An Introduction to

Course Name:
MySQL
Faculty Name:
Database
Administration
Ms. Zaiba Khan
with MySQL
Assistant Professor(CSE)
Branch-
School of
B.Tech-VI Semester Engineering &
Course Code: Technology
19009300 1
 What is Data?

 In simple words data can be facts related to any

object in consideration.

 For example your name, age, height, weight, etc are

some data related to you.

 A picture , image , file , pdf etc can also be considered

data.
 What is Database?
 Database is a systematic collection of data.
 Databases support storage and  manipulation of
data.
 Databases make data management easy.
 For examples:
◦ An online telephone directory would definitely use database
to store data pertaining to people, phone numbers, other
contact details, etc.
◦ Your electricity service provider is obviously using a database
to manage billing , client related issues, to handle fault data,
etc.
◦ Let's also consider the facebook. It needs to store, manipulate
and present data related to members, their friends, member
activities, messages, advertisements and lot more.
 What is Database Management
System(DBMS)?
 Database Management System (DBMS) is a collection
of programs which enables its users to access
database, manipulate data, reporting /
representation of  data .
 It also helps to control access to the  database.
 Database Management Systems are not a new
concept and as such had been first implemented in
1960s.
 Charles Bachmen's Integrated Data Store (IDS) is said
to be the first DBMS in history.
 With time database technologies evolved a lot while
usage and expected functionalities of databases have
been increased immensely.
 Types of DBMS

There are 4 major types of DBMS. Let's look into them in

detail:
•Hierarchical - this type of DBMS employs the "parent-
child" relationship of storing data. This type of DBMS is
rarely used nowadays. Its structure is like a tree with nodes
representing records and branches representing fields.
• The windows registry used in Windows XP is an example
of a hierarchical database. Configuration settings are
stored as tree structures with nodes.
•Network DBMS - this type of DBMS supports many-to
many relations. This usually results in complex database
structures.  RDM Server is an example of a database
management system that implements the network model.
 Types of DBMS

•Network DBMS - this type of DBMS supports many-to many

relations. This usually results in complex database structures.  RDM
Server is an example of a database management system that
implements the network model.

•Relational DBMS - this type of DBMS defines database

relationships in form of tables, also known as relations. A.
Unlike network DBMS, RDBMS does not support many to many
relationships.
B. Relational DBMS usually have pre-defined data types that
they can support.
C. This is the most popular DBMS type in the market.

Examples of relational database management systems

include MySQL, Oracle, and Microsoft SQL Server database.
 Types of DBMS

•Object Oriented Relation DBMS - this type supports

storage of new data types. The data to be stored is in form of
objects. The objects to be stored in the database have
attributes (i.e. gender, ager) and methods that define what to
do with the data.
• Postgre SQL is an example of an object oriented relational
DBMS.
 Why Use MySQL?

 There are a number of relational database

management systems on the market.

 Examples of relational databases include Microsoft

SQL Server, Microsoft Access, Oracle, DB2 etc.
 One may ask why we would choose MySQL over the
other database management systems.

The answer to this question depends on a number of

factors. 
 Why Use MySQL?
 Let's look at the strengths of MySQL compared to
over relational databases such as SQL Server-
 MySQL supports multiple storage engines each with
its own specifications while other systems like SQL
server only support a single storage engine.
 InnoDB: - its default storage engine provided with
MySQL as of version 5.5. InnoDB supports foreign
keys for referential integrity and also supports ACID-
standard transactions.
 MyISAM: - it was the default storage engine for
MySQL prior to version 5.5. MyISAM lacks support
for transactions. Its advantages over InnoDB include
simplicity and high performance.
 Why Use MySQL?
 MySQL has high performance compared to other
relation database systems.
 Cost effective, it's relatively cheaper in terms of cost
when compared to other relational databases. In fact,
the community edition is free.
◦ The commercial edition has a licensing fee which is also cost
effective compared to licensing fees for products such as
Microsoft SQL Server.
 Cross platform - MySQL works on many platforms
which means it can be deployed on most machines.
 In order to interact with MySQL, you will need a server
access tool that can communicate with MySQL server.
MySQL supports multiple user connections.
 Introduction to MySQL workbench
 MySQL Workbench is a Visual database designing
and modeling access tool for MySQL server
relational database.
 It facilitates creation of new physical data models
and modification of existing MySQL databases with
reverse/forward engineering and change
management functions.
 MySQL workbench - SQL development tool

 Structured Query Language (SQL) allows us to

manipulate our relational databases.
 SQL is at the heart of all relational databases.
 MySQL workbench, has built in SQL visual editor.
 The Visual SQL editor allows developers to build, edit
and run queries against MySQL server databases.
 It has utilities for viewing data and exporting it.
 Its syntax color highlighters help developers easily
write and debug SQL statements.
 Multiple queries can be run and results automatically
displayed in different tabs.
 The queries are also saved in the history panel for later
retrieval and running.
MySQL workbench - SQL development tool
 MySQL workbench – Administration tool

Server administration plays a critical role in securing

the data of the company. The major issues concerning
server administration are users' management, server
configuration, server logs and many more.
Workbench MySQL has the following features that
simplify the process of MySQL server administration:

 User administration - visual utility for managing

users that lets database administrators easily add
new and remove existing users if need arises, grant
and drop privileges and view user profiles.
 MySQL workbench – Administration tool

 Server configuration - allows for advanced

configuration of the server and fine tuning for optimal
performance.

