PHP/MySQL Tutorial

Introduction to Database
What is PHP?
PHP == ‘PHP Hypertext Preprocessor’
Open-source, server-side scripting language
Used to generate dynamic web-pages
PHP scripts reside between reserved PHP tags
This allows the programmer to embed PHP scripts
within HTML pages
What is PHP (cont’d)
Interpreted language, scripts are parsed at run-time
rather than compiled beforehand
Executed on the server-side
Source-code not visible by client
 ‘View Source’ in browsers does not display the PHP code
Various built-in functions allow for fast development
Compatible with many popular databases
 3(+1) Tier architecture
voice
DHTML

touch Browser HTTP PHP script SQL

Database
(IE, FireFox,
Opera) Web Server Database
vision HTML (Apache, IIS) tables
Desktop Server
(PC or MAC)

SMS Remote
services Web Service
SMS system
Client
application
PHP advantage
 Any changes to header or footer only require editing of
a single file.
 This reduces the amount of work necessary for site
maintenance and redesign.
 Helps separate the content and design for easier
maintenance Header

Page 1 Page 2 Page 3 Page 4 Page 5

Content Content Content Content Content

Footer
What does PHP code look like?
Structurally similar to C/C++
Supports procedural and object-oriented paradigm (to
some degree)
All PHP statements end with a semi-colon
Each PHP script must be enclosed in the reserved
PHP tag

<?php
…
?>
Comments in PHP
Standard C, C++, and shell comment symbols

// C++ and Java-style comment

# Shell-style comments

/* C-style comments
These can span multiple lines */
Variables in PHP
PHP variables must begin with a “$” sign
Case-sensitive ($Foo $foo $fOo)
Global and locally-scoped variables
Global variables can be used anywhere
Local variables restricted to a function or class
Certain variable names reserved by PHP
Form variables ($_POST, $_GET)
Server variables ($_SERVER)
Etc.
Variable usage
<?php
$foo = 25; // Numerical variable
$bar = “Hello”; // String variable

$foo = ($foo * 7); // Multiplies foo by 7

$bar = ($bar * 7); // Invalid expression
?>
Echo
The PHP command ‘echo’ is used to
output the parameters passed to it
The typical usage for this is to send data to the
client’s web-browser
Syntax
echo string arg1 [, string
argn...]
Echo example
<?php
$foo = 25; // Numerical variable
$bar = “Hello”; // String variable

echo $bar; // Outputs Hello

echo $foo,$bar; // Outputs 25Hello
echo “5x5=”,$foo; // Outputs 5x5=25
echo “5x5=$foo”; // Outputs 5x5=25
echo ‘5x5=$foo’; // Outputs 5x5=$foo
?>

Notice how echo ‘5x5=$foo’ outputs $foo rather than

replacing it with 25
Strings in single quotes (‘ ’) are not interpreted or
evaluated by PHP
This is true for both variables and character escape-sequences
(such as “\n” or “\\”)
Arithmetic Operations
<?php
$a=15;
$b=30;
$total=$a+$b;
Print $total;
Print “<p><h1>$total</h1>”;
// total is 45
?>

$a - $b // subtraction
$a * $b // multiplication
$a / $b // division
$a += 5 // $a = $a+5
Concatenation
Use a period to join strings into one.
<?php
$string1=“Hello”;
$string2=“PHP”;
$string3=$string1 . “ ” .
$string2;
Print $string3;
?>

Hello PHP
Escaping the Character
If the string has a set of double quotation marks that
must remain visible, use the \ [backslash] before the
quotation marks to ignore and display them.

