PYTHON GRAPHICS PROGRAMMING

Objects and Graphics

Adapted from John Zelle’s

Book Slides 1
GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI)
• Most applications you’re familiar with have Graphical
User Interfaces (GUI) that provide windows, icons,
buttons, menus, and drawings.
• Before the invention of GUIs by Xerox, applications
were text-based and used computer terminals.
• Apple and Microsoft integrated GUIs in the Macintosh
and PCs.
• Now GUIs are widely available.
Python Programming, 2/e 2
OBJECT-ORIENTED LANGUAGES
• Modern computer languages are “Object Oriented”
• When representing the world it is easier to model the world
based on
Objects: (Physical objects)
• teacher
• student
• apple
Methods: (What you can do with objects)
teacher.ask(question)
student.study(book)
apple.eat()
• Example of object-oriented computer languages are: Java, C#,
C++, Python
• Languages that are not object-oriented: C, Basic, Fortran,
Pascal.

Python Programming, 2/e 3

 GRAPHICS.PY
• There’s a graphics library (graphics.py) written specifically to go with the
textbook. It’s based on Tkinter.
• You can download it from:
http://mcsp.wartburg.edu/zelle/python/graphics.py
• Save it in the same directory where your graphics programs are located.
• Alternatively you can put it in Python’s Lib directory with other libraries
SIMPLE GRAPHICS PROGRAMMING
• Since this is a library, we need to import the graphics commands
import graphics
• A graphics window is a place on the screen where the graphics will appear.
win = graphics.GraphWin()
• This command creates a new window titled “Graphics
Window.”

Python Programming, 2/e 5

SIMPLE GRAPHICS PROGRAMMING
• GraphWin is an object assigned to the variable win. We can manipulate the
window object through this variable, similar to manipulating files through file
variables.
• Windows can be closed/destroyed by issuing the command
win.close()
• If you don’t close the window you have to kill the
program.

Python Programming, 2/e 6

SIMPLE GRAPHICS PROGRAMMING
• It’s tedious to use the graphics. notation to access the graphics
library routines.

• from graphics import *

The “from” statement allows you to load specific functions from a library
module. “*” will load all the functions, or you can list specific ones.

Python Programming, 2/e 7

SIMPLE GRAPHICS PROGRAMMING
• Doing the import this way eliminates the need to preface graphics
commands with graphics.

from graphics import *

win = GraphWin()

Python Programming, 2/e 8

SIMPLE GRAPHICS PROGRAMMING
• A graphics window is a collection of points called
pixels (picture elements).
• The default GraphWin is 200 pixels tall by 200 pixels
wide (40,000 pixels total).
• One way to get pictures into the window is one pixel
at a time, which would be tedious. The graphics
routine has a number of predefined routines to draw
geometric shapes.

Python Programming, 2/e 9

SCALING THE WINDOW

• To scale the window we do

win = GraphWin('Shapes', 400, 400)
win.setCoords(0.0, 0.0, 10.0, 10.0)
• This will make the lower left corner to be (0,0) and the
upper right corner to be (10,10)
• The size of the window is 400x400 pixels
• This will make drawing on the screen easier.
THE SCREEN

(0,10) (10,10)

400 pixels

(0,0) (10,0)

400 pixels
SIMPLE DRAWING
(0,10) (10,10)

(0,0) (10,0)

400 pixels
SIMPLE GRAPHICS PROGRAM

#
# graphics1.py - Simple graphics program.
#

from graphics import *

def Main():

#Create a window 400x400 pixels

win = GraphWin('Shapes', 400, 400)

# Make the window scaled

# bottom leftmost corner is (0,0)
# top rightmost corner is (10,10)
win.setCoords(0.0, 0.0, 10.0, 10.0)
SIMPLE GRAPHICS PROGRAM

#Draw a circle centered at 5,5

center = Point(5, 5)
circ = Circle(center, 4)
circ.setFill('yellow')
circ.draw(win)

# Draw left eye

eye1 = Circle(Point(3,6), 1)
eye1.setFill("red")
eye1.draw(win)

# Draw right eye

eye2 = Circle(Point(7,6), 1)
eye2.setFill("red")
eye2.draw(win)
SIMPLE GRAPHICS PROGRAM

# Draw mouth

rect = Rectangle(Point(4, 2), Point(6, 3))

rect.setFill("blue");

rect.draw(win)

# Draw line

line = Line(Point(1, 8), Point(9, 8))

line.draw(win)

# Draw message

message = Text(Point(5, 0.5), "Click anywhere to quit")

message.draw(win)

# Wait until we click mouse in the window

win.getMouse()

win.close()

Main()
SIMPLE GRAPHICS PROGRAMMING
• The simplest object is the Point. Like points in
geometry, point locations are represented with a
coordinate system (x, y), where x is the horizontal
location of the point and y is the vertical location.
• The origin (0,0) in a graphics window is the upper left
corner.
• X values increase from left to right, y values from top
to bottom.
• Lower right corner is (199, 199)

Python Programming, 2/e 16

SIMPLE GRAPHICS PROGRAMMING
from graphics import *

def Main():

win = GraphWin('Shapes', 400, 400)

p = Point(50, 50)

p.draw(win)

# draw the other point

p = Point(350, 350)

p.draw(win)

# Wait for a clink on the window

win.getMouse()

# Close window

win.close()

Main()

