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William Stallings Computer Organization and Architecture 8 Edition

This document summarizes the key differences between computer architecture and organization. Computer architecture refers to attributes visible to programmers like instruction sets, while computer organization refers to implementation details like hardware components. Both architecture and organization can vary within families of computers to optimize for performance and cost. The document then describes the basic structure and functions of a computer at both the system level and CPU level.

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SalMan Zahoor
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139 views

William Stallings Computer Organization and Architecture 8 Edition

This document summarizes the key differences between computer architecture and organization. Computer architecture refers to attributes visible to programmers like instruction sets, while computer organization refers to implementation details like hardware components. Both architecture and organization can vary within families of computers to optimize for performance and cost. The document then describes the basic structure and functions of a computer at both the system level and CPU level.

Uploaded by

SalMan Zahoor
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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William Stallings

Computer Organization
and Architecture
8th Edition

Chapter 1
Introduction
Computer Architecture
• Those attributes visible to the
programmer OR
• Those attributes that have a direct
impact on the logical execution of a
program.
—Instruction set, number of bits used for data
representation (e.g., numbers, characters),
I/O mechanisms, addressing techniques.
—e.g. Is there a multiply instruction?
Computer Organization

• Computer organization is how features


are implemented
• Operational units and their
interconnections that realize the
architectural specifications.
—hardware details transparent to the
programmer, such as control signals,
interfaces between the computer and
peripherals;, memory technology.
—e.g. Is there a hardware multiply unit
or is it done by repeated addition?
Computer Organization…

• The organizational decision may be based


on the anticipated frequency of use of the
multiply instruction, the relative speed of
the two approaches, and the cost and
physical size of a special multiply unit.
Architecture & Organization…
• All Intel x86 family share the same basic
architecture
• The IBM System/370 family share the
same basic architecture

• Organization differs within


members/models of the same family in
performance and cost.
Structure & Function
•Structure is the way in which components
relate to each other.

•Function is the operation of each individual


component as part of the structure.
Function

General computer functions:


—Data processing
—Data storage
—Data movement
—Control
Operations (a) Data movement
•When data are received
from or delivered to a device
that is directly connected to
the computer, the process is
known as input–output
(I/O), and
•the device is referred to as a
peripheral

•When data are moved over longer distances, to or from


a remote device, the process is known as data
communications.
Operations (b) Storage

• Read operation
• Write operation
Operation (c) Processing from/to storage

• Short term storage


of results
• Long-term storage
Operation (d)
Processing from storage to I/O

Example application?
Operation (d)
Processing from storage to I/O

Receiving packets over a


network interface, verifying
their CRC, then storing them
in memory.
Structure - Top Level

Peripherals Computer

Central Main
Processing Memory
Unit

Computer
Systems
Interconnection

Input
Output
Communication
lines
Structural Components of Computer
• Central processing unit (CPU): Controls the operation
of the computer and performs its data processing
functions; often simply referred to as processor.
• Main memory: Stores data.
• I/O: Moves data between the computer and its
external environment.
• System interconnection: Some mechanism that
provides for communication among CPU, main
memory, and I/O.
• A common example of system interconnection is by means
of a system bus, consisting of a number of conducting wires
to which all the other components attach.
Structure - The CPU

CPU

Computer Arithmetic
Registers and
I/O Login Unit
System CPU
Bus
Internal CPU
Memory Interconnection

Control
Unit
Structural Components of CPU
• Control unit: Controls the operation of the CPU and
hence the computer
• Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU): Performs the
computer’s data processing functions
• Registers: Provides storage internal to the CPU
• CPU interconnection: Some mechanism that provides
for communication among the control unit, ALU and
registers
Structure - The Control Unit

Control Unit

CPU
Sequencing
ALU Login
Control
Internal
Unit
Bus
Control Unit
Registers Registers and
Decoders

Control
Memory

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