<?php
$heading=“\”Computer Science\””;
Print $heading;
?>

“Computer Science”
 PHP Control Structures
if (expr) statement

<?php
if ($a > $b) {
echo "a is bigger than b";
$b = $a;
}
?>
<?php
if ($a > $b) {
echo "a is greater than b";
} else {
echo "a is NOT greater than b";
}
?>
 PHP Control Structures
if ($foo == 0) {
echo ‘The variable foo is equal to 0’;
}
else if (($foo > 0) && ($foo <= 5)) {
echo ‘The variable foo is between 1 and 5’;
}
else {
echo ‘The variable foo is equal to ‘.$foo;
}
 PHP Control Structures
<?php
switch ($i) {
case "apple":
echo "i is apple";
break;
case "bar":
echo "i is bar";
break;
case "cake":
echo "i is cake";
break;
default:
echo ‘Enter correct option’;

}
?>
Loops
while (condition) {statements;}
<?php
$count=0;
While($count<3)
{
Print “hello PHP. ”;
$count += 1;
// $count = $count + 1;
// or
// $count++;
?>

hello PHP. hello PHP. hello PHP.

Loops
for (expr1; expr2; expr3)
statement
<?php
$i = 0;
do {
echo $i;
} while ($i > 0);
?>
Loops
<?php
$arr = array(1, 2, 3, 4);
foreach ($arr as $value) {
echo “$value \n”;
}
foreach ($arr as &$value) {
$value = $value * 2;
}
// $arr is now array(2, 4, 6, 8)
unset($value);//break the reference
?>
Loops
foreach ($arr as $key => $value) {
echo "Key:$key; Value:$value<br />\n";
}

break ends execution of the current for, foreach,

while, do-while or switch structure.
continue is used within looping structures to skip the
rest of the current loop iteration and continue execution
at the condition evaluation and then the beginning of the
next iteration.
Arrays
An array in PHP is actually an ordered map which maps
values to keys.
An array can be thought of in many ways:

Linearly indexed array , list (vector), hash table (which is

an implementation of a map), dictionary, collection, stack
(LIFO), queue (FIFO)
Arrays
Kinds of arrays:
 numeric arrays.
 associative arrays.
 multi dimensional arrays.
Arrays
In numeric arrays each key value corresponds to numeric
values.
They can be divided into two categories
1.automatic numeric array index.
2.manual array numeric index.
automatic numeric array index
<?php
$x=array(1,2,3);
print_r($x);
?>
o/p: array(0=>1,1=>2,2=>3)
Arrays
Manual array numeric index
<?php
$x[2]=10; $x[3]=50;//$x=array(2=>10,3=>50);
echo $x[2]; echo $x[3];
?>
Associative arrays
In associated arrays each ID associated with its value
<?php
$x=array(“ab”=>1,”cd”=>2,”xy”=>3);
print_r($x);
?>
Arrays
Multidimensional Arrays-An array contains one or more arrays
<?php
$z=array(array(10,20,30),array(40,50,60))
;
print_r($z);
?>

Array ( [0] => Array ( [0] => 10 [1] => 20 [2] => 30 )
[1] => Array ( [0] => 40 [1] => 50 [2] => 60 ) )
Arrays
<?php
$x=array(“ab”=>1,array(2,3,4),”cd”=>8);
print_r($x);
?>

Array ( [“ab”] => 1 [0] => Array ( [0] => 2 [1] => 3 [2]
=> 4 ) [”cd”] => 8 )
Arrays
<?php
$x=array(3=>4,array(2,3,4),5);
print_r($x);
?>

Array ( [3] => 4 [4] => Array ( [0] => 2 [1] => 3 [2] =>
4 ) [5] => 5 )
Arrays
Array operations
sort
ksort
rsort
krsort
array_merge
array_combine
array_intersect
Date Display
$datedisplay=date(“yyyy/m/d”);
print $datedisplay;

2009/4/1

$datedisplay=date(“l, F J, Y”);
print $datedisplay;

Wednesday, April 1, 2009

Month, Day & Date Format Symbols
M Jan
F January
m 01
n 1

Day of Month d 01
Day of Month J 1
Day of Week l Monday
Day of Week D Mon
Functions

Functions MUST be defined before then can be called

Function headers are of the format

function functionName($arg_1, $arg_2, …, $arg_n)

Unlike variables, function names are not case sensitive

Functions example
<?php
// This is a function
function foo($arg_1, $arg_2)
{
$arg_2 = $arg_1 * $arg_2;
  return $arg_2;
}

