HELPING HANDS

OOPs Concepts in JAVA

2017

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OOPs (Object Oriented Programming System)

Java is an Object-Oriented Language. Object Oriented Programming is a

methodology to design a program using classes and objects. It simplifies the
software development and maintenance by providing some concepts:

• Object
• Class
• Encapsulation
• Inheritance
• Polymorphism
• Abstraction

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Object and Class in JAVA

In this chapter, we will look into the concepts - Classes and Objects.
Object − Objects have states and behaviours.
If we consider a Student ,
its state is - Name, Roll No
its behaviour is - SetName, SetRollNo,

If you compare the software object with

a real-world object, they have very
similar characteristics. Software objects also have a state and a behaviour. A
software object's state is stored in fields(DATA) and behaviour is shown via
methods.

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Object and Class in JAVA

Class − A class is a template or blueprint from which objects are created. A

class can be defined as a template that describes the behaviour/state that the
object of its type support. It is a group of objects that has common properties.

You declare a class by specifying the class keyword followed by a non-

reserved identifier that names it. A pair of matching open and close brace
characters ({ and }) follow and delimit the class's body.

class <class_name>{
data member;
method;
}

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Object and Class in JAVA
public class Student {
String name;
int rollno;
void SetName(String nm)
{
name = nm;
}
void SetRollNo(int rno)
{
rollno = rno;
}

void DisplayInfo()
{
System.out.println(name +" is student with Roll number "+rollno);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
Student s1 =new Student();
Student s2 =new Student();
s1.SetName("John");
s2.SetName("Maria");
s1.SetRollNo(1002);
s2.SetRollNo(1005);
s1.DisplayInfo();
s2.DisplayInfo();
}

}
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Java Package in JAVA

A java package is a group of similar types of classes, interfaces and sub-

packages.
Package in java can be categorized in two form, built-in package and user-
defined package.
There are many built-in packages such as java, lang, awt, javax, swing, net,
io, util, sql etc.

Advantage of Java Package

1) Java package is used to categorize the classes and interfaces so that they
can be easily maintained.
2) Java package provides access protection.
3) Java package removes naming collision.

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Access modifiers in JAVA
The access modifiers in java specifies accessibility (scope) of a data member,
method, constructor or class.
There are 4 types of java access modifiers:
• private
• default
• protected
• Public

1) private access modifier

The private access modifier is accessible only within class.

2) default access modifier

If you don't use any modifier, it is treated as default bydefault. The default modifier is accessible
only within package.

3) protected access modifier

The protected access modifier is accessible within package and outside the package but through
inheritance only.The protected access modifier can be applied on the data member, method and
constructor. It can't be applied on the class.

4) public access modifier

The public access modifier is accessible everywhere. It has the widest scope among all other
modifiers.
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Constructor in JAVA

• Constructor in java is a special type of method that is used to initialize the

object.
• Java constructor is invoked at the time of object creation. It constructs the
values i.e. provides data for the object that is why it is known as constructor.

Rules for creating java constructor

There are basically two rules defined for the constructor.
• Constructor name must be same as its class name
• Constructor must have no explicit return type

There are two types of constructors:

• Default constructor (no-arg constructor)
• Parameterized constructor

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Constructor in JAVA

package classobject;

public class Constructors {

String name;
public Constructors() {
System.out.println(" This is default constructor");
}

public Constructors(String nm) {

// This constructor has one parameter, name.
name = nm;
System.out.println(" This is constructor with Parameter Name "+name);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
Constructors c1 = new Constructors();
Constructors c2 = new Constructors("Anjali");
}
} 9
Encapsulation in JAVA

Encapsulation is one of the four fundamental OOP concepts. Encapsulation

in java is a process of wrapping code and data together into a single unit, for
example capsule i.e. mixed of several medicines. The whole idea behind
encapsulation is to hide the implementation details from users. If a data
member is private it means it can only be accessed within the same class. No
outside class can access private data member (variable) of other class.

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Encapsulation in JAVA

To achieve encapsulation in Java −

•Declare the variables of a class as private.

