Database Management Systems
October 9, 2008
Lecture 12 – Chapters 9 and 26
SQL Application Interface
previous material: data definition
Name constraints by placing “constraint <name>”
at front of constraint clause.
constraint names
constraint PK_EMP Primary Key(Ssn),
constraint FK_EMP_SUPER
Foreign Key(Super_ssn) references EMPLOYEE(Ssn)
This is sometimes necessary to refer
to the constraint later.
example: removing a constraint with ALTER TABLE
alter table EMPLOYEE
drop foreign key FK_EMP_SUPER;
previous material: data definition
create table EMPLOYEE (
name varchar(10), EMPLOYEE(name, id, department)
id integer,
department integer, DEPARTMENT(name, id, manager)
constraint PK_EMP primary key (id)
) ENGINE=InnoDB;
create table DEPARTMENT (
name varchar(20),
id integer,
manager integer,
constraint PK_DEPT primary key (id),
constraint FK_DEPT_EMP foreign key (manager) references EMPLOYEE(id)
) ENGINE=InnoDB;
alter table EMPLOYEE
add constraint FK_EMP_DEPT foreign key (department) references
DEPARTMENT(id);
Application Developers:
application
DML: data manipulation language application
program(s)
application
QL: query language program(s)
application
PL: general purpose languages program(s) users of
program(s)
the data
query processor
security manager system
concurrency manager configuration
index manager languages
DDL:
data data
definition definition data
language data
processor dictionary
Application development requires a
general purpose programming language (GPL)
most end-users do not want to run SQL commands
GPL referred to as “host language”
GPL provides all non-db functionality
gui or web interface
error handling
application logic
etc.
UI: GUI/Web
Program Logic and Control
SQL interface library
SQL commands relations (and status)
schema data
SLI: statement level interface
new kinds of statements are added to the host language
(i.e. EXEC SQL)
preprocessor translates new statements into
host language procedures
host language compiler used once preprocessed
CLI: call level interface
interface to SQL supplied as library
applications written entirely in host language
no preprocessing required
Statement level older languages:
Embedded SQL C, COBOL
Dynamic SQL
Call level more common
JDBC (Java) in modern languages
ODBC – Open Database Connectivity
libraries in PHP, Python, Perl, Visual Basic, etc.
SQL statements are directly
written into program
SQL is checked against the schema
at compile time
host language variables are used in the SQL
statements as parameters and return values
programs interact with one specific database
(code compiled against schema)
SQL statements are generated by program
(as string values)
SQL checked against schema at run-time
SQL variables defined as placeholders
in statement
Programs can interact with multiple databases
EXEC SQL BEGIN DECLARE SECTION;
unsigned long num_enrolled;
char crs_code; variables shared
char SQLSTATE [6];
EXEC SQL END DECLARE SECTION; by host and SQL
……….
EXEC SQL SELECT [Link]
INTO :num_enrolled
FROM Course C
WHERE [Link] = :crs_code;
INTO clause: : indicates a
where to put result host variable
host variable
EXEC SQL CONNECT TO :dbserver;
if (!strcmp (SQLSTATE, “00000”))
exit (1);
status string set by
SQL command
EXEC SQL DELETE FROM Transcript T
WHERE [Link] = :studid
AND [Link] = ‘S2000’
AND [Link] = :crscode;
if (!strcmp(SQLSTATE,“00000”))
EXEC SQL ROLLBACK;
else {
EXEC SQL UPDATE Course C
SET [Link] = [Link] – 1
WHERE [Link] = :crscode;
if (!strcmp(SQLSTATE,“00000”))
EXEC SQL ROLLBACK;
else
EXEC SQL COMMIT;
}
Problem:
SQL deals with tables (of arbitrary size);
host program deals with fixed size buffers
How is the application to allocate storage for the result of a
SELECT statement?
Solution: Fetch a single row at a time
Space for a single row (number and type of out parameters)
can be determined from schema and allocated in application
Result set – set of rows produced
by a SELECT statement
Cursor – pointer to a row in the result set.
a cursor is similar to an iterator
Cursor operations:
Declaration
Open – execute SELECT to determine result set and initialize
pointer
Fetch – advance pointer and retrieve next row
Close – deallocate cursor
cursor SELECT
Result set
(or pointers to it)
application
Base table
In a call-level interface (in an appropriate language)
SQL can return dynamically sized data structures
Example: JDBC defines a ResultSet class
contains meta-data describing the result
rows accessed by iteration,
similar to other Java collections
Call-level interface (CLI)
Can be used with any DBMS that has a JDBC driver
SQL statement is constructed
at run time as a Java string
JDBC passes SQL statements
to the underlying DBMS and receives result
Result returned as an instance of ResultSet
Additional objects handle connections,
transactions, etc.
