Java Programming

Identifiers

Identifiers
 Are tokens that represent name of variables, methods, classes, etc.
 Examples of identifiers are: Hello, main, System, println.

Java Identifiers are case sensitive

 This means that the identifier Hello is not the same as hello.

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Identifiers (cont…)

Naming convention
 Identifiers must begin with a letter (A to Z or a to z), currency character
($), underscore character (_)
 Identifiers can have any combination of characters after the first
character.
 A keyword cannot be used as an identifier like class, public, void
 Examples of legal identifier: age, $salary, _count
 Examples of illegal identifier: 123abc, -salary

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Identifiers (cont…)

Coding Guidelines
1. For names of classes, capitalize the first letter of the class name.
- ThisIsAnExampleOfClassName
2. For names of methods and variables, the first letter of the word should
start with a small letter.
- thisIsAnExampleOfMethodName

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Identifiers (cont…)

Coding Guidelines
3. In case of multi-word identifiers, use capital letters to indicate the start of
the word except the first word.
- charArray, fileNumber, ClassName
4. Avoid using underscores at the start such as _read or _write

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Keywords

Java Keywords
 Keywords are predefined identifiers reserved by Java for a specific
purpose.
 You cannot use keywords as names for your variables, classes, methods
…etc

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Keywords (cont…)

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Java Program
Components
Literals

Java Literals
 Literals are tokens that do not change or are constant.
 The different types of literals in Java are:
- Integer Literals
- Floating-Point Literals
- Boolean Literals
- Character Literals
- String Literals 9
Literals (cont…)

Java Literals: Integer

 Integer literals come in different formats:
- decimal (base 10)
- hexadecimal (base 16)
- octal (base 8)

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Literals (cont…)

Java Literals: Integer

 Special Notations in using integer literals in our programs:
- Decimal
• No special notation
• Example: 12
- Hexadecimal
• Precede by 0x or 0X
• Example: 0xC
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Literals (cont…)

Java Literals: Integer

 Special Notations in using integer literals in our programs:
- Octal
• Precede by 0
• Example: 014

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Literals (cont…)

Java Literals: Floating Point

 Represents decimal with fractional parts
- Example: 3.1416
 Can be expressed in standard or scientific notation
- Example: 583.45 (standard)
- Example: 5.8345e2 (scientific)

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Literals (cont…)

Java Literals: Boolean

 Boolean literals have only two values:
- true
- false

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Literals (cont…)

Java Literals: Character

 Character literals represent single Unicode characters.
 Unicode character
- A 16-bit character set that replaces the 8-bit ASCII character set.
- Unicode allows the inclusion of symbols and special characters from
other languages

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Literals (cont…)

Java Literals: Character

 To use a character literal, enclose the character in single qoute delimiters.
 For example
- The letter a, is represented ‘a’
- Special characters such as a newline character, a backslash is used
followed by the character code. For example, ‘\n’ for the newline
character, ‘\r’ for the carriage return, ‘\b’ for backspace.

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Literals (cont…)

Java Literals: String

 String literals represent multiple characters and are enclosed by double
qoutes.
 An example of a string literal is, “Hello World”

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Primitive Data Types

 Java Programming language defines eight primitive data types:

- boolean (for logical) - int
- char (for textual) - long (integral)
- byte - double
- short - float (floating point)

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Primitive Data Types (cont...)

Logical-boolean
 A boolean data type represents two states: true and false
 An example is:
boolean result = true;
 The example shown above, declares a variable named result as boolean
type and assigns it a value of true.

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Primitive Data Types (cont...)

Textual-char
 A character data type (char), represents a single Unicode character
 It must have its literal enclosed in single qoutes (‘ ‘);
 For example,
 To represent special characters like ‘ (single qoutes) or “ (double qoutes),
use the escape character \. For example,
‘\’’ //for single qoutes
‘\”’ //for double qoutes
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Primitive Data Types (cont...)