 Database backup and restorations - visual tool for

exporting/importing MySQL dump files. MySQL dump
files contain SQL scripts for creating databases, tables,
views, stored procedures and insertion of data.

 Server logs - visual tool for viewing MySQL server logs.

The logs include error logs, binary logs and InnodDB logs.
These logs come in handy when performing diagnosis on
the server. The figure shown below shows the modeling
window for MySQL Workbench.
MySQL workbench – Administration tool
 Install MySQL workbench (Windows)

 This is a 2 step process

       Install MySQL Community Server
       Install MySQL workbench. - You can install the
workbench using a zip file or an msi installer
(recommended)
MySQL installation
 Install MySQL
 Once you've downloaded MySQL, the next step is to install it.
 The following steps were taken while I installed MySQL version on
my PC (MySQL 5.6.24 to be precise).
 The exact steps taken may differ slightly — this will depend on the
MySQL version that you're installing and the operating system that
you're installing on to.
Installation steps
Choose a setup type
Installation steps
Configure your server
Configuration steps
Choose Standard Configuration
Configuration steps
Configuration steps
Set your root password
Configuration steps
Execute the configuration
Simple test
Open program MySQL MySQL Server 5.1
 MySQL Command Line Client
Enter the root password you set before
Key in some simple instructions
◦ Check mysql version mysql> select version();
◦ Check time mysql > select now();
◦ Select your database mysql> use mysql;
 If the above instructions work, the installation is
completed.
 If you want to leave mysql> exit
MySQL References
A very welcome platform compatible
with PHP, Perl, C, Java, etc.
Lots of online tutorials and documents
Or, seek a hardcopy
◦ “MySQL Cookbook,” Dubois, O’Reilly
 also available in your LMS Content(
 (Under Additional material)
 Install MySQL workbench (Windows)

 Getting Started
  Onceyou have finished installing above you need to set
up MySQL Workbench as shown below -
◦ 1.    First step is launching the Workbench MySQL . What you
see is called Home Window
◦ Next you need to create your MySQL Server Connection which
contains details about target database server including how to
connect to it. Click " +  " in MySQL Workbench Home Window.
This will open Setup New Connection . Wizard
◦ Next Step is to setup a connection, which can be used to connect
to server. If you have not created a connection already, you can
use the default values given. Click on Test Connection [ 2 ] after
entering the Connection Name [ 1 ].
 Install MySQL workbench (Windows)

 A new dialog box will open asking you password to root/selected

user. If your MySQL root user has a password, you can enter that
using Store in Vault feature. Click OK.

 If the entered password for the user is correct then the following
screen will show. Click on both OK buttons and you will be good to
go.

 A new instance is shown in the homepage

 Double click and start querying.

 
 Summary
MySQL is an open source relational database that is cross

platform.
MySQL supports multiple storage engines which greatly

improve the server performance tuning and flexibility.

MySQL server can be administered using a number of server

access mysql tools which include both commercial and open

source products. Popular examples include;
◦ phpMyAdmin - cross platform web based open source server access
tool
◦ SQLYog - targeted at the windows platform, desktop commercial
server access tool
◦ MySQL workbench - cross platform open source server access tool.
MySQL workbench is an integrated development environment

for MySQL server. It has utilities for database modeling and

designing, SQL development and server administration. 
What is Database Design?

 Database Design is a collection of processes that facilitate the

designing, development, implementation and maintenance of enterprise
data management systems.
 Properly designed database are easy to maintain, improves data
consistency and are cost effective in terms of disk storage space.
 The database designer decides how the data elements correlate and
what data must be stored.
 The main objectives of database designing are to produce logical and
physical designs models of the proposed database system.
  The logical model concentrates on the data requirements and the data
to be stored independent of physical considerations.
 It does not concern itself with how the data will be stored or where it
will be stored physically.
  The physical data design model involves translating the logical design
of the database onto physical media using hardware resources and
software systems such as database management systems (DBMS).
Why Database Design is Important?

