INTRODUCTION TO MYSQL

WHAT IS MYSQL?
 MySQL is a freely available open
source Relational Database
Management System (RDBMS) that
uses Structured Query Language (SQL).
 SQL is the most popular language for
adding, accessing and managing
content in a database. It is most noted
for its quick processing, proven
reliability, ease and flexibility of use.
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 WHAT IS MYSQL?
 MySQL is a database system used on
the web.
 MySQL is a database system that runs
on a server.
 MySQL is ideal for both small and large
applications.
 MySQL is very fast, reliable, and easy to
use.
 MySQL uses standard SQL
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 WHAT IS MYSQL?
 MySQL is free to download and use.
 MySQL is developed, distributed, and
supported by Oracle Corporation
 Officially pronounced “my Ess Que
Ell” (not my sequel).
The data in a MySQL database are
stored in tables. A table is a collection
of related data, and it consists of
columns and rows. 4
 BASIC MYSQL OPERATIONS
 Create table  Join table
 Insert records
 Drop table
 Load data
 Optimize table
 Retrieve records
 Count, Like, Order
 Update records by, Group by
 Delete records
 Modify table

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CONNECTING TO MYSQL
MySQL provides an interactive
shell for creating tables, inserting
data, etc.
On Windows, just go to
c:\mysql\bin, and type:
 mysql

Or, click on the Windows icon

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 SAMPLE SESSION
 For example:
Enter password: *****
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 241 to server version: 3.23.49

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the buffer.

mysql>

 To
exit the MySQL Shell, just type QUIT or
EXIT:
mysql> QUIT
mysql> exit 7
 BASIC QUERIES
 Once logged in, you can try some simple queries.
 For example:

mysql> SELECT VERSION(), CURRENT_DATE;

+-----------+--------------+
| VERSION() | CURRENT_DATE |
+-----------+--------------+
| 3.23.49 | 2002-05-26 |
+-----------+--------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

 Note that most MySQL commands end with a semicolon (;)

 MySQL returns the total number of rows found, and the total
time to execute the query.
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 BASIC QUERIES
Keywords may be entered in any
lettercase.
The following queries are
equivalent:
mysql> SELECT VERSION(),
CURRENT_DATE;
mysql> select version(),
current_date;
mysql> SeLeCt vErSiOn(),
current_DATE; 9
 BASIC QUERIES
 Youcan also enter multiple statements
on a single line. Just end each one with a
semicolon:

mysql> SELECT VERSION(); SELECT NOW();

+--------------+
| VERSION() |
+--------------+
| 3.22.20a-log |
+--------------+
+---------------------+
| NOW() |
+---------------------+
| 2004 00:15:33 | 10
+---------------------+
MULTI-LINE COMMANDS
 mysql determines where your statement ends
by looking for the terminating semicolon, not
by looking for the end of the input line.
 Here's a simple multiple-line statement:

mysql> SELECT
-> USER()
-> ,
-> CURRENT_DATE;
+--------------------+--------------+
| USER() | CURRENT_DATE |
+--------------------+--------------+
| joesmith@localhost | 1999-03-18 |
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+--------------------+--------------+
 CANCELING A COMMAND
 If
you decide you don't want to execute
a command that you are in the process
of entering, cancel it by typing \c

mysql> SELECT
-> USER()
-> \c
mysql>
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 CREATE DATABASE
 To get started on your own database, first
check which databases currently exist.
 Use the SHOW statement to find out which
databases currently exist on the server:

mysql> show databases;

+----------+
| Database |
+----------+
| mysql |
| test |
+----------+ 13

2 rows in set (0.01 sec)

 CREATE AND USE
DATABASE
 Tocreate a new database, issue the
“create database” command:
 mysql> create database webdb;

 Tothe select (use) a database, issue the

“use” command:
 mysql> use webdb;

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 CREATING A TABLE
 Once you have selected a database, you
can view all database tables:
mysql> show tables;
Empty set (0.02 sec)
 An empty set indicates that I have not
created any tables yet.