Textual-char
 String is a class and not a data type.
 String represents a data type that contains multiple characters.
 It has its literal enclosed in double qoutes (“ ”)
 For example:
String message = “Hello World”;

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Primitive Data Types (cont...)

Integral – byte, short, int & long

 Integral data types in Java uses three forms – decimal, octal, or
hexadecimal
 Examples are:
2 //The decimal value 2
077 //The leading 0 indicates an octal value
0xBACC //The leading 0x indicates a hex value

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Primitive Data Types (cont...)

Integral – byte, short, int & long

 Integral types has int as default data type.
 You can define its long value by appending the letter l or L
 For example:
10L

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Primitive Data Types (cont...)

Integral – byte, short, int & long

 Integral data type have the following ranges:

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Primitive Data Types (cont...)

Floating Point – float and double

 Floating point types has double as default data type
 Floating point literal includes either a decimal point or one of the
following:
E or e //add exponential value
F or f //float
D or d //double

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Primitive Data Types (cont...)

Floating Point – float and double

 Floating point examples:
3.14 //A simple floating-point value (a double)
6.02E23 //A large floating-point value
2.718F //A simple float size value
123.4E+306D //A large double

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Primitive Data Types (cont...)

Floating Point – float and double

 Floating point data types have the following ranges:

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Variables

Variable
 A variable is an item of data used to store the state of objects.
 A variable has a:
- data type
The data type indicates the type of value that the variable can hold
- name
The variable name must follow rules of identifiers

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Variables (cont...)

 Declare a variable follows:

<data type> <name> [=initial value]
 Note: Values enclosed in <> are required values, while those
values in [ ] are optional

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Variables (cont...)
1 public class VariableSamples {
2 public static void main( String[] args ){
3 //declare a data type with variable name
4 // result and boolean data type
5 boolean result;

6 //declare a data type with variable name

7 // option and char data type
8 char option;
9 option = 'C'; //assign 'C' to option

10 //declare a data type with variable name

11 //grade, double data type and initialized
12 //to 0.0
13 double grade = 0.0;
14 } 30
15 }
Variables (cont...)

Coding Guidelines
1. It always good to initialize you variables as you declare
them.
2. Use descriptive name for your variables. Like for example, if
you want to have a variable that contains a grade for a
student, name it as, grade and not just some random letters
you choose.

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Variables (cont...)

Coding Guidelines
3. Declare one variable per line of code. For example, the
variable declarations,
double exam = 0;
double quiz = 10;
double grade = 0;
Is preferred over the declaration,
double exam = 0, quiz = 10, grade = 0;
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Outputting Variable

 In order to ouput the value of a certain variable, we can use

the following commands:
System.out.println();
System.out.print();

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Outputting Variable (cont...)
1 public class OutputVariable {
2 public static void main( String[] args ){
3 int value = 10;
4 char x;
5 x = ‘A’;

6 System.out.println( value );
7 System.out.println( “The value of x=“ + x );
8 }
9 }
The program will output the following text on screen:
10
The value of x=A 34
Outputting Variable (cont...)

System.out.println() vs System.out.print()
 System.out.println()
- Appends a newline at the end of the data output
 System.out.print()
- Does not append newline at the end of the data output

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Outputting Variable (cont...)

 System.out.print()
System.out.print(“Hello”);
System.out.print(“World!”);
Output:
HelloWorld!

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Outputting Variable (cont...)

 System.out.print()
System.out.println(“Hello”);
System.out.println(“World!”);
Output:
Hello
World!

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Operators

 Different types of operators:

- Arithmetic operator
- Relational operator
- Logical operator
- Conditional operator
 These operators follow a certain kind of precedence so that
the compiler will know which operator to evaluate first in case
multiple operators are used in one statement
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Operators (cont...)

Arithmetic Operator

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Operators (cont...)