•Provide public setter and getter methods to modify and view the variables values.

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Encapsulation in JAVA
public class EncapTest {
private String name;
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String newName) {
name = newName;
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

EncapTest encap = new EncapTest();
encap.setName("James");
System.out.println("Entered Name is "+encap.getName());
}
}

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Inheritance in Java

Inheritance in java is a mechanism in which one object acquires all the

properties and behaviours of parent object.
The idea behind inheritance in java is that you can create new classes that are
built upon existing classes. When you inherit from an existing class, you can
reuse methods and fields of parent class, and you can add new methods and
fields also. Inheritance represents the IS-A relationship, also known
as parent-child relationship.

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Inheritance in Java

Why use inheritance in java?

• Reusability -- facility to use public methods of base class without

rewriting the same
• Extensibility -- extending the base class logic as per business logic of the
derived class
• Data hiding -- base class can decide to keep some data private so that it
cannot be altered by the derived class
• Overriding--With inheritance, we will be able to override the methods of
the base class so that meaningful implementation of the base class method
can be designed in the derived class.

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Inheritance in Java

Syntax of Java Inheritance

class Subclass-name extends Superclass-name
{
//methods and fields
}

The extends keyword indicates that you are making a new class that derives
from an existing class. In the terminology of Java, a class that is inherited is
called a super class. The new class is called a subclass.

public class Animal {

}
public class Mammal extends Animal {
}
public class Reptile extends Animal {
}
public class Dog extends Mammal {
}

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Inheritance in Java
package Inheritance;
class Animal {
public void heart() {
System.out.println("We have heart");
}}
class Mammal extends Animal {
public void MammaryGlands() {
System.out.println("We have Mammary glands!");
}}
class Reptile extends Animal {
public void Hiss() {
System.out.println("Hiss Hiss!!");
}}
public class dog extends Mammal {
public void bark() {
System.out.println("Dogs bark Bow Bow!");
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
dog d = new dog();
d.bark();
d.MammaryGlands();
d.heart();
}}

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super keyword in Java
package classobject;
class Bike4 {
int speed=50;
}
class superkwrd extends Bike4{
int speed=100;
void display(){
System.out.println(super.speed);//will print speed of Vehicle now
}
public static void main(String args[]){
superkwrd b=new superkwrd();
b.display();
}
}

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super keyword in Java
• The super keyword in java is a reference variable that is used to refer
immediate parent class object.

• Whenever you create the instance of subclass, an instance of parent class

is created implicitly i.e. referred by super reference variable.

Usage of java super Keyword

• super is used to refer immediate parent class instance variable.

• super() is used to invoke immediate parent class constructor.
• super is used to invoke immediate parent class method.

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Final keyword in Java
The final keyword in java is used to restrict the user. The java final keyword
can be used in many context.
Final can be:
• variable
• method
• Class
1) Java final variable
If you make any variable as final, you cannot change the value of final
variable(It will be constant).

2) Java final method

If you make any method as final, you cannot override it.

3) Java final class

If you make any class as final, you cannot extend it.

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this keyword in Java
In java, ‘this’ is a reference variable that refers to the current object.

Usage of java this keyword

Here is given the 6 usage of java this keyword.

• this keyword can be used to refer current class instance variable.

• this() can be used to invoke current class constructor.
• this keyword can be used to invoke current class method (implicitly)
• this can be passed as an argument in the method call.
• this can be passed as argument in the constructor call.
• this keyword can also be used to return the current class instance.

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this keyword in Java
public class thiskwrd {
int id;
String name;
thiskwrd(int id,String name){
this.id = id;
this.name = name;
}
void display(){System.out.println(id+" "+name);}
public static void main(String args[]){
thiskwrd s1 = new thiskwrd(111,"Karan");
thiskwrd s2 = new thiskwrd(222,"Aryan");
s1.display();
s2.display();
}
}

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Polymorphism in JAVA?