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 CREATING A TABLE
 Let’screate a table for storing pets.
 Table: pets
 name: VARCHAR(20)
 owner: VARCHAR(20)
 species: VARCHAR(20)
 sex: CHAR(1) VARCHAR is
usually used
 birth: DATE to store string
 date: DATE data.

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 CREATING A TABLE
 To
create a table, use the CREATE
TABLE command:

mysql> CREATE TABLE pet (

-> name VARCHAR(20),
-> owner VARCHAR(20),
-> species VARCHAR(20),
-> sex CHAR(1),
-> birth DATE, death DATE);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 17
sec)
 CREATE TABLE
 CREATE TABLE Table_Name
(column_specifications)
Example
mysql> CREATE TABLE student
-> (
-> student_ID INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL,
-> name VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL,
-> major VARCHAR(50),
-> grade VARCHAR(5)
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
 SHOWING TABLES
 Toverify that the table has been created:
mysql> show tables;
+------------------+
| Tables_in_test |
+------------------+
| pet |
+------------------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)
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 DESCRIBING TABLES
 Toview a table structure, use the DESCRIBE
command:
mysql> describe pet;
+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| name | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | |
| owner | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | |
| species | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | |
| sex | char(1) | YES | | NULL | |
| birth | date | YES | | NULL | |
| death | date | YES | | NULL | |
+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
6 rows in set (0.02 sec) 20
 INSERT RECORD
INSERT INTO table_name SET
col_name1=value1, col_name2=value2,
col_name3=value3, …

Example
mysql> INSERT INTO student SET
student_ID=101, name='Shannon', major='BCB',
grade='A';

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

 RETRIEVE RECORD
 SELECTwhat_columns
FROM table_name
WHERE condition
Example
mysql> SELECT major, grade FROM student WHERE
name='Shannon';

+-------+-------+
| major| grade|
+-------+-------+
| BCB | A |
+-------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> SELECT * FROM student;

 MODIFY TABLE STRUCTURE
 ALTER TABLE table name Operations
mysql> alter table student add primary key (student_ID);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

mysql> describe student;

+---------------+--------------------- +-------+------+----------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+---------------+----------------------+-------+------+----------+-------+
| student_ID | int(10) unsigned | | PRI | 0 | |
| name | varchar(20) | | | | |
| major | varchar(10) | YES | | NULL | |
| grade | varchar(5) | YES | | NULL | |
+---------------+----------------------+-------+------+-----------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
 UPDATE RECORD
 UPDATE table_name
SET which columns to change
WHERE condition
Example
mysql> UPDATE student SET grade='B' WHERE name='Shannon';
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0

mysql> SELECT * FROM student WHERE name=‘Shannon’;

+------------+---------------+--------+--------+
| name | student_ID | major | grade |
+------------+---------------+--------+--------+
| Shannon | 101 | BCB | B |
+------------+---------------+--------+--------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
 DELETE RECORD
 DELETE FROM table_name WHERE
condition
 Example
mysql> DELETE FROM student WHERE
name='Shannon';
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

Mysql> DELETE FROM student;

Will delete ALL student records!
 DROP TABLE
DROP TABLE table_name
Example
mysql> drop table student;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

Logout MySQL
mysq> quit;
 DELETING A TABLE
 To
delete an entire table, use the
DROP TABLE command:

mysql> drop table pet;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

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 LOADING SAMPLE DATA
 You could create a text file `pet.txt'
containing one record per line.
 Values must be separated by tabs, and
given in the order in which the
columns were listed in the CREATE
TABLE statement.
 Then load the data via the LOAD
DATA Command.

