Examples for Rapidly Varied Flow

and Artificial Channel Controls

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 RAPIDLY VARIED FLOW

Example 1:
Water flows in wide rectangular channel of q=10 m 3/s/m
and Y1=1.25m. If the flow undergoes a hydraulic jump,
compute sequent depth (Y2), Velocity at sequent section
(V2), Froude number at sequent (F2), dissipation loss (hf),
the percentage of dissipation, the power dissipated per
unit width, the temperatures rise due to dissipation if
Cp=4200J/Kg/K and M = 1200 kg/s/m

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 Solution
𝑉2 2.89
𝐹2 = = 9.81∗3.46
= 𝟎. 𝟒𝟗𝟔
𝑔𝑌2
q=10m3/s/m
Y1=1.25m 𝑌2 −𝑌1 3 3.46−1.25 3
ℎ𝑓 = = 𝒉𝒇 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟐𝟒
Cp=4200J/Kg/K 4∗𝑌1 𝑌2 4∗1.25∗3.46

𝑞 10𝑚3 /𝑠/𝑚 ℎ𝑓
𝑉1 = = = 8.0𝑚/𝑠 Percentage of dissipation
𝑌1 1.25𝑚 𝐸1
2
𝑉1
𝑉1 8 𝐸1 = 𝑌1 + 𝑬𝟏 = 𝟒. 𝟓𝟏
𝐹1 = = = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟖𝟒 2𝑔
𝑔𝑌1 9.81∗1.25 ℎ𝑓 0.624
%= = ∗ 100 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟗𝟓
𝐸1 4.51
𝑌2 1
= −1 + 1 + 8𝐹1 2
𝑌1 2
The Power dissipated per unit width
1 𝑃 = 𝜌𝑔 ∗ 𝑞 ∗ ℎ𝑓
𝑌2 = −1 + 1 + 8𝐹1 2 ∗ 𝑌1
2
𝑃 = 9800𝑁/𝑚3 10𝑚3 /𝑠/𝑚 0.624𝑚
1
𝑌2 = −1 + 1 + 8 ∗ 2.2842 ∗ 1.25 𝑷 = 𝟔𝟏𝟏𝟓𝟐𝑵/𝒔 = 𝟔𝟏. 𝟏𝟓𝟐𝑲𝑾/𝒎
2

𝒀𝟐 = 𝟑. 𝟒𝟔 𝒎
Change of temperature
𝑉1 𝑌1 8∗1.25 𝑃 61152𝑊/𝑚
𝑉1 𝑌1 = 𝑉2 𝑌2 𝑉2 = = ∆𝑇 = =
𝑌1 3.46
𝑀𝐶𝑝 1200 𝑘𝑔/𝑠/𝑚 4200𝐽/𝐾𝑔/𝐾

𝑽𝟐 = 𝟐. 𝟖𝟗𝒎/𝒔 ∆𝑻 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝑲

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 Example 2:

A rectangular horizontal channel 2 wide, a flow of 4 m 3/s.

The depth water on the downstream side of the hydraulic
jump is 1 m.
A. What is the depth upstream?
B. What is the loss of head?

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 Solution
𝑄2 𝑄2
𝑌1 𝐴1 + = 𝑌2 𝐴2 +
𝑔𝐴1 𝑔𝐴2

4𝑚3 /𝑠 2 4𝑚3 /𝑠 2
𝑌1 2 ∗ 𝑌1 + =1 2∗1 +
𝑔 2 ∗ 𝑌1 𝑔 2∗1

0.815
2𝑌1 2 + = 2.815 𝒀𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟏𝟏𝒎
𝑌1

𝑄 𝑄
𝑉1 = = 𝟔. 𝟒𝟑𝒎/𝒔 𝑉2 = = 𝟐. 𝟎 𝒎/𝒔
𝑏∗𝑌1 𝑏∗𝑌2

𝑉1 2 𝑉2 2 6.43 𝑚/𝑠 2 2𝑚/𝑠 2

+ 𝑌1 = + 𝑌2 + ℎ𝑙 + 0.311 𝑚 = + 1𝑚 + 𝐻𝑙
2𝑔 2𝑔 2∗9.81𝑚/𝑠 2∗9.81𝑚/𝑠

𝑯𝒍 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟐𝒎

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 Example 3:

The trapezoidal channel has a bottom width of B = 1.80

m, side slopes of m = 2, and it carries a discharge of 8.5
m3/s. A hydraulic jump occurs in this channel. The flow
depth just before the jump is Y1 = 0.30 m. Determine the
depth after the jump.

