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Kepler S Laws of Planetary 1

Johannes Kepler derived his three Laws of Planetary Motion by studying the orbit of Mars using Tycho Brahe's accurate measurements, finding that planets move in ellipses with the Sun at one focus rather than perfect circles, and that their orbital periods and distances are mathematically related. Kepler's laws formed the basis for Isaac Newton's later law of universal gravitation and improved understanding of celestial mechanics throughout the solar system.

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AJAY KUMAR
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246 views14 pages

Kepler S Laws of Planetary 1

Johannes Kepler derived his three Laws of Planetary Motion by studying the orbit of Mars using Tycho Brahe's accurate measurements, finding that planets move in ellipses with the Sun at one focus rather than perfect circles, and that their orbital periods and distances are mathematically related. Kepler's laws formed the basis for Isaac Newton's later law of universal gravitation and improved understanding of celestial mechanics throughout the solar system.

Uploaded by

AJAY KUMAR
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Presentation

keepler's Law

OF

Planetary motion

By-
Ajay kumar
Patna Science collage
MARS

JOHANNES KEPLER

THE SOLAR SYSTEM

LAWS OF PLANETARY MOTION


Danish astronomer Tyc
Picture of Brahe o Brahe (1546-1601) ha
d an island observatory
and the best measurem
ents of the positions fo
r all known planets (Me
rcury, Venus, Mars, Jup
iter, and Saturn) and th
e Moon.
Austrian mathemati
cian Johannes Kepl
er (1571-1630), inter
ested in how the pla
nets move around th
e sun, went to Tyco’
s island to get these
accurate measurem
ents.
At that time, many astronomers believ
ed that planets orbited around the sun
in perfect circles, but Tyco’s accurate
measurements for Mars didn’t fit a cir
cle.
Instead, the mathematician Johannes
Kepler found that the orbit of Mars fit a
n ellipse the best…
What is an ellipse?
An ellipse is a geome
tric shape with 2 foci
2 foci instead of 1 central fo
cus, as in a circle. Th
e sun is at one focus
with nothing at the ot
her focus.

FIRST LAW OF PLANETARY MOTION


An ellipse also has…

…a major axis …and a minor axis

Perihelion Aphelion

Semi-major axis
Perihelion: When Mars or any another planet i
s closest to the sun.
Aphelion: When Mars or any other planet is far
thest from the sun.
Kepler also found that Mars changed s
peed as it orbited around the sun: faste
r when closer to the sun, slower when f
arther from the sun…
But, areas A and B,
A B swept out by a line
from the sun to Ma
rs, were equal over
the same amount o
f time.
SECOND LAW OF PLANETARY
MOTION
Kepler found a relations T1
hip between the time it t R1
ook a planet to go compl
etely around the sun (T,
sidereal year), and the a
verage distance from the T2
sun (R, semi-major axis)
…
R2
T1 2 R1 3 T2=TxT
= ( R3 = R x R x R )
T2 2 R2 3
THIRD LAW OF PLANETARY MOTION
T2 Earth’s sidereal year (T)
and distance (R) both eq
ual 1. The average distan
R2 ce from the Earth to the
sun (R) is called 1 astron
omical unit (AU).
Kepler’s Third Law, then, changes to
T1 2 R1 3 T1 2 R1 3 2 = R 3
= or = or T1 1
T2 2 R2 3 1 1
When we compare the orbits
of the planets…
Planet T(yrs) R(au) T2 R3
Venus 0.62 0.72 0.38 0.37
Earth 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Mars 1.88 1.52 3.53 3.51
Jupiter 11.86 5.20 141 141

We find that T2 and R3 are essentially equal.


Kepler’s Laws apply to any celestial
body orbiting any other celestial body.

• Any planet around a sun


• The moon around the Earth
• Any satellite around the Earth
• The international space station
• Any rings around any planet
Later, Isaac Newton built upon Kepler’s Laws
to confirm his own Law of Gravitation.
If it wasn’t for Mars and its complicated travel
s across the night sky, Johannes Kepler may
not have derived his Laws of Planetary Motio
n. Isaac Newton might not have had a founda
tion for his Law of Gravitation...

THE RED PLANET MARS IS FOREVER LI


NKED TO OUR UNDERSTANDING OF TH
E SOLAR SYSTEM AND ONE OF THE 4
BASIC FORCES OF NATURE.

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