 Polymorphism in java is a concept by which we can perform a single action by

different ways. Polymorphism is derived from 2 greek words: poly and morphs.
The word "poly" means many and "morphs" means forms. So polymorphism
means many forms.

 There are two types of polymorphism in java: compile time polymorphism and
runtime polymorphism. We can perform polymorphism in java by method
overloading and method overriding.

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Method Overloading in JAVA?

If a class have multiple methods by same name but different

parameters, it is known as Method Overloading.
Suppose you have to perform addition of the given numbers but
there can be any number of arguments, if you write the method
such as a(int,int) for two parameters, and b (int,int,int) for three
parameters then it may be difficult for you as well as other
programmers to understand the behavior of the method because
its name differs. So, we perform method overloading to figure
out the program quickly.

There are two ways to overload the method in java

 By changing number of arguments
 By changing the data type

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Method Overloading in JAVA?

Example of Method Overloading by changing the no. of arguments

In this example, we have created two overloaded methods, first sum method
performs addition of two numbers and second sum method performs
addition of three numbers.
class Calculation{
void sum(int a,int b){System.out.println(a+b);}
void sum(int a,int b,int c){System.out.println(a+b+c);}
public static void main(String args[]){
Calculation obj=new Calculation();
obj.sum(10,10,10);
obj.sum(20,20);
}
}

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Method Overloading in JAVA?

Example of Method Overloading by changing data type of argument

In this example, we have created two overloaded methods that differs in data type.
The first sum method receives two integer arguments and second sum method receives
two double arguments.

class Calculation2{
void sum(int a,int b){System.out.println(a+b);}
void sum(double a,double b){System.out.println(a+b);}

public static void main(String args[]){

Calculation2 obj=new Calculation2();
obj.sum(10.5,10.5);
obj.sum(20,20);
}
}

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Method Overriding in JAVA?

If subclass (child class) has the same method as declared in the parent
class, it is known as method overriding in java.

Rules for Java Method Overriding

 method must have same name as in the parent class

 method must have same parameter as in the parent class.

 must be IS-A relationship (inheritance).

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Method Overriding in JAVA?

If subclass (child class) has the same method as declared in the parent
class, it is known as method overriding in java.

Rules for Java Method Overriding

 method must have same name as in the parent class

 method must have same parameter as in the parent class.

 must be IS-A relationship (inheritance).

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Method Overriding in JAVA?

Example of method overriding

In this example, we have defined the run method in the subclass as defined
in the parent class but it has some specific implementation. The name and
parameter of the method is same and there is IS-A relationship between the
classes, so there is method overriding.

class Vehicle{
void run(){System.out.println("Vehicle is running");}
}

class Bike2 extends Vehicle{

void run(){System.out.println("Bike is running safely");}

public static void main(String args[]){

Bike2 obj = new Bike2();
obj.run();
}
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Abstraction in JAVA?

As per dictionary, abstraction is the quality of dealing with ideas rather than
events. Likewise in Object-oriented programming, abstraction is a process of
hiding the implementation details from the user, only the functionality will
be provided to the user.

In other words, the user will have the information on

what the object does instead of how it does it.

In Java, abstraction is achieved using Abstract classes and interfaces.

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Abstraction in JAVA?

Abstract Class
A class which contains the abstract keyword in its declaration is known as
abstract class.

Abstract classes may or may not contain abstract methods, i.e., methods
without body ( public void get(); )

But, if a class has at least one abstract method, then the class must be
declared abstract.
If a class is declared abstract, it cannot be instantiated.

To use an abstract class, you have to inherit it from another class, provide
implementations to the abstract methods in it.

If you inherit an abstract class, you have to provide implementations to all

the abstract methods in it.
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Abstraction in JAVA?

Example of abstract class that has abstract method

In this example, Bike the abstract class that contains only one abstract
method run. It implementation is provided by the Honda class.

abstract class Bike{

abstract void run();
}
class Honda4 extends Bike{
void run(){System.out.println("running safely..");}
public static void main(String args[]){
Bike obj = new Honda4();
obj.run();
}
}

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