ANNEXURE4 A

 Creation, Manipulation, and Storage of

geometric objects (modeling) and their
images (rendering)
 Display those images on screens or
devices
 Image processing
 Movie Industry
 Game Industry
 Medical Imaging and Scientific
Visualization
◦ Tools for teaching and diagnosis
◦ Drive issues of precision and correctness
 Computer Aided Design
◦ Mechanical, Electronic, Architecture
 Graphic User Interfaces (GUI)
◦ Hardware
◦ Rendering(automatic process of generating a
photorealistic image from a 2D or 3D model by
means of computer programs)
◦ Interaction
◦ Modeling
◦ Scientific Visualization
 Fundamental architecture shift

◦ Dual computing engines:

CPU and GPU( The combination of

both deliver the best value of system performance,

price and power)

 It is a computational Powerhouse.
 It takes on many multimedia tasks:
Accelerating Adobe Flash player
Translating video between different formats,
Image Recognition
 Fast, Cheap GPUs

 Cheap Memory

 Displays at low cost

 Wired -> Unwired
 Locator Devices
 Keyboard
 Scanner
◦ Images
◦ Laser
 Cameras (research)
 When queried, locator devices return a
position and/or orientation.

•Mouse (2D and 3D)

•Trackball
•Joystick (2D and 3D)
 A 3D mouse is a pointing and control device
specialized for movement
in virtual 3D(three-dimensional)
environments.
 3D mouse devices have used a number of
different means to control 3D movement as
well as 2D pointing, including multi-
axis sensors, accelerometers, IR lights and IR
sensors.

When queried,
locator devices
return a position
and/or
orientation.
 Tablet
 Virtual Reality
Trackers
◦ Data Gloves
◦ Digitizers
 Text input
◦ List boxes, GUI
◦ CAD/CAM
◦ Modeling
 Hard coded
◦ Vertex locations are inserted into code
 Image Scanners -
Flatbed, etc.
◦ What type of data is
returned? Bitmap
 Laser Scanners -
Deltasphere
◦ Emits a laser and does
time of flight. Returns 3D
point
 Camera based -
research
◦ Examine camera image(s)
and try to figure out
vertices from them.
 Desktop
◦ Vector display
◦ CRT
◦ LCD flatpanel
◦ Plasma
◦ workstation displays(Sun Lab)
◦ PC and Mac laptops
◦ Tablet computers
◦ Wacom’s display tablet
◦ Digital Micromirror Devices (projectors)
◦ Field Emission Devices (FEDs)
◦ Organic Light-Emitting Diode (OLED) Arrays
 Immersive
◦ Head-mounted displays (HMD)
◦ Stereo shutter glasses
◦ Virtual Retinal Display (VRD)
 Primary output device – Video monitors
◦ Standard design of video monitor:
Cathode-ray tube (CRT)
◦ Refresh CRT
 Beam of electrons hit phosphor-coated screen, light
emitted by phosphor
 Direct electron beam to the same screen repeatedly,
keeping phosphor activated
 The frequency at which a picture is redrawn on the
screen is referred to as the “refresh rate”
 The maximum number of points that can be
displayed on a CRT is referred to as the “resolution”
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Display_resolution
 Display principle
 Raster Scan Display Principle
 Random Scan Display Principle
 Raster-Scan Displays
◦ Based on TV technology
 Electron beam swept
across screen one row
at a time from top to
bottom
 Each row is referred to
as a scan line
 Raster-Scan Displays
◦ Picture elements: screen point referred as “Pixel”
◦ Picture information stored in refresh (frame) buffer
 Raster-Scan Displays
◦ Picture information stored in refresh (frame) buffer
 The number of bits per pixel in the frame buffer is
called depth or bit planes
 Buffer with 1 bit per pixel – Bitmap
 Buffer with multiple bits per pixel – Pixmap
◦ Interlaced refresh procedure
 Beams sweeps across every other scan line
 A frame buffer is
characterized by size,
x, y, and pixel depth.
 the resolution of a
frame buffer is the
number of pixels in the
display. e.g.
1024x1024 pixels. Bilevel or monochrome displays have 1 bit/pixel

 Bit Planes or Bit Depth 8bits/pixel -> 256 simultaneous colors

is the number of bits 24bits/pixel -> 16 million simultaneous colors

corresponding to each
pixel. This determines
the color resolution of
the buffer.
 direct color : 8