$result_1 = foo(12, 3); // Store the

function
echo $result_1; // Outputs 36
echo foo(12, 3); // Outputs 36
?>
Include Files
include “header.php”;
include (“footer.php”);

This inserts files; the code in files will be inserted into current
code.
 require is identical to include except upon failure it
will also produce a fatal E_COMPILE_ERROR level error. In
other words, it will halt the script whereas include only
emits a warning (E_WARNING) which allows the script to
continue.
Include Files
The include_once statement includes and evaluates the
specified file during the execution of the script.
This is a behavior similar to the include statement, with
the only difference being that if the code from a file has
already been included, it will not be included again.
The require_once statement is identical to require
except PHP will check if the file has already been included,
and if so, not include (require) it again
 PHP - Forms
<?php
if ($_POST["submit"])
echo "<h2>You clicked Submit!</h2>";
else if ($_POST["cancel"])
echo "<h2>You clicked Cancel!</h2>";
?>

<form action="form.php" method="post">

<input type="submit" name="submit"
value="Submit">
<input type="submit" name="cancel"
value="Cancel">
</form>
 PHP - Forms
<?php
…
$term=$_REQUEST[“sterm”];
…
?>

<form action="form.php" method="post">

<input type=“text" name=“sterm"
value=“<?= $term ?>">

</form>
MySQL Connectivity
mysql_connect()
 The mysql_connect()function opens a non-persistent
MySQL connection.
 This function returns the connection on success, or FALSE
and an error on failure. You can hide the error output by
adding an '@' in front of the function name.
Syntax
 mysql_connect(server,user,pwd,newlink,client
flag)
 MySQL Connectivity
Parameter Description
server Specifies the server to connect to
user Specifies the username to log in with.
pwd Specifies the password to log in with.
newlink If a second call is made to mysql_connect() with the same
arguments, no new connection will be established; instead, the
identifier of the already opened connection will be returned
clientflag •MYSQL_CLIENT_SSL - Use SSL encryption
•MYSQL_CLIENT_COMPRESS - Use compression protocol
•MYSQL_CLIENT_IGNORE_SPACE - Allow space after function
names
•MYSQL_CLIENT_INTERACTIVE - Allow interactive timeout
seconds of inactivity before closing the connection
MySQL Connectivity
Example:

<?php
$con =
mysql_connect("localhost","mysql_user","mysq
l_pwd");
if (!$con){
  die('Could not connect: ‘.mysql_error());
}
echo 'Connected successfully';
mysql_close($con);
?>
MySQL Connectivity
mysql_close()
 The mysql_close() function closes a non-persistent
MySQL connection.
 This function returns TRUE on success, or FALSE on failure.
Syntax:
 mysql_close(connection)

Parameter Description
connection Specifies the MySQL connection to close. If not
specified, the last connection opened by
mysql_connect() is used.
MySQL Connectivity
mysql_select_db()
 The mysql_select_db() function sets the active MySQL
database.
 This function returns TRUE on success, or FALSE on failure.
Syntax:
 mysql_select_db(database,connection)

Parameter Description
database Required. Specifies the database to select.
connection Optional. Specifies the MySQL connection. If not
specified, the last connection opened by
mysql_connect() or mysql_pconnect() is used.
MySQL Connectivity
<?php
$con = mysql_connect("localhost", “root",
“admin");
if (!$con){
die('Could not connect: '.
mysql_error());
}
$db_selected = mysql_select_db("test_db",
$con);
if (!$db_selected){
die ("Can\'t use test_db : “.
mysql_error());
}
mysql_close($con);
?>
MySQL Connectivity
mysql_query()
 The mysql_query() function executes a query on a
MySQL database.
 This function returns the query handle for SELECT queries,
TRUE/FALSE for other queries, or FALSE on failure.
Syntax
 mysql_query(query,connection)

