‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬

Electrical Engineering
Materials
1810212
Chapter 5
Mechanical Properties of
Materials
1
 Objectives
• To understand what is meant be mechanical property.

• To study the types of stresses that may act on the material.

• To differentiate between the elastic and plastic deformation.

• To study the stress strain curve.

• To understand some basic concepts such tensile stress, strain, yield

point, ductility, modulus of elasticity, tensile strength, brittleness,
Poisson’s ratio, resilience, toughness, creep, stress relaxation,
fatigue and impact energy.
• To study the factors affecting the tensile test.

• To understand what is meant by hardness and hardness tests.

2
 Introduction
• Mechanical properties relate deformation to an applied stress.

• The importance of mechanical properties is related to the fact that all

materials may subjected to forces in service conditions.

• The mechanical properties of materials can be measured by

performing some experiments under controlled conditions.

• The test must be carried out using standardized testing techniques

[ASTM].

3
 Tensile Test

load cell

Dog – bone shape specimen

specimen
extensometer

moving cross head

gauge
=
(portion of sample with 145 psi = 1 MPa
length reduced cross section)

4
Tension Test Compression Test
• Engineering stress

F

A0

• Engineering strain

li  l0 l
  
l0 l0

5
 Shear Test

Shear stress

F

A0

 /2
Shear strain:
 = tan 
G: shear modulus (GPa)

Strain is always
  G
dimensionless. 6
Figure 7.5 Elastic Deformation
Hooke’s law
  E
E: modulus of elasticity (Young’s modulus) (GPa)

7
 Elastic Deformation
• Elastic deformation is reversible.

• Elastic modulus is a measure of the resistance to separate adjacent

atoms [related to interatomic bonding forces].

• Example: EAl = 69 MPa, while ECu = 110 MPa

• E (Stiffness) increases with increasing Tm.

• E decreases with increasing T.

• E ceramics > E metals > E polymers.

8
 Poisson’s Ratio

 It is defined as the ratio of the lateral and axial strains.

 lateral x y
    
 axial z z

  is always positive, but less than 0.5

• Ceramics:  ~ 0.25, Metals:  ~ 0.33, Polymers:  ~ 0.40

• Poisson’s ratio is related to bonding & crystal structure of materials,

typically  polymer >  metal >  ceramic
E = 2G (1 +  )
• In most metals G is about 0.4E

9
 Plastic Deformation
• Plastic deformation: Permanent, nonrecoverble deformation occurs.

• For crystals, plastic deformation occurs via slip.

• For amorphous, via viscous flow.

1. Initial 2. Load 3. Unload

bonds
stretch planes
& planes still
shear sheared

plastic
elastic + plastic

F
10
 Elastic & Plastic Deformation
Elastic Deformation Plastic Deformation
• Temporary [Recoverable]. • Permanent [Non recoverable].

• The initial linear portion. • Non linear portion.

• The mechanism includes • The mechanism includes distortion

stretching of chemical bonds. and reformation of chemical bonds

11
 Tensile Strength
Tensile strength is the
maximum stress
sustained during tension.
Necking begins at M.
Materials fail at F.

• Ductility: the degree of plastic deformation that has been sustained at

fracture.
 l f  l0   A0  Af 
% EL    * 100 %AR    *100
 l0   A0  12
 Brittle & Ductile Resilience
It is the capacity to absorb energy
during elastic deformation.

< 5% ductility - brittle

1  y2
General trend of ductility: U r   y y 
Polymers > Metals > Ceramics 2 2E 13
 Toughness
• Toughness: ability of a material
to absorb energy up to fracture
• It is the area under the stress-
strain curve up to fracture

Engineering smaller toughness (ceramics)

tensile larg er toughness
stress,  (metals, PMCs)

smaller toughness-
unreinforced
polymers

14
Engineering tensile strain, 
 Hardness

• Hardness - resistance to localized plastic deformation.

• Large hardness means: higher resistance to plastic deformation
(better wear properties).
• Typically H ceramics > H metal > H polymers

15
Hardness Tests

16
 Creep
 Creep is plastic deformation
occurring at high T under constant
load over a long
 period of time.


0 t

• The material is subjected to a

 INCREASING T, 

constant normal stress at a constant

T, and the change in the length of
the sample that occurs over time is
monitored. T < 0.4 T m
 Creep typically occurs at T > 40% Tm 0 time 17
 Stress Relaxation Test

• It is a test is which the material is stretched rapidly and held at

constant strain at constant temperature, then the stress required to
maintain the strain is monitored.

 Creep and stress relaxation tests

are related to each others.

18
 Impact Energy

• Impact energy is the energy

required to fracture the test
piece.
• Charpy and Izod are used to
measure the impact energy.
• The sample is in shape of a
bar of square cross section,
into a V-notch.
• The difference between
Charpy and Izod in the
manner of specimen support. 19
 Impact Energy

• Most ceramics and polymers display a ductile to brittle transition.

• Not all metal alloys display a ductile to brittle transition.

• FCC crystal structures (Al and Cu-based alloys) remain ductile even at
extremely low temperatures.

• BCC and HCP alloys experience this transition.

20
 Fatigue
Fatigue is a material failure after several cycles of loading to stress
below the ultimate tensile strength.

The mechanism of Fatigue

1- There are impurities or faults in the atomic lattice structure.

2- In these locations, the local stresses exceed the ultimate strength and
cause an infinitesimal rupture.

3- In the next cycle, the raptures spread a little farther, thus growing
larger with each cycle.

4- Finally, the material breaks under the applied stress.

21
 Factors Affecting Fatigue
• Stress Concentration Zones: fatigue strength is reduced by the
presence of notches, holes, etc.

• Surface Roughness: the smoother the surface of the metal

sample, the higher the fatigue strength.

• Environment: the presence of corrosive environment accelerates

the rate at which the fatigue cracks propagate.

• Chemical Composition
22
 Fracture
• Fracture – materials break into more than one pieces.

• There are two types of fracture: Ductile and Brittle.

Ductile Fracture Brittle Fracture

1- Substantial plastic deformation. 1- Little or no plastic deformation.
2- Reasonable ductility. 2- Poor ductility.
3- Absorb a lot of energy before 3- Absorb very little energy before
fracture. fracture.
4- Crack propagates slowly. 4- Crack propagates rapidly.

void void growth shearing

necking fracture
nucleation and linkage at surface


23
 Ductile Fracture
• Macroscopic – typically cup-and-cone

Ductile fracture of Aluminum.

Note: Under the action of an applied tensile stress, most metals are ductile,
whereas ceramics are brittle, and polymers may exhibit both types of
fracture. 24