TOPIC 3

Basic
Java Features (Part 1)
sufian, marini,
norleyza, noor faezah
 Objectives
Use constants and variables
Learn about primitive data types
Write arithmetic statements
Understand numeric type conversion
Use the JOptionPane class for GUI input and output
 Constants and Variables
Constant: value stays fixed after compilation
Constants may be assigned symbolic name
Constant's literal value may be used directly

Variable: named memory location

Contents may change at run-time
Contents described by data type
 Constants and Variables
Data type: specifies data in three ways
Kind of item being represented
Amount of memory item occupies
Operations that may be performed on item
Eight primitive (basic) data types:
byte, short, int, long, float, double, char, boolean
Reference types (classes) are built upon primitives
Constants and Variables
 int Data Type
Variables of type int store integers (whole numbers)
int range: –2,147,483,648 to +2,147,483,647
Commas omitted in actual code
Plus (+) and minus (-) signs are optional
Integer variations: byte, short, int, long
Byte size increases from left to right
Use integer variation based on programming need
int Data Type
 Real/Floating-Point Data Types
 Real or floating-point numbers contain decimal positions
 Real numbers of type float must end with F,

eg: 3.14F
 Without the F, it is assumed as a double
 The type double is the default of real numbers in Java
 The ending D can also be used for type double, eg:
3.14D
Floating-point division returns floating-point value
Floating-Point Data Types

 float: holds values up to 6 or 7 significant digits

 double: holds values up to 14 or 15 significant digits
 Significant digits indicate mathematical accuracy
 Example: myFloat = .324616777F; // F/f specifies float
 Displays as .324617 (precision up to sixth position)
 char Data Type
 The Keyword for data type characters: char
 char data type holds a single character
 A single quote ‘ indicates a character
 Example initialization: char myMiddleInitial = ‘N';

 All characters are represented by binary numbers

 Two major character codes
 ASCII: eight-bit code contains 256 characters
 Unicode sixteen-bit code contains 65,536 characters

 Java has now adopted the Unicode character set

char Data Type
 char Data Type
 Strings store character sequences enclosed with double quotes
 Example: “Hello There”

 Escape sequence: backslash and character as one unit

 Example: char aNewLine = '\n';
 Newline character moves cursor to next line
 Plain meaning of 'n' altered by prefixed backslash

 Use of escape sequences generates efficiencies

 Example: System.out.println ("Hello\nthere");
 One line performs work of two println ( ) statements
char Data Type
boolean Data Type
 boolean data type has two values: true and false.
 Logical expressions in Java are of boolean data type.
 Program example:
boolean hungry;
hungry = true;
if (hungry) {
System.out.println(“Feed..");
hungry = false;
}
hungry has the value of true/false.
The if statement is executed because hungry is true.
The value of hungry becomes false after “Feed.." is
printed out.
 Using data with Variables and Constants
 Three steps to use/manipulate data in a program
1. Declare variables / constants to store the data value
2. Assign initial value to declared variables / constants
3. Use the variables / constants in arithmetic statements
 Declaring Variables
 Variables must be named
 Rules: similar to those for constructing class identifiers
 Convention: first letter is lowercase

 Keywords in Java cannot be used as identifiers, eg:

 abstract, boolean, break, byte, case, catch,
char, class, const, continue, default, do,
double, else, extends, final, finally, float,
for, goto, if, implements, import, instanceof,
int, interface, long, native, new, null, package,
private, protected, public, return, short,
static, super, switch, synchronized, this,
throws, transient, try, void, volatile, while
Declaring Variables
Variable declaration has four parts:
Data type
Name
Assigned initial value (optional)
Ending semicolon
Example declaration:
int myAge;
Example with initial value:
int myAge = 25;
 Declaring Variables
 Multiple declarations of same type allowed on one line
 Example:
float width, height;
 Different types declared in different statements
 Example:
byte age;
int count;
char grade;
boolean found;
 Displaying Variables using Standard
Output
Methods for console output: print() or println()
Variables displayed alone or with string
Ex1:
System.out.print (billingDate);
Ex2:
System.out.println ("Next bill:
October " +
billingDate);
Concatenation: joins arguments with (+) operator
Displaying Variables
Displaying Variables
 Declaring Constants
 In Java, constants are defined as the following:
public static final type var_name = value;
 Eg:
public static final double PI = 3.142;
public static final int LOOP = 1000;
 Writing Arithmetic Statements
Java has five binary arithmetic operators:
add (+), subtract (-), divide (/), multiply(*), mod (%)
Basic arithmetic expression
Two operands and one operator
Example: 45 + 35
Arithmetic expression with variables
Example: 1989 + yourAge
Arithmetic expression with constants
Example: 2 * PI
 Writing Arithmetic Statements
 Integer division does not return fractional part
 Modulus arithmetic returns remainder of int division
 Applies only to integers

 Example: 45 % 35 = 10

 Operator precedence: rules ordering operation sequence

 Multiply, divide, and mod before add and subtract
 Parentheses override normal precedence
 Writing Arithmetic Statements
Associativity: left to right for binary operators
Nested parentheses: evaluate from inside out
Example: 65 + 35 – (45 + 9) / 9 * 7
Evaluates to 58
Without parentheses: evaluates to 62 (do not distribute -)
Writing Arithmetic Statements
 Using Arithmetic Statements
Assignment statements in Java contain:
A variable : stores the evaluated value of an arithmetic
statement
Assignment symbol : =
Arithmetic statement
Semi colon – ends the assignment statement
Syntax:
var = arithmetic_statement;
Example:
area = PI * radius * radius;
 Numeric Type Conversion
 Unifying type: highest type among mixed operands
 hierarchy: double, float, long, int, short, byte
 Java allows convertion of nonconforming operands to the
higher type without using casting
 Example:
int hoursWorked = 37;
double payRate = 6.73;
double grossPay = hoursWorked * payRate;
 hoursWorked is temporarily promoted to double type
 Numeric Type Conversion
Sometimes we want to convert (cast) a value into a certain
type
Place result type in ( ) before variable to be cast
Example
float myMoney = 47.82f;
int dollars = (int) myMoney;
Expression on right converted to int
Data is truncated (possible loss of value)
dollars value = 47
Type Conversion
 If the value is not converted explicitly, Java will convert
the values implicitly based on the following order:
byte  short  int  long  float  double
char  int  long  float  double
Example:
float temp = 20.23F;
40 + temp ← The summation value is 60.23
40 + (int) temp ← The summation value is 60
Comments
**As in C/C++
 We can comment out a line of program as follows:

// this is a comment
 We can also comment out a block of program using /* and
*/ as follows:
/* This is also a comment */
Automatically Generated Documentation

A comment which begins with /** and ends with */

has a special meaning. It is used in generating
documentation automatically.
javadoc is a tool for generating documentation
automatically, which searches all Java source files
and looks for comments beginning with /**
Documentation is generated in HTML files.
Operators
**As in C
 Basic operators:
+, -, /, *, %
 Combined operators are also allowed as in C.
 Eg: Equivalent to
num += 5; num = num + 5;

 Increment and decrement (++ and –-)

Eg:
int i = 1;
++i; // The value of i becomes 2
Relational Operators
**As in C
 Basic operators:
==, !=, <, >, <=, >=

 Difference between an assignment and a relational

expression
num = 0// num becomes 0
num == 0 // is num equals to 0?

 Java will give a syntax error message if we mistakenly write

the following statement:
if (num = 0) // num will be assigned the value of 0
Logical Operators
Basic operators:

&& AND
|| OR
! NOT
^ EXCLUSIVE OR