Arithmetic Operator
1. public class ArithmeticDemo {
2. public static void main(String[] args){
3. //a few numbers
4. int i = 37;
5. int j = 42;
6. double x = 27.475;
7. double y = 7.22;
8. System.out.println("Variable values...");
9. System.out.println(" i = " + i);
10. System.out.println(" j = " + j);
11. System.out.println(" x = " + x);
12. System.out.println(" y = " + y); 40
Operators (cont...)

Arithmetic Operator
13. System.out.println("Adding...");
14. System.out.println(" i + j = " + (i + j));
15. System.out.println(" x + y = " + (x + y));
16. //subtracting numbers
17. System.out.println("Subtracting...");
18. System.out.println(" i - j = " + (i – j));
19. System.out.println(" x - y = " + (x – y));
20. //multiplying numbers
21. System.out.println("Multiplying...");
22. System.out.println(" i * j = " + (i * j));
23. System.out.println(" x * y = " + (x * y));
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Operators (cont...)

Arithmetic Operator
24. //dividing numbers
25. System.out.println("Dividing...");
26. System.out.println(" i / j = " + (i / j));
27. System.out.println(" x / y = " + (x / y));
28. //computing the remainder
29. System.out.println("Computing the remainder...");
30. System.out.println(" i % j = " + (i % j));
31. System.out.println(" x % y = " + (x % y));

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Operators (cont...)

Arithmetic Operator
32. //mixing types
33. System.out.println("Mixing types...");
34. System.out.println(" j + y = " + (j + y));
35. System.out.println(" i * x = " + (i * x));
36. }
37.}

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Operators (cont...)

Arithmetic Operator
Variable values... Dividing...
i = 37 i / j = 0
j = 42 x / y = 3.8054
x = 27.475
Computing the remainder...
y = 7.22
i % j = 37
Adding...
x % y = 5.815
i + j = 79
Mixing types...
x + y = 34.695
j + y = 49.22
Subtracting...
i * x = 1016.58
i - j = -5
x - y = 20.255
Multiplying...
i * j = 1554
x * y = 198.37 44
Operators (cont...)

Arithmetic Operator
 Note:
When an integer and a floating-point number are used as
operands to a single arithmetic operation, the result is a
floating point. The integer is implicitly converted to a floating-
point number before the operation takes place.

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Operators (cont...)

Increment and Decrement Operators

 Unary increment operator (++)
 Unary increment operator (--)
 Increment and decrement operators increase and decrease a
value stored in a number variable by 1
 For example, the expression,
count = count + 1;
Is equivalent to
count++; 46
Operators (cont...)

Increment and Decrement Operators

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Operators (cont...)

Increment and Decrement Operators

 The increment and decrement operators can be placed before
or after an operand
 When used before an operand, it causes the variable to be
incremented or decremented by 1, and then the new value is
used in the expression in which it appears.

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Operators (cont...)

Increment and Decrement Operators

 For example:
int i = 10;
int j = 3;
int k = 0;
k = ++j + i; //will result to
//k = 4+10 = 14

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Operators (cont...)

Increment and Decrement Operators

 When the increment and decrement operators are placed after
the operand, the old value of the variable will be used in the
expression where it appears
 For example,
int i = 10;
int j = 3;
int k = 0;
k = j++ + i; //will result to k = 3+10 = 13 50
Operators (cont...)

Relational Operators
 Relational operators compare two values and determines the
relationship between those values.
 The output of evaluation are the boolean values true or false

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Operators (cont...)

Relational Operators

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Operators (cont...)

Relational Operators
1. public class RelationalDemo{
2. public static void main(String[] args){
3. //a few numbers
4. int i = 37;
5. int j = 42;
6. int k = 42;
7. System.out.println("Variable values...");
8. System.out.println(" i = " +i);
9. System.out.println(" j = " +j);
10. System.out.println(" k = " +k);

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Operators (cont...)