It helps produce  database systems

 That meet the requirements of the users
 Have high performance.
 Database designing is crucial to high performance database
system.
 Note , the genius of a database is in its design . Data operations
using SQL is relatively simple
Database Development Life Cycle

 The database development life cycle has a number of stages that are
followed when developing database systems.
 The steps in the development life cycle do not necessary have to be
followed religiously in a sequential manner.
 On small database systems, the database system development life
cycle is usually very simple and does not involve a lot of steps.
 In order to fully appreciate the above diagram, let's look at the
individual components listed in each step.
 Database Development Life Cycle
(Requirement Analysis)

 Planning - This stages concerns with planning of entire Database

Development Life Cycle  It  takes into consideration the
Information Systems strategy of the organization.
 System definition - This stage defines the scope and boundaries of
the proposed database system.
 Database Development Life Cycle
(Database Designing)

 Logical model - This stage is concerned with developing a

database model based on requirements. The entire design is on
paper without any physical implementations or specific DBMS
considerations.
 Physical model - This stage implements the logical model of the
database taking into account the DBMS and physical
implementation factors.
 Database Development Life Cycle
(Implementation)

 Data conversion and loading - this stage is concerned with

importing and converting data from the old system into the new
database.
 Testing - this stage is concerned with the identification of errors  in
the newly implemented system .It checks the database against
requirement specifications.
 Types of Database Techniques

 Normalization

 E R Modeling
What is Normalization?
 Normalization is a database design technique which organizes tables in a
manner that reduces redundancy and dependency of data.
 It divides larger tables to smaller tables and links them using relationships.
 The inventor of the relational model Edgar Codd proposed the theory of
normalization with the introduction of First Normal Form, and he
continued to extend theory with Second and Third Normal Form.
◦ Later he joined with Raymond F. Boyce to develop the theory of Boyce-Codd
Normal Form. 
 Theory of Data Normalization in SQL is still being developed
further. For example, there are discussions even on 6 th Normal
Form. However, in most practical applications,
normalization achieves its best in 3rd Normal Form. The
evolution of Normalization theories is illustrated below-
Database Normalization Example:
 Without any normalization, all information is stored in one table as
shown below.
 Here you see Movies Rented column has multiple
values
1NF (First Normal Form) Rules:
 Each table cell should contain a single value.
 Each record needs to be unique.

1NF Example
What is a KEY?
 A KEY is a value used to identify a record in a table uniquely. A
KEY could be a single column or combination of multiple columns
 Note: Columns in a table that are NOT used to identify a record
uniquely are called non-key columns.

What is a Primary Key?

 A primary is a single column value used to identify a database
record uniquely.
It has following attributes
 A primary key cannot be NULL
 A primary key value must be unique
 The primary key values should rarely be changed
 The primary key must be given a value when a new record is
inserted.
What is a Composite Key?

 A composite key is a primary key composed of

multiple columns used to identify a record uniquely
 In our database, we have two people with the same
name Robert Phil, but they live in different places.
 Hence, we require both Full Name and Address to
identify a record uniquely. That is a composite key.
2NF(Second Normal Form) Rules?

 Rule-1-Be in 1NF
 Rule-2-Single Column Primary Key

It is clear that we can't move forward to make our

simple database in 2nd Normalization form unless
we partition the table above.
2NF(Second Normal Form) Rules?
 We have divided 1NF table into two tables viz. Table 1 and
Table 2.
◦ Table 1 contains member information.
◦ Table 2 contains information on movies rented.
 We have introduced a new column called Membership_id which
is the primary key for table 1.
 Records can be uniquely identified in Table 1 using membership
id
DATABASE: Foreign Key?
 In Table 2, Membership_ID is the Foreign Key
 Foreign Key references the primary key of another
Table! It helps connect your TablesA foreign key can
have a different name from its primary key
 It ensures rows in one table have corresponding rows in
another
 Unlike the Primary key, they do not have to be unique.
Most often they aren't
 Foreign keys can be null even though primary keys can
not 
DATABASE: Foreign Key?
Why do we need Foreign Key?
Suppose, a novice inserts a record in Table B such as
You will only be able to insert values into your foreign key that exist in the unique
key in the parent table. This helps in referential integrity. 

The above problem can be overcome by declaring membership id  from Table2  as
foreign key of membership id from Table1
Now, if somebody tries to insert a value in the membership id field that does not
exist in the parent table, an error will be shown!
3NF(Third Normal Form) Rules?
 Rule 1- Be in 2NF
 Rule 2- Has no transitive functional dependencies
 To move our 2NF table into 3NF, we again need to again divide
our table.
3NF(Third Normal Form) Rules?

 We have again divided our tables and created a new table which
stores Salutations. 
 There are no transitive functional dependencies, and hence our
table is in 3NF
 In Table 3 Salutation ID is primary key, and in Table 1
Salutation ID is foreign to primary key in Table 3
 Now our little example is at a level that cannot further be
decomposed to attain higher forms of normalization.
 In fact, it is already in higher normalization forms.
 Separate efforts for moving into next levels of normalizing data
are normally needed in complex databases. 
 However, we will be discussing next levels of normalizations in
brief in the following.