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 SAMPLE DATA FILE
Fluffy Harold cat f 1993-02-04 \N
Claws Gwen cat m 1994-03-17 \N
Buffy Harold dog f 1989-05-13 \N
Fang Benny dog m 1990-08-27 \N
Bowser Diane dog m 1979-08-31 1995-07-29
Chirpy Gwen bird f 1998-09-11 \N
WhistlerGwen bird \N 1997-12-09 \N
Slim Benny snake m 1996-04-29 \N

To Load pet.txt:

mysql> LOAD DATA LOCAL INFILE "pet.txt" INTO TABLE pet;

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 SQL SELECT
 The SELECT statement is used to pull
information from a table.
 The general format is:

SELECT what_to_select
FROM which_table
WHERE conditions_to_satisfy

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 SELECTING ALL DATA
 The simplest form of SELECT retrieves everything
from a table

mysql> select * from pet;

+----------+--------+---------+------+------------+------------+
| name | owner | species | sex | birth | death |
+----------+--------+---------+------+------------+------------+
| Fluffy | Harold | cat | f | 1999-02-04 | NULL |
| Claws | Gwen | cat | f | 1994-03-17 | NULL |
| Buffy | Harold | dog | f | 1989-05-13 | NULL |
| Fang | Benny | dog | m | 1999-08-27 | NULL |
| Bowser | Diane | dog | m | 1998-08-31 | 1995-07-29 |
| Chirpy | Gwen | bird | f | 1998-09-11 | NULL |
| Whistler | Gwen | bird | | 1997-12-09 | NULL |
| Slim | Benny | snake | m | 1996-04-29 | NULL |
+----------+--------+---------+------+------------+------------+
8 rows in set (0.00 sec) 31
 SELECTING PARTICULAR
ROWS
 You can select only particular rows from
your table.
 For example, if you want to verify the
change that you made to Bowser's birth
date, select Bowser's record like this:
mysql> SELECT * FROM pet WHERE name = "Bowser";
+--------+-------+---------+------+------------+-----------
-+
| name | owner | species | sex | birth | death
|
+--------+-------+---------+------+------------+-----------
-+
| Bowser | Diane | dog | m | 1998-08-31 | 1995-07-29
|
+--------+-------+---------+------+------------+-----------
-+
1 row in set (0.00 sec) 32
 SELECTING PARTICULAR
ROWS
 To find all animals born after 1998
SELECT * FROM pet WHERE birth >= "1998-1-1";

 To find all female dogs, use a logical AND

SELECT * FROM pet WHERE species = "dog" AND sex = "f";

 To find all snakes or birds, use a logical OR

SELECT * FROM pet WHERE species = "snake"
OR species = "bird";

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 SELECTING PARTICULAR
COLUMNS
 Ifyou don’t want to see entire rows
from your table, just name the
columns in which you are interested,
separated by commas.
 For example, if you want to know
when your pets were born, select the
name and birth columns.
 (see example next slide.)

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 SELECTING PARTICULAR
COLUMNS
mysql> select name, birth from pet;
+----------+------------+
| name | birth |
+----------+------------+
| Fluffy | 1999-02-04 |
| Claws | 1994-03-17 |
| Buffy | 1989-05-13 |
| Fang | 1999-08-27 |
| Bowser | 1998-08-31 |
| Chirpy | 1998-09-11 |
| Whistler | 1997-12-09 |
| Slim | 1996-04-29 |
+----------+------------+
8 rows in set (0.01 sec) 35
 SORTING DATA
 To sort a result, use an ORDER BY clause.
 For example, to view animal birthdays, sorted by date:

mysql> SELECT name, birth FROM pet ORDER BY birth;