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 Example 4:
The rectangular channel shown in the figure below is
nearly horizontal, and it carries a discharge, q =
0.95m3/s/m. The flow depth upstream of the sluice gate is
1.5 m. A hydraulic jump occurs on the downstream side
of the sluice gate. Determine the flow depth at sections B
and D, and the energy loss due to the jump.

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 ARTIFICIAL CHANNEL CONTROLS

Example 1:

A 2.5m wide rectangular channel has a rectangular weir

spanning the full width of the channel. The weir height
is 0.75m measured from the bottom of the channel. What
discharge is indicated when this weir is working under
submerged mode with depths of flow, measured above
the bed channel of 1.75m and 1.25m on the upstream
and downstream of the weir respectively

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 Solution
Given
𝐿 = 2.5𝑚 𝐻𝑒 = 1.75 − 0.75 = 1 𝑚
𝑃 = 0.75𝑚 𝐻𝑎 = 1.25 − 0.75 = 0.5𝑚
𝑄𝑠 =?

𝐻1 1
= = 1.33
𝑃 0.75
𝐻2 0.5
= = 0.5
𝐻1 1
𝐻1
𝐶𝑑 = 0.611 + 0.08 ∗ = 0.611 + 0.08 ∗ 1.33
𝑃
𝑪𝒅 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟏𝟕
2 3 2 3
𝑄𝑓 = ∗ 𝐶𝑑 ∗ 2𝑔 ∗ 𝐿 ∗ 𝐻𝑒 = ∗ 0.718 ∗ 2 ∗ 9.81 ∗ 2.5 ∗ 1
2 2
3 𝟑
3
𝑸𝒇 = 𝟓. 𝟐𝟒𝒎 /𝒔
𝑛 0.385 1.5 0.385
𝐻𝑎 0.5
𝑄𝑠 = 𝑄𝑓 ∗ 1 − = 5.24 ∗ 1 −
𝐻𝑒 1
𝑸𝒔 = 𝟒. 𝟒𝟑𝒎𝟑 /𝒔

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 Example 2:
Design an ogee spillway with the following data
discharge 12,000 m3/s
Height of spillway crest above river bed=100m
Number of spans = 6
Clear distance b/n piers =15m
Thickness of square nosed pier=3m
Square nosed abutments
Slope of downstream face of over flow section=0.8 H:1V
Vertical u/s face
Discharge coefficient 𝐶𝑑 = 0.745
2
𝐶= ∗ 𝐶𝑑 2𝑔 = 2.2
3

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Determine 𝐻𝑑
Solution
L= net length of crest 𝐿 = 15 ∗ 6 = 90𝑚
2 2
3
𝑄 3 12000 3
Assume first 𝐿 = 𝐿′ 𝑄 = 𝐶𝐿𝐻𝑒 2 𝐻𝑒 = = = 15.43 𝑚
𝐶𝐿 2.2∗90
Check L
For square nosed pier 𝐾𝑝 = 0.002 For Square nosed abutments 𝐾𝑎 = 0.2
𝐿 = 𝐿′ − 2 𝑁𝐾𝑝 + 𝐾𝑎 ∗ 𝐻𝑒
𝐿 = 90 − 2 5 ∗ 0.02 + 0.2 ∗ 15.43 = 80.74 𝑚

Recalculation of He
2 2
𝑄 3 12000 3
𝐻𝑒 = = = 16.59𝑚
𝐶𝐿 2.2∗80.74

𝐻𝑒 = 𝐻𝑑 + 𝐻𝑎 where 𝐻𝑎 head due to approach velocity

𝑄 = 𝑉𝐴 A is area of spillway 𝐴 = 𝟏𝟐𝟐𝟒𝟏. 𝟗𝟓𝒎𝟐 𝑽 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟖𝒎/𝒔

𝑉2 0.98 2
𝐻𝑎 = = = 0.05
2𝑔 2 ∗ 9.81
𝐻𝑑 = 𝐻𝑒 − 𝐻𝑎 = 16.59 − 0.05 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟓𝟒

∴ 𝐻𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐻𝑑 𝑎𝑙𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒

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 Cont.….
Ogee crest downstream profile
For a spillway with vertical up stream face 𝐾 = 0.5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 = 1.85
1.85 0.625
𝑌 𝑋 𝑋
= 0.724 + 0.27 − 0.432 + 0.27 + 0.126
𝐻𝑑 𝐻𝑑 𝐻𝑑
𝒀 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟓𝑿𝟏.𝟖𝟓
To determine the location where the D/s profile meets the straight slope at
slope of the D/s face that point
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1
= 1.85 ∗ 0.0457 ∗ 𝑋 0.85 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 0.8
1
= 1.85 ∗ 0.0457 ∗ 𝑋 0.85 𝑋 0.85 = 1.25
0.8