Parameter Description
query Required. Specifies the SQL query to send (should
not end with a semicolon)
connection Optional. Specifies the MySQL connection. If not
specified, the last connection opened by
mysql_connect() or mysql_pconnect() is used.
MySQL Connectivity
<?php
$con =
mysql_connect("localhost",”root",”admin");
if (!$con){
  die('Could not connect: ' . mysql_error());
}
$sql = "CREATE DATABASE my_db";
if (mysql_query($sql,$con)){
  echo "Database my_db created";
}
else{
  echo "Error creating database:" .
mysql_error();
}
?>
MySQL Connectivity
<?php
$con = mysql_connect("localhost", “root",
“admin");
if (!$con){
die('Could not connect: '. mysql_error());
}
$db_selected = mysql_select_db("test_db", $con);
if (!$db_selected){
die ("Can\'t use test_db : “. mysql_error());
}
$sql="SELECT * FROM Person where name=‘$uname’";
mysql_query($sql,$con);
mysql_close($con);
?>
MySQL Connectivity
mysql_fetch_array()
 The mysql_fetch_array() function returns a row from a
recordset as an associative array and/or a numeric array.
 This function gets a row from the mysql_query() function
and returns an array on success, or FALSE on failure or when
there are no more rows.
Syntax
 mysql_fetch_array(data,array_type)
MySQL Connectivity
Parameter Description
data Required. Specifies which data pointer to use. The data
pointer is the result from the mysql_query() function
array_type Optional. Specifies what kind of array to return.Possible
values:
•MYSQL_ASSOC - Associative array
•MYSQL_NUM - Numeric array
•MYSQL_BOTH - Default. Both associative and numeric
array
MySQL Connectivity
mysql_fetch_row()
The mysql_fetch_row() function returns a row
from a recordset as a numeric array.
This function gets a row from the mysql_query()
function and returns an array on success, or FALSE on
failure or when there are no more rows.
Syntax
 mysql_fetch_row(data)

Parameter Description
data Required. Specifies which data pointer to use. The data
pointer is the result from the mysql_query() function
MySQL Connectivity
<?php
echo "<table>";
while ($row = mysql_fetch_row($result)) {
echo "<tr><td>".$row[0]
."</td><td>".$row[1].
"</td><td>".$row[2]."</td><td>".
$row[3]."</td></tr>";
}
echo "</table>";
?>
MySQL Connectivity
<?php
echo "<table>";
while ($row = mysql_fetch_array($result))
{
echo "<tr><td>{$row[‘ID’]}
</td><td>{$row[1]}
</td><td>{$row[2]}</td><td>
${row[‘mailid’]}</td></tr>";
}
echo "</table>";
?>
Cookies
The setcookie() function is used to create cookies.
Should be called before <html> tag.
setcookie(name, [value], [expire],
[path], [domain], [secure]);
<?php setcookie("uname", $name, time()
+36000); ?>
This sets a cookie named "uname" - that expires after ten
hours.
Either a blank value or a time in the past makes the cookie
expired.
Cookies
To access a cookie, refer to the cookie name as a variable or use
$_COOKIE array. The isset() checks whether the cookie is
set or not
<html> <body>
<?php
if (isset($uname))// isset($_Cookie[$uname])
echo "Welcome " . $_Cookie[$uname].
"!<br />";
else
echo "You are not logged in!<br />"; ?>
?>
</body> </html>
Cookies
Benefit of Cookies
Cookies are used for authenticating, tracking, and
maintaining specific information about users
Personolised home pages
Electronic shopping carts.
Why use sessions
A normal HTML website will not pass data from one
page to another
All information is forgotten when a new page is loaded
Many websites need to pass user data from one page to
another
 for tasks like a shopping cart, which requires data(the user's
selected product) to be remembered from one page to the
next
Using PHP sessions is one solution.
Sessions
The session_start() function is used to create a
session. Should be called before <html> tag.
<?php
session_start();
?>
Sessions
<?php
session_start();
if (!isset($_SESSION['count']))
$_SESSION['count'] = 0;
else
$_SESSION['count']++;
?>
Sessions
session_unregister(´varname´); unregisters
a session variable
session_destroy() destroys a session