Uperconductivity: Presented by Thejasree Prabhakaran

SUPERCONDUCTIVITY
Presented by
Thejasree Prabhakaran
CONTENT
 Introduction
 Discovery of superconductivity
 Difference between conductivity and superconductivity
 Mechanism- B C S Theory
 Important Factors to Define Superconducting State
 Effect of Critical temperature
 Effect of Critical magnetic field
 Meissner effect
 Types of superconductors
 Applications of superconductors
 Conclusion
 Reference
INTRODUCTION
Superconductivity is a phenomenon of
exactly zero electrical resistance and
expulsion of magnetic flux fields occurring in
certain materials, called superconductors,
When cooled below a characteristic critical
temperature. Eg :lead, zinc, ceramics
It was discovered by Dutch
physicist Heike KamerlinghOnnes on
April 8, 1911, in Leiden
DISCOVERY OF SUPERCONDUCTIVITY
 Super conductivity was discovered by Heike
KamerlinghOnnes on April 8, 1911, in Leiden.
 Super conductivity was discovered by accidently, he
was studying about the resistivity of liquid mercury
 In 1957 Bardeen, Cooper and Schrieffer put forward
satisfactory explanation on super conductivity
 Nobel prize was given to Heike KamerlinghOnnes on
1913 in the field of super conductivity
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CONDUCTIVITY
AND SUPER CONDUCTIVITY
 This picture shows the main difference between

conductivity and superconductivity
MECHANISM - B C S THEORY
 In 1957 Bardeen, Cooper and Schrieffer put forward
satisfactory explanation on super conductivity it is
known as BCS theory
 They received Nobel prize in 1972 for the
development of the theory of superconductivity
Assumption
 Pairs of conduction electron in the super conducting
state of a solid form bound states
 The force of attraction that binds a pair of electron
arises due to the interaction of electrons with the
lattice vibrations
 The electron pairs can behave like boson and can
condense into the lowest energy state with zero
electrical resistance which is the basis of
superconductivity
IMPORTANT FACTORS TO DEFINE A
SUPERCONDUCTING STATE
 The superconducting state is defined by three very
important factors:
1. Critical temperature [Tc]
2. Critical magnetic field [Hc]
3. Critical current density [Jc]
Each of this parameters is very dependent on the
other properties present
EFFECT OF CRITICAL TEMPERATURE
 Critical temperature: The temperature below at
which marital electrical resistivity drops to zero is
called critical temperature
 Below critical Temperature material is said to be in
superconducting and above this it is said to in
normal state. Below this temperature the
superconductor also exhibit a variety of several
astonishing magnetic and electrical properties
EFFECTS OF MAGNETIC FIELD
 Critical magnetic field
For a given temperature ,the highest
magnetic field under which a material remains
superconducting is known as critical field. It is
given by the equation
Ho – critical field at 0K
T - Temperature below Tc
Tc - Critical temperature
MEISSNER EFFECT
The complete expulsion of all magnetic field by a
superconducting material is called meissner effect
oNormal state T>Tc

oSuperconducting state T<Tc
oThe meissner effect is distinct
characteristic of a superconductor
from a normal perfect conductor in
addition to this effect is exhibited
by the superconductor material
only when the applied field less
than the critical field
TYPES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS
 Superconductors are classified as soft(type 1) and
hard(type 2) superconductor
 A superconductor which exhibits complete meissner
effect is called type1,it has only one critical field
 A super conductor which exhibits incomplete
meissner effect is called type2,it has two critical field
APPLICATIONS OF SUPERCONDUCTORS
 Particle accelerator
 Generator
 Transportation
 Power Transmission
 Electric Motors
 Military
 Computing
 Medical
 B Field Direction (SQUIDS)

SQUID
 Squid is an important application of superconductivity
 SQUID-Superconducting Quantum Interference Device
 A squid is most sensitive type of detector known to science

CONCLUSION
Nowadays , superconductivity is a well flourishing
field. In addition to this ,it has emerged as a technology.
It contributing to advances in medicine, electronics,
astronomy, transportation and experimental science.
I would like to thank our teacher Dr. Deepa k for
this opportunity.
REFERENCE
 Wikipedia
 Solid state physics by S O Piallai (book)
 Google image
 YouTube

Uperconductivity: Presented by Thejasree Prabhakaran

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Uperconductivity: Presented by Thejasree Prabhakaran

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SUPERCONDUCTIVITY

 Difference between conductivity and superconductivity

 Important Factors to Define Superconducting State

 Effect of Critical temperature

 Effect of Critical magnetic field

 This picture shows the main difference between

oNormal state T>Tc

 B Field Direction (SQUIDS)

 A squid is most sensitive type of detector known to science

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