Relational Operators
11. //greater than
12. System.out.println("Greater than...");
13. System.out.println(" i > j = "+(i>j));//false
14. System.out.println(" j > i = "+(j>i));//true
15. System.out.println(" k > j = "+(k>j));//false
16. //greater than or equal to
17. System.out.println("Greater than or equal to...");
18. System.out.println(" i >= j = "+(i>=j));//false
19. System.out.println(" j >= i = "+(j>=i));//true
20. System.out.println(" k >= j = "+(k>=j));//true

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Operators (cont...)

Relational Operators
21. //less than
22. System.out.println("Less than...");
23. System.out.println(" i < j = "+(i<j));//true
24. System.out.println(" j < i = "+(j<i));//false
25. System.out.println(" k < j = "+(k<j));//false
26. //less than or equal to
27. System.out.println("Less than or equal to...");
28. System.out.println(" i <= j = "+(i<=j));//true
29. System.out.println(" j <= i = "+(j<=i));//false
30. System.out.println(" k <= j = "+(k<=j));//true

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Operators (cont...)

Relational Operators
31. //equal to
32. System.out.println("Equal to...");
33. System.out.println(" i == j = " + (i==j));//false
34. System.out.println(" k == j = " + (k==j));//true
35. //not equal to
36. System.out.println("Not equal to...");
37. System.out.println(" i != j = " + (i!=j));//true
38. System.out.println(" k != j = " + (k!=j));//false
39. }
40. }

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 Operators (cont...)

Variable values... Less than or equal to...

i = 37
i <= j = true
j = 42
k = 42 j <= i = false
Greater than... k <= j = true
i > j = false
j > i = true Equal to...
k > j = false i == j = false
Greater than or equal to... k == j = true
i >= j = false
j >= i = true Not equal to...
k >= j = true i != j = true
Less than... k != j = false
i < j = true
j < i = false
k < j = false 57
Operators (cont...)

Logical Operators
 Logical operators have one or two boolean operands that yield a
boolean result
 There are six logical operators:
- && (logical AND) - ^ (boolean logical exclusive OR)
- & (boolean logical AND) - ! (logical NOT)
- || (logical OR)
- | (boolean logical inclusive OR)
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Operators (cont...)

Logical Operators
 The basic operation for a logical operation is
x1 op x2
where,
x1, x2 –can be Boolean expressions, variables or constants
op – is either &&, &, ||, | or ^ operator
 The truth tables that will be shown next, summarize the result of each
operation for a possible combinations of x1 and x2.

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Operators (cont...)

&& (logical) and & (boolean logical) AND

 Here is the truth table for && and &,

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Operators (cont...)

&& (logical) and & (boolean logical) AND

 The basic difference between && and & operators:
- && supports short-circuit evaluations (or partial evaluations), while &
doesn’t.
 Given an expression
exp1 && exp2
- && will evaluate the expression exp1, and immediately return a false
value if exp1 is false
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Operators (cont...)

&& (logical) and & (boolean logical) AND

- If exp1 is false, the operator never evaluates exp2 because
the result of the operator will be false regardless of the value
of exp2.
 In contrast, the & operator always evaluates both exp1 and exp2
before returning an answer.

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Operators (cont...)
1 public class TestAND {
2 public static void main( String[] args ){
3 int i = 0;
4 int j = 10;
5 boolean test= false;
6 //demonstrate &&
7 test = (i > 10) && (j++ > 9);
8 System.out.println(i);
9 System.out.println(j);
10 System.out.println(test);
11 //demonstrate &
12 test = (i > 10) & (j++ > 9);
13 System.out.println(i);
14 System.out.println(j);
15 System.out.println(test);
16 } 63
17 }
Operators (cont...)

&& (logical) and & (boolean logical) AND

 The output of the program is ,
0
10
false
0
11
false
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Operators (cont...)

