COMPUTER

OVERVIEW

Made by:-
SHIVAM SHARMA
WHAT IS A COMPUTER?
 A computer is a electronic device that can
perform a variety of operations in accordance
with a set of instructions called program.
 Data Vs. Information

Data. Data in computer terminology means raw

facts and figures.

Information. It means what we get after processing

data. Meaningful data is known as Information.
FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS OF A
COMPUTER
 Basic Structure Of a Computer.

Input Unit Output

CPU Unit

Main Memory

This is a basic structure of a computer that

have a 4 components basically.
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT(CPU)
 The CPU is the control center for a computer. It guides, directs and
governs its performance. It is the brain of the computer. The CPU has
two components :-
 Arithmetic Logic Unit(ALU)
The ALU performs all the four arithmetical(+,-,×,/) and some
logical(<,>,=,<=,>=,<>) operations.
 Control Unit(CU)
The CU controls and guides the interpretation, flow and manipulation of
all data and information.

OUTPUT UNIT
The output unit is formed by the output devices attached to the computer. The
output coming from the CPU is in the form of BINARY LANGUAGE.

THE MEMORY
The memory means storage of computer. The memory of a computer is often called
main memory or primary memory. It is generally the third component of CPU
HARDWARE

 Hardware
Hardware represents the physical and tangible
components of the computer i.e., the components
that can be seen and touched.

 A computer consists of five primary hardware components:-

Input Output
devices devices

Storage
CPU devices
SOFTWARE
 Software represents the set of programs that
govern the operation of a computer system
and make hardware run.
 Software can be classified as three
categories:-
Operating
system
Language
processors
Application
software
OPERATING SYSTEM
 An operating system (OS) is software, consisting of programs and
data, that runs on computers and manages the computer
hardware and provides common services for efficient execution
of various application software.
 Examples of operating systems
Microsoft Windows
Microsoft Windows is a family of proprietary operating
systems most commonly used on personal computers. It is the
most common family of operating systems for the personal
computer, with about 90% of the market share. Currently, the
most widely used version of the Windows family is Windows XP
released on October 25, 2001. The newest version is Window7
for personal computers and Windows Server 2008 R2 for
servers.
LANGUAGE PROCESSORS
Language processors are software that convert HLL
languages to machine language :
The language processors are given below:
 Assembler. This language processor converts the program
written in assembly language into machine language.

 Interpreter. This language processor converts HLL program

into machine language by converting and executing it line by
line.

 Compiler. It also converts the HLL program into machine

language but the conversion manner is different. It converts
the entire HLL program in one go, and reports all the errors of
the program along with the line numbers.
APPLICATION SOFTWARE
An application software is the set of
programs necessary to carry out operations
for a specified application.
They are divided in two categories:-
 Customized Application Software. This type of
software is tailor-made software according to a user's
requirements. The software is developed to meet all
the requirements specified by user.
 General Application Software. This type of software
is developed keeping in mind the general
requirements for carrying out a specific task.
EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS
• The concept of a computer was started in ancient times.
• Here we see some ancient computers :-
1.ABACUS
Around 3000 years abacus concept was formed.
An abacus consists of beads divided into two parts
which are movable on the rods of the two parts.
Addition and multiplication is done by ABACUS.

2. Napier’s ‘Logs’ and ‘Bones’

John Napier(1550-1617) developed the idea of Logarithm.
He used ‘logs’ to transform multiplication problem to add-
Ition problem. Napier also devised set of numbering rods
known as Napier's Bones.
3. Pascal’s Adding Machine
Blaise Pascal, a French mathematician, invented a machine in 1642 made
Up of gears which was used for adding numbers
quickly. This machine was named as Adding machine.
And was capable of addition and subtraction.

4. Leibnitz’s Calculator
Gottfried Leibnitz, a german mathematician, improved an adding machine
And constructed a new machine in 1671 that
was able to perform multiplication and division
as well.

5. Babbage’s Difference Engine

Charles Babbage, a professor of mathematics,
developed a machine called Difference Engine in the
Year 1822.
6. Babbage’s Analytical Engine
In 1833, Charles Babbage started designing an Analytical Engine which was to
Become a real ancestor of modern day computer.
Analytical Engine was Capable to done all four
arithmetic operations.

7. Hollerith’s Machine
In 1857, an American named Herman Hollerith(1869-1926) fabricated what
Was dreamt of by Charles Babbage. He fabricated
The first electromechanical punched card , tabulator.

8. Mark-I
Prof. Howard Aiken(1900-1973) in U.S.A. constructed in
1943 an electromechanical computer named Mark-I
which could multiply two 10-digit number in 5 seconds-
A record at that time. Mark-I was the first machine which
could perform according to pre programmed instructions
automatically without any manual interference.
 THE GENERATIONS OF MODERN
COMPUTER
1. The First Generation Computers (1949-55)
The fist generation computers used thermionic valves and machine
Language. Example are :- ENIAC, EDVAC, EDSAC, UNIVAC-I
Some key features of this generation computers are:-

Used Vacuum tubes

Big and clumsy computers

Programming in machine language.