+----------+------------+
| name | birth |
+----------+------------+
| Buffy | 1989-05-13 |
| Claws | 1994-03-17 |
| Slim | 1996-04-29 |
| Whistler | 1997-12-09 |
| Bowser | 1998-08-31 |
| Chirpy | 1998-09-11 |
| Fluffy | 1999-02-04 |
| Fang | 1999-08-27 |
+----------+------------+ 36
8 rows in set (0.02 sec)
 SORTING DATA
 Tosort in reverse order, add the DESC
(descending keyword)
mysql> SELECT name, birth FROM pet ORDER BY birth DESC;
+----------+------------+
| name | birth |
+----------+------------+
| Fang | 1999-08-27 |
| Fluffy | 1999-02-04 |
| Chirpy | 1998-09-11 |
| Bowser | 1998-08-31 |
| Whistler | 1997-12-09 |
| Slim | 1996-04-29 |
| Claws | 1994-03-17 |
| Buffy | 1989-05-13 |
+----------+------------+ 37
8 rows in set (0.02 sec)
WORKING WITH NULLS
 NULL means missing value or
unknown value.
 To test for NULL, you cannot use the
arithmetic comparison operators, such
as =, < or <>.
 Rather, you must use the IS NULL and
IS NOT NULL operators instead.

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WORKING WITH NULLS
 For example, to find all your dead pets (what a
morbid example!)

mysql> select name from pet where death

>IS NOT NULL;
+--------+
| name |
+--------+
| Bowser |
+--------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)

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 PATTERN MATCHING
 MySQL provides:
 standard SQL pattern matching; and
 regular expression pattern matching, similar to those used
by Unix utilities such as vi, grep and sed.
 SQL Pattern matching:
 To perform pattern matching, use the LIKE or NOT LIKE
comparison operators
 By default, patterns are case insensitive.
 Special Characters:
 _ Used to match any single character.
 % Used to match an arbitrary number of characters.

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 PATTERN MATCHING
EXAMPLE
 To find names beginning with ‘b’:

mysql> SELECT * FROM pet WHERE name LIKE "b%";

+--------+--------+---------+------+------------+----------
--+
| name | owner | species | sex | birth | death
|
+--------+--------+---------+------+------------+----------
--+
| Buffy | Harold | dog | f | 1989-05-13 | NULL
|
| Bowser | Diane | dog | m | 1989-08-31 | 1995-07-
29 |
+--------+--------+---------+------+------------+---------- 41
--+
 PATTERN MATCHING
EXAMPLE
 To find names ending with `fy':

mysql> SELECT * FROM pet WHERE name LIKE "%fy";

+--------+--------+---------+------+------------+-------+
| name | owner | species | sex | birth | death |
+--------+--------+---------+------+------------+-------+
| Fluffy | Harold | cat | f | 1993-02-04 | NULL |
| Buffy | Harold | dog | f | 1989-05-13 | NULL |
+--------+--------+---------+------+------------+-------+

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PATTERN MATCHING
EXAMPLE
 To find names containing a ‘w’:

mysql> SELECT * FROM pet WHERE name LIKE "%w%";

+----------+-------+---------+------+------------+------------+
| name | owner | species | sex | birth | death |
+----------+-------+---------+------+------------+------------+
| Claws | Gwen | cat | m | 1994-03-17 | NULL |
| Bowser | Diane | dog | m | 1989-08-31 | 1995-07-29 |
| Whistler | Gwen | bird | NULL | 1997-12-09 | NULL |
+----------+-------+---------+------+------------+------------+

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 PATTERN MATCHING
EXAMPLE
 To find names containing exactly five characters, use the _
pattern character:

mysql> SELECT * FROM pet WHERE name LIKE "_____";

+-------+--------+---------+------+------------+-------+
| name | owner | species | sex | birth | death |
+-------+--------+---------+------+------------+-------+
| Claws | Gwen | cat | m | 1994-03-17 | NULL |
| Buffy | Harold | dog | f | 1989-05-13 | NULL |
+-------+--------+---------+------+------------+-------+

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 REGULAR EXPRESSION
MATCHING
 The other type of pattern matching
provided by MySQL uses extended
regular expressions.
 When you test for a match for this type
of pattern, use the REGEXP and NOT
REGEXP operators (or RLIKE and
NOT RLIKE, which are synonyms).

