Chapter 1-Introduction Wireless Network

Wolkite University
Department of Information Systems

Wireless Communications And mobile computing
Chapter One
Introduction
Wendosen Z.(MSc in Computer Networking)& CCNA instructor
Wireless Communications And mobile computing
12/2/2019 Departement of Information System 2

Outline
 Introduction
 Types of services
 Communication Device Characteristics
 Requirements for the services
 Economic and social aspects
 Applications
12/2/2019 Department of Information System 3

Introduction
 Mobile computing systems are computing
systems that may be easily moved physically and
whose computing capabilities may be used while
they are being moved.
 Examples are laptops, personal digital assistants
(PDAs), and mobile phones

Introduction…
 Wireless communication involves the process of
sending/reciving information through invisible
waves in the air.
 Information such as text, voice, and video are
carried through the radio frequency of the
electromagnetic spectrum.

Introduction…
 Wireless communications is one of the biggest
engineering success
 market size dominating the whole economy
 e.g + 4 billion GSM subscribers of the world
 Working habits, have been changed “anywhere,

anytime.”
 mobility of workers have increased

Introduction …
 large number of applications have been developed,
 Wireless sensor networks monitor factories,
 wireless links replace the cables between computers and
keyboards, mouse and other peripheral devices
 wireless positioning systems monitor the location of trucks
 This variety of new applications causes the technical
challenges for the wireless engineers to become bigger
with each day. Why?

Types of Services
 Broadcast
 The first wireless service was broadcast radio.
 Properties
 information is only sent in one direction
 transmitted information is the same for all users.
 information is transmitted continuously.
 Simple
 Transmitter does not need to have any knowledge or
consideration about the receivers
 Simplex
 No. of users does

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Types of Services…
 Paging
 unidirectional wireless communications systems.
 Properties
 user can only receive information, but cannot transmit.
 The information is intended for, and received by, only a
single user.
 The amount of transmitted information is very small.
 used by..doctors , police allowing them to react to
emergencies in shorter time.
better
 12/2/2019 area coverage
 Cellular Telephony
 most important form of wireless communications.
 Properties
 information flow is bidirectional.(full duplex)

 Trunking radio
 there is no connection between the wireless system and the PSTN;
 it allows the communications of closed user groups.
 Obvious applications include police departments, fire departments,
taxis, and similar
 Services
 Group calls: several users simultaneously, or several conference call
between multiple users of the system.
 Call priorities: enable the prioritization of calls and allow dropping a
low-priority call in favor of a high-priority one.
 Relay networks: the range of the network can be extended by using
each Mobile Station (MS) as a relay station for other MSs .
 Cordless telephony
 describes a wireless link between a handset and a BS that is directly connected to
the public telephone system.
 main difference from a cell phone
 is associated with, and can communicate with, only a single BS
 thus no mobile switching center; rather, the BS is directly connected to the
PSTN.
 Properties
 no need to find out the location of the MS. Similarly, there is no need to provide for
handover between different BSs.
 There is no central system, there is no need for (and no possibility for) frequency
planning.
 there are no network operators that can charge fees for connections from the MS to
the BS; rather, the only occurring
12/2/2019 fees
Departement are the fees
of Information from the BS into the PSTN.
System 12
 Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs)
 very similar to that of cordless phones
 connecting a single mobile user device to a public
landline system. Laptop -to-Internet.
 main advantage is convenience for the user, allowing
mobility.
 WLANs can even be used for connecting fixed-
location computers (desktops)
 A major difference between wireless LANs and
cordless
12/2/2019 phones is the ofrequired
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Cont.…
 Cordless 64kbps more than 700kbps for wLAN
 a number of standards have been developed for WLAN, all of
which carry the identifier IEEE 802.11.
 The original IEEE 802.11 standard 1Mbit/s,
 the very popular 802.11b standard (also known under the name
WiFi) allows up to 11Mbit/s and the 802.11a standard extends
that to 55Mbit/s.
 Even higher rates are realized by the 802.11n standard that was
introduced in 2008/2009.
 WLAN devices can, in principle, connect to any BS (access
point) that uses the same
12/2/2019 standard.
 Personal area network(PAN)
 coverage area even smaller than that of WLANs,
 number of standards for PANs have been developed by
the IEEE 802.15 group
 intended for simple “cable replacement” duties.
 For example, Bluetooth standard allow to connect a
hands-free headset to a phone without requiring a cable;
in that case, the distance between the two devices is less
than a meter.
 In such applications, data rates are fairly low (<1Mbit/s).
cont.…
 Recently, wireless communications between (DVD player to TV),
between computer and peripheral devices (printer, mouse), and
similar applications have gained importance . data rates in excess
of 100Mbit/s are used.
 Networks for even smaller distances like Body Area Networks
(BANs), which enable communications between devices located
on various parts of a user’s body. monitoring of patients’ health
and of medical devices(e.g., pacemakers).