Electricity consumption high

2. The Second Generation Computers (1956-65)
Transistor Electricit
The second generation computers began with the replaced y
advent of transistorized circuitry, invention of vacuum consumpt
tubes ion lower
magnetic cores. Example – IBM 1401, CDC 1604,
RCA 501 Some Key features are :- First Magnetic
operating tapes
system and disks
developed used

3.The Third Generation Computers (1966-75)

The third generation computers replaced transistors
Integrate Power
with ‘Integrated Circuits’ known popularly as chips. d circuits consumpti
Example-IBM-360series, ICL-2903.Some Key features developed on lower

are:-
Computer
High-level
4. The fourth Generation Computer s smaller,
language
faster &
appeared
(1976- present) reliable
Example are:- IBM ,DELL, APPLE. Some key features are :-
Great
Integrated developmen
Portable Secondary
circuits,
smaller and
computer t in data memory used
developed communicat (HARD DISK)
faster
ion
TYPES OF COMPUTERS
Comp
ters
TYPES OF DIGITAL COMPUTERS

The digital computer work upon

discontinuous data. They convert
the data into digit and all operation Digita
Digita

are carried out on these digits

ll

at extremely fast rates. A digital

computer basically knows how to (B)Size
(B)Size &
Performa
Performa
nce
&

nce wise
wise

count the digits and add the digits.

Digitals Computers are much faster
(A)Purpo
(A)Purpo
than analogs and far more accurate. se-wise
se-wise
 (A).PURPOSE WISE DIGITAL
COMPUTERS

Purpose wise computer are classified into

two types:-
Sp
Sp
ec
ec
ial
ial
pu
pu
rp
rp
os
os
e
e

1.Special purpose Computer is one that

Pur
is designed to perform a specific task. pos
The instruction to carry out the task e
are permanently stored in the wis
machine. But such computer are not e
versatile.
G
G
en
en
er
er
al
al
Pu
Pu
rp
rp
os
os
e
e

2.General Purpose Computer is the one

that can work on different types of
programs input to it and thus be used
in countless applications. Such
computer are very versatile.
(B).Size & Performance
Wise Digital Computers
These are classified into five types:
Size
Size &
&
Perfor
Perfor

i)Mainframe computers are designed to

manc
manc
e
e wise
wise

handle huge volume of data. These can support 3.S 1.M

1.M
more than hundred users at time. These are upe
ainfr
ainfr
ame
ame
multiuser, multiprocessor system. For r s
s

mainframe computers very sophisticated

operating system are needed to control their
operation. For ex: ICL39, CDC6600, VAX8842, 4.E
4.E 2.
IBM3090/600, IBM4381. mbe
mbe
Min
dde
dde
d
d i
ii).Minicomputers are more powerful 5.
computer than micro in term of processing Mic
ro
power and capabilities. Mini computer possess
greater storage capacity and larger memories
as compared to microcomputer. They are
capable of handling more input –output
devices. For example : PDP-11, VAX, 7500
MAGNUM.
iii). Super Computers are the most powerful computer among
digital computer. These consist of several processors running
together thereby making them immensely faster and powerful. Super
computers can performs billions of instruction per second. These are
mainly used in application like weather forecasting, nuclear science
research, aerodynamic modeling, seismology, metrology etc.
Examples are: CRAY X-MP-14, CDC-205, ETA GF-10, FUJITSU VP-400,
NEC SX-2, PARAM, PACE².

iv). Embedded computers exist in a wide range of sizes and

power. These computers are typically preprogrammed for specific
task, such as tuning to a particular T.V frequency or keeping
accurate time.

v). Micro computers is a computer whose CPU is a

microprocessor. A microprocessor is a processor whose all
component are on single integrated-circuit chip. These are designed
for performing basic operations like education. Three major
categories at microcomputers:
 (V).TYPES OF MICRO COMPUTERS
Micro
1.Programmable Computers/PDAs computer vary comput
enormously in their computational power, speed,
memory, and physical size. The smallest of these
computers can be held in one hand.
er
2.Laptop and Desktop computers (PCs) are typically
used in businesses and at home to communicate on
computer networks, for word processing to track 1.
Pro
2. 3.
finances, and to play games. Wo
gra La
rks
3.Workstations are similar to personal computers butmm pt tati
have greater memory and more extensive abl
mathematical abilities, and they are connected to e op on
other workstations or personal computers to
exchange data. They are typically found in scientific
and industrial environments which requires high level
of computation.
2. ANALOG COMPUTERS
In analog computers, continuous quantities
are used. Computation are carried out with
physical quantities and devices that measure
such quantities are analog devices. Analog
computer operate by measuring rather than
counting. The main advantages of analog
computer is that all calculations take place
in parallel and hence these are faster.
Analog computer are mostly used in
engineering and scientific application. An
electronic weighing scale is an example of
an analog computer.
3.HYBRID COMPUTERS
Hybrid computers utilities the best qualities of
the digital and analog computers. In these
computers some calculation take place in analog
manner and rest of them take place in digital
manner. Hybrid computers are best used in
hospitals where analog part is responsible for
measurement of patient’s heart beat, blood
pressure, temperature and other vital signs and
then the operation is carried out in digital
fashion to monitor patient’s vital signs. Hybrid
computers are also used in weather forecasting.
 THE END

CREATED BY-
SHIVAM SHARMA