second
 ENIAC
• ENIAC:
– Decimal rather than binary
– 20 Accumulators
– 10 digit decimal for one accumulator
– Ring of 10 vacuum tubes made a digit.
• Drawback : Manual programming by setting
switches
• Completed in 1946
 ENIAC
• First task : feasibility study of Hydrogen bomb
• Operated under BRL until 1955 and then it
was disassembled.
Von-Neumann Machine
 Von Neumann Model
• ENIAC: the major drawback was wired
programming
• The idea of stored program in memory was
introduced by Von Neumann.
 University Question
• What is stored program concept in digital
computer? (03 Marks)
 Stored Program Concept
• The programming could be facilitated if the
program could be represented in a form
suitable for storing in memory alongside
data.
• Thus
– Computer could get its instruction by reading
them from memory &
– Program could be set and altered by setting values
of a portion of memory
• This idea is called Stored Program Concept
General Structure of Von Neumann
Machine
 Von Neumann Model
• It consist of 5 basic units:
1. Input: Transfers data and program from outside
world to machine
2. Memory: stores both data and instruction
3. ALU: performs arithmetic and logical operations
4. Control Unit: fetches, interprets and executes
instruction
5. Output Unit: transfer results to the outside
world
 Von Neumann’s Proposal
1. This device(computer) perform elementary
arithmetic operation (+,-,x,/) and hence it
should contain specialized organ called
Central Arithmetic part (CA)
2. The logical control is done by Central Control
(CC) organ
 Von Neumann’s Proposal
3. For long and complicated sequence of
operation, memory (M) is needed.
– CA , CC and M correspond to associative
neurons .
– The effective sensory (afferent) :input
– and motor (efferent) : output
– The input and output contact thru outside
recording medium (R)
 Von Neumann’s Proposal
4. The device must have organs to transfer
information from R to CA , CC and M
5. The device must have organs to transfer
information from CA , CC and M to R
• All of the today’s computer have this
structure & hence referred as Von Neumann
Machine
 Question : 01
• The acronym PC stands for:
A. Private Computer
B. Personal Computer
C. Personal Compact
 Question : 02
• Complex scientific research is usually done
using:
A. Mainframe Computer
B. Super Computer
C. Mini Computer
 Question : 03
• A laptop is an example for Personal Computer
A. True
B. False
 Question : 04
• Which is not a Personal Computer
A. Desktop
B. Laptop
C. Mainframe
D. Tablet
 Question : 05
• Mainframes are very cheap
A. True
B. False