 Fixed Wireless Access
 essentially replacing a dedicated cable connection
between the user and the public landline system.
 no mobility of the user devices
 the distances bridged by fixed wireless access devices
are much larger (between 100m and several tens of
kilometers).
 its main market for covering rural areas, and for
establishing connections in developing countries that do
not have any wired infrastructure in place.
 Ad hoc Networks and Sensor Networks
 Up to now, we have dealt with “infrastructure-based” wireless communications,
 where certain components (base stations, TV transmitters, etc.) are intended by
design to be in a fixed location, to control over the network and interface with other
networks.
 an alternative in which there is only one type of equipment, and those devices,
all of which may be mobile, organize themselves into a network according to
their location and according to necessity. Such networks are called ad hoc
networks
 There can still be “controllers” in an ad hoc network, but the choice of which
device acts as master and which as slave is done opportunistically whenever a
network is formed.
Cont.…
 The advantages of ad hoc networks
 low costs (because no infrastructure is required), high
flexibility.
 The drawbacks
 reduced efficiency, smaller communication range, and
restrictions on the number of devices that can be included in a
network.
 Ad hoc networks play a major role in the recent abundance
of sensor networks, which allow communications between
machines for the purpose of building control (controlling
air conditioning, lighting, etc., based on sensor data),
factory
12/2/2019 automation, Departement
surveillance,
of Informationetc.
System 19
o Satellite Systems
 Cover very large areas
 Distance several hundred kilometers
 the transmit powers need to be larger,
 high-gain antennas need to be used
 communications from within buildings is almost impossible
 costs of setting up a satellite – are much higher
 Global Positioning System (GPS) use growing
 Satellite signals used to pinpoint location
Popular
12/2/2019 in cell phones, PDAs,ofand
Departement navigation
Information System devices 20
Terminology's
 Mobile vs. wireless

Communication Device Characteristics:
 A communication device can exhibit any one of the
following characteristics:
 Fixed and wired
 Example the typical desktop computer in an office. Neither
weight nor power consumption of the devices allow for mobile
usage. The devices use fixed networks for performance reasons.
 Mobile and wired:
 Many of yesterday’s laptops fall into this category; users carry
the laptop from one hotel to the next, reconnecting to the
company’s network via the telephone network and a modem.
Communication Device Characteristics:…
 Fixed and wireless:

 This mode is used for installing networks, e.g., in
historical buildings to avoid damage by installing wires, or
at trade shows to ensure fast network setup.
 Mobile and wireless:
 This is the most interesting case. No cable restricts the
user, who can roam between different wireless networks.
Most technologies discussed in this course deal with this
type of device and the networks supporting them.
 Today’s most successful example for this category is GSM
with more than 4 Billion users.
Types of Service ?
 What are the different types  Broadcast
of wireless services that we  Paging
have seen on the previous  Cellular Telephony
class?
 Trunking Radio
 Cordless Telephony
 Wireless LAN,PAN,BAN
 Fixed wireless access
 Ad hoc and sensor Nets
 Satellite services
Requirements for the services?
 Different applications have

different requirements ?
 Data rate
 Range & no of users
 Mobility
 Energy consumption
 Use of spectrum
 Direction of transmissions
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 Service Quality
Requirements for the services?....
 Data rate : fewer bits/sec upto gigabits/sec
 Sensor networks: ~ 1kbits/s
 Temperature, speed ….
 Speech communications: 5- 64kbits/s
 Cordless, Cellular telephony
 Elementary data service : 10-100kbits/s
 2G\2.5G cellular data service.
 Communication between computer peripherals
 1Mbits/sec, mouse, key board…..
 High speed data: 0.5-100Mbits/s
 WLAN , 3G cellular
 PAN : 100Mbits/s
 Entertainment systems TV, DVD,Game, PC
 Range & no of users
 BAN ~1M
 PAN ~10M
 WLAN : few hundred Meter
 Cellular : 10-50Km
 Fixed wirless:5-10km
 Satellite systems: 1000km- 36,000km

Requirements for the services?...
Data rate Vs Range

 Mobility
 Fixed devices
 Nomadic: Certain place for certain time(min/hrs)
 Laptops
 Low mobility: Pedestrian speed
 Cordless telephone
 High Mobility :30-150km/h
 Vehicle
 Extreme high mobility:300-1000km/hr
 High speed trains, planes