𝑿 = 𝟐𝟑. 𝟖
The coordinates of the surface of the ogee crest is

X 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 23.8

Y 0 0.162 0.585 1.238 2.108 3.186 4.464 5.937 7.6 9.45 11.485 12.699 15.845

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 Example 3:

Abroad crested weir with an upstream square corner and

spanning the full width of a rectangular canal of 2.0m width is
planned. The crest elevation of the weir is 2134.5m at proposed
length is 2.50 m and the river bed elevation is 2133.3m.
Determine the water surface elevation upstream of the weir.

A. The discharge is 2.0m3/s

B. The discharge is 3.50m3/s

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 Solution

𝑄2 = 3.5 𝑚3 /𝑠
Let assume 𝐶𝑑 = 0.525
𝑄1 = 2.0 𝑚3 /𝑠 𝐵𝑤 = 2.5𝑚

𝑃 = 2134.5 − 2133.3 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟎𝒎 𝐿 = 2𝑚

2 3 2 3
𝑄1 = ∗ 𝐶𝑑 ∗ 2𝑔 ∗ 𝐿 ∗ 𝐻1 2 𝑄2 = ∗ 𝐶𝑑 ∗ 2𝑔 ∗ 𝐿 ∗ 𝐻2 2
3 3
2 3 2 3
2.0 = ∗ 0.525 ∗ 2 ∗ 9.81 ∗ 2 ∗ 𝐻1 2 3.5 = ∗ 0.525 ∗ 2 ∗ 9.81 ∗ 2 ∗ 𝐻2 2
3 3
𝑯𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟒𝟕𝒎 𝑯𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟖𝟑𝒎
𝐻1 + 𝑃 = 0.747 + 1.2 = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟒𝟕 𝒎 𝐻2 + 𝑃 = 1.083 + 1.2 = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟖𝟑 𝒎

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 Example 4:

Design a suitable section for over flow portion of

concrete gravity dam having the down stream face
slopping at aslope of 0.7H:1V. The design discharge for
the spillway is 9650 m3/s and height of the spillway crest
kept at 204.0m. The average river bed level at the site is
100.0m in spillway length consists of 8 spans having a
clear width of 10m length each thickness and numbers of
pier taken to be 2.5m.

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 Solution
𝑄 = 96500 𝑚3 /𝑠 𝐾𝑝 = 0.01 𝐾𝑎 = 0.1
𝑇𝐿 = 204𝑚 𝐻 = 204 − 100 = 𝟏𝟎𝟒. 𝟎𝒎
𝐵𝐿 = 100.0𝑚 𝑃𝑡 = 2.50𝑚
𝐿 = 8 ∗ 10 = 𝟖𝟎

Let assume 𝐿𝑒 = 𝐿
3 3
𝑄 9650
𝑄 = 𝐶𝐿𝑒 𝐻𝑒 2 𝐻𝑒 =
2 = = 54.829 𝑯𝒆 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟒𝟑𝟑𝒎
𝐶𝐿𝑒 2.2∗80

𝐿𝑒 = 𝐿 − 2 𝑁 ∗ 𝐾𝑝 + 𝐾𝑎 ∗ 𝐻𝑒

𝐿𝑒 = 80 − 2 7 ∗ 0.01 + 0.1 ∗ 14.433 𝑳𝒆 = 𝟕𝟓. 𝟎𝟗𝟑𝒎

Adjust the 𝐻𝑒
3 3
𝑄 9650
𝑄 = 𝐶𝐿𝑒 𝐻𝑒 2 𝐻𝑒 =
2 = = 58.412 𝑯𝒆 = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟎𝟓𝟓𝒎
𝐶𝐿𝑒 2.2∗75.093

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 Solution
Upstream is vertical K= 0.5 n= 1.85

In the high spillway 𝐻𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐻𝑒 will be the same.

𝑦 𝑋 𝑛 𝑦 𝑥 1.85
=𝐾∗ = 0.5
𝐻𝑑 𝐻𝑑 15.055 15.055

𝑑𝑦 1.85𝑥 1.85−1 𝑑𝑦 1
= =
𝑑𝑥 20.05 𝑑𝑥 0.7

1 1.85𝑥 0.85 20.05

= 𝑥 0.85 = 𝑥 0.85 = 15.483
0.7 20.05 0.7∗1.85

𝒙 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟐𝟔𝟓𝒎

10.2651.85
𝑦= 𝒚 = 𝟑. 𝟕𝟏𝒎
20.05

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