Python Programming, 2/e 17

SIMPLE GRAPHICS PROGRAMMING
>>> ### Open a graphics window
>>> win = GraphWin('Shapes')
>>> ### Draw a red circle centered at point (100, 100)
with radius 30
>>> center = Point(100, 100)
>>> circ = Circle(center, 30)
>>> circ.setFill('red')
>>> circ.draw(win)
>>> ### Put a textual label in the center of the circle
>>> label = Text(center, "Red Circle")
>>> label.draw(win)
>>> ### Draw a square using a Rectangle object
>>> rect = Rectangle(Point(30, 30), Point(70, 70))
>>> rect.draw(win)
>>> ### Draw a line segment using a Line object
>>> line = Line(Point(20, 30), Point(180, 165))
>>> line.draw(win)
>>> ### Draw an oval using the Oval object
>>> oval = Oval(Point(20, 150), Point(180, 199))
>>> oval.draw(win)

Python Programming, 2/e 18

USING GRAPHICAL OBJECTS
• Computation is preformed by asking an object to carry out one of its
operations.
• In the previous example we manipulated GraphWin, Point, Circle, Oval, Line,
Text and Rectangle. These are examples of classes.

Python Programming, 2/e 19

GETTING MOUSE CLICKS
• The following code reports the coordinates of a mouse click:

from graphics import *

win = GraphWin("Click Me!")
p = win.getMouse()
print("You clicked", p.getX(), p.getY())

• We can use the accessors like getX and getY or other methods on the
point returned.

Python Programming, 2/e 20

GETTING MOUSE CLICKS
# triangle.pyw
# Interactive graphics program to draw a triangle

from graphics import *

def main():
win = GraphWin("Draw a Triangle")
win.setCoords(0.0, 0.0, 10.0, 10.0)
message = Text(Point(5, 0.5), "Click on three points")
message.draw(win)

# Get and draw three vertices of triangle

p1 = win.getMouse()
p1.draw(win)
p2 = win.getMouse()
p2.draw(win)
p3 = win.getMouse()
p3.draw(win)

Python Programming, 2/e 21

GETTING MOUSE CLICKS
# Use Polygon object to draw the triangle

triangle = Polygon(p1,p2,p3)

triangle.setFill("peachpuff")

triangle.setOutline("cyan")

triangle.draw(win)

# Wait for another click to exit

message.setText("Click anywhere to quit.")

win.getMouse()

main()

Python Programming, 2/e 22

GETTING MOUSE CLICKS

Python Programming, 2/e 23

GETTING MOUSE CLICKS
• Notes:
• If you are programming in a windows environment, using
the .pyw extension on your file will cause the Python shell
window to not display when you double-click the program
icon.
• There is no triangle class. Rather, we use the general
polygon class, which takes any number of points and
connects them into a closed shape.

Python Programming, 2/e 24

GETTING MOUSE CLICKS
• Once you have three points, creating a triangle polygon is
easy:
triangle = Polygon(p1, p2, p3)

• A single text object is created and drawn near the

beginning of the program.
message = Text(Point(5,0.5), "Click on three points")
message.draw(win)

• To change the prompt, just change the text to be displayed.

message.setText("Click anywhere to quit.")

Python Programming, 2/e 25

HANDLING TEXTUAL INPUT
• The triangle program’s input was done completely
through mouse clicks. There’s also an Entry object
that can get keyboard input.
• The Entry object draws a box on the screen that
can contain text. It understands setText and
getText, with one difference that the input can be
edited.

Python Programming, 2/e 26

HANDLING TEXTUAL INPUT

Python Programming, 2/e 27

HANDLING TEXTUAL INPUT
# convert_gui.pyw

# Program to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit using a simple

# graphical interface.

from graphics import *

def main():

win = GraphWin("Celsius Converter", 300, 200)

win.setCoords(0.0, 0.0, 3.0, 4.0)

# Draw the interface

Text(Point(1,3), " Celsius Temperature:").draw(win)

Text(Point(1,1), "Fahrenheit Temperature:").draw(win)

input = Entry(Point(2,3), 5)

input.setText("0.0")

input.draw(win)

output = Text(Point(2,1),"")

output.draw(win)

button = Text(Point(1.5,2.0),"Convert It")

button.draw(win)

Rectangle(Point(1,1.5), Point(2,2.5)).draw(win)

Python Programming, 2/e 28

HANDLING TEXTUAL INPUT
# wait for a mouse click
win.getMouse()

# convert input
celsius = eval(input.getText())
fahrenheit = 9.0/5.0 * celsius + 32

# display output and change button

output.setText(fahrenheit)
button.setText("Quit")

# wait for click and then quit

win.getMouse()
win.close()

main()

Python Programming, 2/e 29

HANDLING TEXTUAL INPUT

Python Programming, 2/e 30

HANDLING TEXTUAL INPUT
• When run, this program produces a window with an entry box for typing in
the Celsius temperature and a button to “do” the conversion.
• The button is for show only! We are just waiting for a mouse click anywhere in the
window.

Python Programming, 2/e 31

HANDLING TEXTUAL INPUT
• Initially, the input entry box is set to contain “0.0”.
• The user can delete this value and type in another value.
• The program pauses until the user clicks the mouse – we don’t care where
so we don’t store the point!

Python Programming, 2/e 32

HANDLING TEXTUAL INPUT
• The input is processed in three steps:
• The value entered is converted into a number with eval.
• This number is converted to degrees Fahrenheit.
• This number is then converted to a string and formatted for display in the output text
area.

Python Programming, 2/e 33