Data rate Vs. Mobility

 Energy consumptions: critical aspect
 Rechargeable batteries
 Nomadic & mobile devices
 Standby time and operating time are critical
 Cellphone: Min 48hr standby 2hr talk time .
 One way batteries

 Sensors
 Power mains
 Base stations(BSs) and fixed devices.
 Weight of MS is determined (70-80%) by its battery.
Weight & size are critical for sales.
 Use of spectrum
 Spectrum dedicated to service/operator
 Frequency controlled by operator
 Free spectrums
 Used by different service & diff operators
 ISM band 2.4GHz: Micro oven , WiFi, Bluetooth,…
 Interference is managed by users

 Direction of transmission
 Simplex
 Half-duplex
 Full duplex
 Asymmetric duplex
 Data rate depends on the direction
 Satellite uplink & downlink

 Service Quality
 Speech quality
 Mean opinion score (MOS)
 Subjective to human judgments
 Data transmission speed : bit/s

 Service quality
 Fraction of blocked calls + 10 * fraction of dropped calls
(cellular)
 Admissible delay(latency)
 Voice less than 100ms
 Security & safety (sensors ) – latency is vital

Economic and social aspects
 Strength
 Social & cultural factor
 Mobile life style (Anytime Anywhere)
 Increase of social communication
 Increase revenue & productivity
 Ease of setup
 Less expensive
 Development in mobile devices(dynamic)

Economic and social aspects…
 Weakness and issues
 Social issue
 Privacy
 Security (easy to tap)
 Health issues (Brain cancer)
 Noise pollution ,(irritation in classroom)
 Accident (use of cell phone while driving)

Economic and social aspects…
 Weakness…
 Technology issues
 Lack of standards
 High cost of technology
 Quality of service
 Device limitation
 Low data rates

wireless system applications in different areas of
our life?
At Home WiFi
satellite WiFi 802.11g/n
UWB
WiFi
bluetooth
WiFi
cellular

On the Move
Source: http://www.ece.uah.edu/~jovanov/whrms/
On the Road
GSM/UMTS,
cdmaOne/cdma2000,
WLAN, GPS
DAB, TETRA, ...
road condition,
weather,
location-based services,
emergency
Applications
 Vehicles
 Emergencies
 Business
 Agriculture
 Replacement of wired networks
 Infotainment and more
 Location dependent services
Application…
 Vehicles
 Navigation , tracking(GPS)
 Music, news, weather report (DAB)
 Collision avoidance(wireless sensors)
 Accident reporting , Traffic reporting (Ad-hoc)

Collision Avoidance : V2V Networks
 bland spots
 stalled vehicle
warning

Application…
 Emergencies
 Wirelessnetworks are the only means of
communication in the case of natural disasters such as
hurricanes or earthquakes. (wireless ad-hoc networks)
 Accident reporting (wireless sensors)
 Ambulance high-quality wireless connection

Application…
 Business
 Traveling salesman/employee
 having instant access to the company’s database: to
ensure that files on his or her laptop reflect the current
situation,
 Business anytime anywhere mobile office,

Application…
 Agriculture and Natural Resources
 Animal tracking and identification.
 Monitoring water or flood levels.
 Monitor crop health, rainfall, temperature and other
meterological data.
 Track shipments of perishable crops and crop inputs

Application…
 Replacement of wired networks
 remote sensors for weather forecasts, earthquake
detection, or to provide environmental information
 for tradeshows, or in historic buildings.

Application…
 Infotainment
 provide up-to-date information at any appropriate
location.
 Internet everywhere? Not without wireless networks!
 entertainment and games to enable, e.g., ad-hoc
gaming networks as soon as people meet to play
together.

Application…
 Location dependent services
 Follow-on services: Wherever you are, service and
information will follow you
 Location aware services:

Future Wireless Networks
Ubiquitous Communication Among People and Devices
Next-generation Cellular
Wireless Internet Access
Wireless Multimedia
Sensor Networks
Smart Homes/Spaces
Automated Highways
In-Body Networks
All this and more …

Chapter 1-Introduction Wireless Network

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Chapter 1-Introduction Wireless Network

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Wolkite University

Department of Information Systems

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 Working habits, have been changed “anywhere,

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 information is transmitted continuously.

 No. of users does

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 Fixed and wireless:

 Different applications have

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Data rate Vs Range

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Data rate Vs. Mobility

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 One way batteries

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 Data transmission speed : bit/s

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satellite WiFi 802.11g/n

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