Oracle
Oracle database
driver
driver SQLServer SQLServer
application driver
manager database
ODBC
driver
ODBC
database
using appropriate driver allows
generic JDBC commands to be
implemented with correct functionality
for a particular DBMS
Download Connector/J 5.1
[Link]
unzip and find [Link]
put jar in a convenient place (C:\sql\)
add jar to your classpath
java -classpath .;c:\sql\[Link] [Link]
be sure to include current
directory in classpath
import [Link].*;
// static method of class loads specified driver
[Link](driver_name);
// attempt to connect to DBMS
// If successful, a connection object,
// is created for managing the connection
Connection con =
[Link](Url, Id, Passwd);
// Create a statement object
Statement stat = [Link] ();
// Create your SQL command as a string:
String query = "SELECT [Link] FROM Transcript T" +
"WHERE [Link] = 'cse305' " +
"AND [Link] = 'S2000' ";
// execute the statement
ResultSet res = [Link] (query);
Creates a result set object: res.
Prepares and executes the query.
Stores the result set produced in res (analogous to opening a cursor).
The query string can be constructed at run time.
The input parameters are plugged into the query when the string is formed
try {
...Java/JDBC code...
} catch ( SQLException ex ) {
…exception handling code...
}
execute all JDBC calls in try blocks
If an exception is thrown,
catch the SQLException object
The exception object has methods to print an
error message, return SQLSTATE, etc.
Connection connection = null;
try {
[Link]("[Link]");
connection = [Link](
"jdbc:mysql:///comp163", "mike", "mikepw");
}
catch (SQLException sqlex) {
[Link]();
// abort program?
}
[Link] is the name of the Connector/J driver in
[Link]
jdbc:mysql:///comp163 is the URL of the database on the local
machine.
The URL will contain additional information if you are connecting over a
network.
ResultSet result_set = null;
try {
Statement stmt = [Link]();
String sql_command = "select * from EMPLOYEE;";
result_set = [Link](sql_command);
}
catch (SQLException sqlex) { … }
If result_set is not null, it now contains the result of your query.
executeQuery is intended for select statements.
It will execute DML commands, but will throw an exception.
executeUpdate should be used for DML commands.
Vector attrnames = new Vector();
try {
ResultSetMetaData metadata = result_set.getMetaData();
for (int i = 1; i <= [Link](); ++i)
[Link]([Link]( i ));
}
catch (SQLException sqlex) { … }
The result set metadata allows you to access the schema of the result.
In this example, names of the columns/attributes are stored in a vector.
Vector tuples = new Vector();
try {
while (result_set.next())
{
Vector data = new Vector();
for (int i = 1; i <= [Link](); ++i)
{
[Link](result_set.getString(i));
}
[Link](data);
}
}
catch (SQLException sqlex) { … }
Move the cursor through the result set by calling next().
In this case, we’re extracting all values as strings, other types are possible.
try {
[Link]();
}
catch (SQLException sqlex) { … }
Close the connection when done accessing the database.
Open Database Connectivity
is a standard interface for database connections.
ODBC is best way to connect to Access databases.
set up an ODBC connection to you database
start Programs Administrative Tools Data Sources (ODBC)
JDBC can now connect to Access through ODBC
Connection connection = null;
try {
[Link]("[Link]");
connection = [Link](
"jdbc:odbc:employee_db");
}
catch (SQLException sqlex) { … } database name
assigned through
ODBC setup
PHP is a dynamic web page language
PHP is embedded in HTML code
PHP has native library for MySql connections
// Connect to the database.
// Parameters are (-h, -u, -p)
$dbc = mysql_connect('localhost', 'mike', 'mikepw');
if ($dbc == null)
die('<p>connection to mysql failed because:<br>' .
mysql_error() . '</br></p>');
PHP variable names begin with $.
Variable d o not need to be declared.
die is a function to print message and terminate program.
Note that the message contains HTML format.
// Select a database
if (!@mysql_select_db('comp163'))
die('<p>selection of database failed because:<br>' .
mysql_error() . '</br></p>');
// Run a query. Result set is $r.
$query = 'select * from department';
$r = mysql_query($query);
if ($r == null)
die('<p>database query failed because:<br>' .
mysql_error() . '</br></p>');
// Iterate through result set,
// and print each row into the table.
while ($row = mysql_fetch_array($r))
{
print '<tr>';
print "<td>{$row['Dname']}</td>";
print "<td>{$row['Dnumber']}</td>";
print "<td>{$row['Mgr_ssn']}</td>";
print '</tr>';
}
// close the database connection
mysql_close();
Iterate through result using mysql_fetch_array.
Retrieve attribute values from each row
by indexing with the attribute names.