◦ each pixel directly

specifies a color 8
value
 e.g., 24bit : 8bits(R)
+ 8bits(G) + 8 8 Red

bits(B) Green
 palette-based Blue

color : indirect
specification 24 bits plane, 8 bits per
◦ use palette (CLUT) color gun.
 e.g., 8 bits pixel 224 = 16,777,216
can represent 256
colors
 Frames per second (FPS)
 It is a display signal type in which one half of the
horizontal pixel rows are refreshed in one cycle
and the other half in the next.
 Even and odd fields are scanned out alternately
to produce an interlaced(to improve the picture
quality without consuming extra bandwidth)
image.
 To reduce flicker(speed with which the screen is
redrawn), divide frame into two fields—one
consisting of the even scan lines and the other
of the odd scan lines.
Frame aspect ratio (FAR) = horizontal/vertical size
TV 4:3
HDTV 16:9

Pixel aspect ratio (PAR) = vres/hres

 For example, if a graphic has an aspect ratio of

2:1, it means that the width is twice as large as
the height. When resizing graphics, it is
important to maintain the aspect ratio to avoid
stretching the graphic out of proportion.

 Random-Scan Display Principles
◦ Calligraphic Displays also called vector, stroke or
line drawing graphics
◦ Electron beam directed only to the points of picture
to be displayed.
◦ Vector displays, electron beams trace out lines to
generate pictures
◦ Picture stores as a set of line-drawing commands
 Storage referred as display list, refresh display file,
vector file or display program
 Sample of Random-Scan displays principles
CRT Display Principles
• Images are described in terms of line segments rather than pixels
• Display processor cycles through the commands
 Advantages to Raster Displays
◦ lower cost
◦ filled regions/shaded images
 Disadvantages to Raster Displays
◦ a discrete representation, continuous primitives
must be scan-converted (i.e. fill in the appropriate
scan lines)
◦ Aliasing or "jaggies" Arises due to sampling error
when converting from a continuous to a discrete
representation
 It is an effect that causes different signals to
become indistinguishable when sampled.
 It also refers to distortion of images.
 Anti aliasing- It is the application of
techniques that reduce or eliminate aliasing.
 It’s necessity-To make the graphics look
more realistic.
 In computer graphics, antialiasing is
a software technique for diminishing jaggies -
stairstep-like lines that should be smooth. Jaggies
occur because the output device, the monitor or printer,
doesn't have a high enough resolution to represent a
smooth line. Antialiasing reduces the prominence of
jaggies by surrounding the stairsteps with intermediate
shades of gray (for gray-scalingdevices) or color (for
color devices). Although this reduces the jagged
appearance of the lines, it also makes them fuzzier.
 advantages of vector:
◦ very fine detail of line drawings (sometimes curves),
whereas raster suffers from jagged edge problem
due to pixels (aliasing, quantization errors)
◦ geometry objects (lines) whereas raster only handles
pixels
◦ eg. 1000 line plot: vector display computes 2000
endpoints
◦ raster display computes all pixels on each line
 advantages of raster:
◦ cheaper
◦ colours, textures, realism
◦ unlimited complexity of picture: whatever you put
in refresh buffer, whereas vector complexity
limited by refresh rate
 It is for sensing, representation and display
of images in electronics systems.
 Examples -:
 Using a combination of phosphors that emit
different-colored light
 Beam-penetration
◦ Used in random-scan monitors
◦ Use red and green phosphors layers
◦ Color depends on the penetrated length of electrons
 Shadow mask
◦ Used in raster-scan systems
◦ Produce wide range of color with RGB color model
 Color CRTs are much more complicated
◦ Requires manufacturing very precise geometry
◦ Uses a pattern of color phosphors on the screen:

Delta electron gun arrangement In-line electron gun arrangement

 Operation of delta-delta, shadow mask CRT
 A class of video devices that have reduced volume,
weight and power requirement compared with CRT
 Two main categories
◦ Emissive Displays
 Convert electrical energy to light energy
 e.g. Plasma panels
◦ Non-emissive Displays
 Use optical effects to convert light from other sources
into graphics patterns
 e.g. LCD monitors
 Plasma panels (gas-discharge display)
◦ Contracted by filling the region between two glass
plates with a mixture of gases
◦ Refresh buffer used to store picture information
◦ Firing voltages applied to refresh the pixel positions
 Liquid-crystal displays (LCD) commonly used
in small systems
◦ Liquid crystal, compounds have a crystalline
arrangement of molecules, flow like a liquid
◦ Passive-matrix LCD
To control light twisting, voltage applied to
intersecting conductors to align the molecules
◦ Active-matrix LCD
Using thin-film transistor technology, place a
transistor at each pixel location