&& (logical) and & (boolean logical) AND

 Note, that the j++ on the line containing && operator is not
evaluated since the first expression (i>10) is already equal to
false

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Operators (cont...)

|| (logical) and | (boolean logical) inclusive OR

 Here is the truth table for || and |,

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Operators (cont...)
1 public class TestOR {
2 public static void main( String[] args ){
3 int i = 0;
4 int j = 10;
5 boolean test= false;
6 //demonstrate ||
7 test = (i < 10) || (j++ > 9);
8 System.out.println(i);
9 System.out.println(j);
10 System.out.println(test);
11 //demonstrate |
12 test = (i < 10) | (j++ > 9);
13 System.out.println(i);
14 System.out.println(j);
15 System.out.println(test);
16 }
67
17 }
Operators (cont...)

|| (logical) and | (boolean logical) inclusive OR

 The output of the program is ,
0
10
true
0
11
true
68
Operators (cont...)

|| (logical) and | (boolean logical) inclusive OR

 Note, that the j++ on the line containing || operator is not
evaluated since the first expression (i<10) is already equal to
true.

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Operators (cont...)

|| (logical) and | (boolean logical) inclusive OR

 Note, that the j++ on the line containing || operator is not
evaluated since the first expression (i<10) is already equal to
true.

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Operators (cont...)

^ (boolean logical exclusive OR)

 Here is the truth table for ^,

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Operators (cont...)

^ (boolean logical exclusive OR)

 The result of an exclusive OR operation is TRUE, if and only if
one operand is true and the other is false.
 Note that both operands must always be evaluated in order to
calculate the result of an exclusive OR.

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Operators (cont...)

1 public class TestXOR {

2 public static void main( String[] args ){
3 boolean val1 = true;
4 boolean val2 = true;
5 System.out.println(val1 ^ val2);
6 val1 = false; val2 = true;
7 System.out.println(val1 ^ val2);
8 val1 = false; val2 = false;
9 System.out.println(val1 ^ val2);
10 val1 = true; val2 = false;
11 System.out.println(val1 ^ val2);
12 }
13 }

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Operators (cont...)

^ (boolean logical exclusive OR)

 The output of the program is,
false
true
false
true

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Operators (cont...)

! (logical NOT)
 The logical NOT takes in one argument, wherein that argument
can be an expression, variable or constant
 Here is the truth table for !,

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Operators (cont...)

1 public class TestNOT {

2 public static void main( String[] args ){
3 boolean val1 = true;
4 boolean val2 = false;
5 System.out.println(!val1);
6 System.out.println(!val2);
7 }
8 }

 The output of the program is,

false
true
76
Operators (cont...)

Conditional Operator ( ?: )
 The conditional operator ?:
- Is a ternary operator
This means that it takes in three arguments that together form a
conditional expression

- The structure of an expression using a conditional operator

is exp1?:exp2:exp3
wherein exp1 – is a Boolean expression whose result must either
true or false
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Operators (cont...)

Conditional Operator ( ?: )
 The conditional operator ?:
- Result
if exp1 is true, exp2 is the value returned
if it is false, then exp3 is returned

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Operators (cont...)

1 public class ConditionalOperator {

2 public static void main( String[] args ){
3 String status = "";
4 int grade = 80;
5 //get status of the student
6 status = (grade >= 60)?"Passed":"Fail";
7 //print status
8 System.out.println( status );
9 }
10 }

 The output of the program is,

Passed
79
Operators (cont...)

Conditional Operator ( ?: )

80
Operators (cont...)

Operator Precedence

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Operators (cont...)

Operator Precedence
 For example, multiplication have higher precedence than
addition. In the expression 2+3*4, the multiplication is done
before the addition, producing a result of 14.
 So if we want to prioritize addition over multiplication we can
use ( ) parenthesis because parenthesis have higher precedence
than multiplication. In the expression (2+3)*4, the addition is
done before the addition, producing a result of 20.

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Operators (cont...)

Operator Precedence
 Given a complicated expression,
6%2*5+4/2+88-10
we can rewrite the expression and place some parenthesis
base on operator precedence.
((6%2)*5)+(4/2)+88-10

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Operators (cont...)

Coding Guidelines
 To avoid confusion in evaluating mathematical operations, keep
your expressions simple and use parenthesis.

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