45
 REGULAR EXPRESSIONS
 Some characteristics of extended regular
expressions are:
 . matches any single character.
 A character class [...] matches any character within the
brackets. For example, [abc] matches a, b, or c. To name a
range of characters, use a dash. [a-z] matches any
lowercase letter, whereas [0-9] matches any digit.
 * matches zero or more instances of the thing preceding it.
For example, x* matches any number of x characters, [0-
9]* matches any number of digits, and .* matches any
number of anything.
 To anchor a pattern so that it must match the beginning or
end of the value being tested, use ^ at the beginning or $ at
the end of the pattern.

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 REG EX EXAMPLE
 To find names beginning with b, use ^ to match the
beginning of the name:

mysql> SELECT * FROM pet WHERE name REGEXP "^b";

+--------+--------+---------+------+------------+----------
--+
| name | owner | species | sex | birth | death
|
+--------+--------+---------+------+------------+----------
--+
| Buffy | Harold | dog | f | 1989-05-13 | NULL
|
| Bowser | Diane | dog | m | 1989-08-31 | 1995-07-
29 |
+--------+--------+---------+------+------------+----------
--+

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 REG EX EXAMPLE
 To find names ending with `fy', use `$' to match the
end of the name:
mysql> SELECT * FROM pet WHERE name REGEXP "fy$";
+--------+--------+---------+------+------------+-------+
| name | owner | species | sex | birth | death |
+--------+--------+---------+------+------------+-------+
| Fluffy | Harold | cat | f | 1993-02-04 | NULL |
| Buffy | Harold | dog | f | 1989-05-13 | NULL |
+--------+--------+---------+------+------------+-------+

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 COUNTING ROWS
 Databases are often used to answer the question,
"How often does a certain type of data occur in a
table?"
 For example, you might want to know how many
pets you have, or how many pets each owner has.
 Counting the total number of animals you have is
the same question as “How many rows are in the
pet table?” because there is one record per pet.
 The COUNT() function counts the number of non-
NULL results.

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 COUNTING ROWS
EXAMPLE
A query to determine total number of pets:
mysql> SELECT COUNT(*) FROM pet;
+----------+
| COUNT(*) |
+----------+
| 9 |
+----------+

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 BATCH MODE
 In the previous sections, you used
mysql interactively to enter queries
and view the results.
 You can also run mysql in batch mode.
To do this, put the commands you
want to run in a file, then tell mysql to
read its input from the file:
 shell> mysql < batch-file

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IS THAT ALL THERE IS TO
MYSQL?
 Of course not!
 Understanding databases and MySQL
could take us several weeks (perhaps
months!)
 For now, focus on:
 using the MySQL shell
 creating tables
 creating basic SQL queries

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 VIEW IN MYSQL

 What are views?

VIEWS are virtual tables .By virtual, we
mean, the tables do not store any data of
their own but display data stored in other
tables.
o a view is a virtual table based on the
result-set of an SQL statement.
o A view contains rows and columns, just
like a real table. 53
 VIEW IN MYSQL…..
 The view must include the PRIMARY KEY of the
table based upon which the view has been
created.
 A database view allows you to simplify complex
queries.
 a database view is defined by an SQL statement
that associates with many underlying tables.
 Through a database view, you only have to use
simple SQL statements instead of complex ones
with many joins.
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 VIEW IN MYSQL…..
 VIEWS increase re-usability. You will not
have to create complex queries involving
joins repeatedly.
 VIEWS help in data security. You can use
views to show only authorized information
to users and hide sensitive data like credit
card numbers.
 Views make life easy as you do not have
write complex queries time and again.
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 VIEW IN MYSQL …..
 The
fields in a view are fields from one or
more real tables in the database.

 VIEW Syntax

 CREATEVIEW view_name AS
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE condition; 56
 VIEW IN MYSQL …..
 DROP VIEW Syntax
 DROP VIEW view_name;

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 SUMMARY
 SQL provides a structured language for
querying/updating multiple databases.
 The more you know SQL, the better.

 The most important part of SQL is learning

to retrieve data.
 selecting rows, columns, boolean operators,
pattern matching, etc.
 Keep playing around in the MySQL Shell.

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