Javascript: Client-Side Scripting: of Web Development and of Web Development and

JavaScript: Client-Side
Scripting
Chapter 6
Randy Connolly and Ricardo Hoar Fundamentals of Web Development

Textbook to be published by Pearson ©
Ed2015
in early
Pearson
2014
http://www.funwebdev.com
Section 1 of 8
WHAT IS JAVASCRIPT
What is JavaScript
• JavaScript runs right inside the browser

• JavaScript is dynamically typed
• JavaScript is object oriented in that almost
everything in the language is an object
• the objects in JavaScript are prototype-based rather
than class-based, which means that while JavaScript
shares some syntactic features of PHP, Java or C#, it
is also quite different from those languages

What isn’t JavaScript
It’s not Java
Although it contains the word Java, JavaScript and Java

are vastly different programming languages with
different uses. Java is a full-fledged compiled, object-
oriented language, popular for its ability to run on any
platform with a JVM installed.
Conversely, JavaScript is one of the world’s most
popular languages, with fewer of the object-oriented
features of Java, and runs directly inside the browser,
without the need for the JVM.

Client-Side Scripting
Let the client compute

It’s good
There are many advantages of client-side scripting:

• Processing can be offloaded from the server to
client machines, thereby reducing the load on the
server.
• The browser can respond more rapidly to user
events than a request to a remote server ever
could, which improves the user experience.
• JavaScript can interact with the downloaded HTML
in a way that the server cannot, creating a user
experience more like desktop software than simple
HTML ever could.

There are challenges
The disadvantages of client-side scripting are mostly

related to how programmers use JavaScript in their
applications.
• There is no guarantee that the client has JavaScript
enabled
• The idiosyncrasies between various browsers and
operating systems make it difficult to test for all
potential client configurations. What works in one
browser, may generate an error in another.
• JavaScript-heavy web applications can be
complicated to debug and maintain.

Frameworks
Lots of this is done for you, once you get the basics

Section 3 of 8
WHERE DOES JAVASCRIPT GO?

Where does JavaScript go?
JavaScript can be linked to an HTML page in a number

of ways.
• Inline
• Embedded
• External

Inline JavaScript
Mash it in
Inline JavaScript refers to the practice of including

JavaScript code directly within certain HTML attributes
Inline JavaScript is a real maintenance nightmare

Embedded JavaScript
Better
Embedded JavaScript refers to the practice of placing

JavaScript code within a <script> element

External JavaScript
Better
JavaScript supports this separation by allowing links to

an external file that contains the JavaScript.
By convention, JavaScript external files have the

extension .js.

Section 4 of 8
SYNTAX
JavaScript Syntax
We will briefly cover the fundamental syntax for the

most common programming constructs including
• variables,
• assignment,
• conditionals,
• loops, and
• arrays
before moving on to advanced topics such as events

and classes.

JavaScript’s Reputation
Precedes it?
JavaScript’s reputation for being quirky not only stems from its strange way
of implementing object-oriented principles but also from some odd syntactic
gotchas:
• Everything is type sensitive, including function, class, and variable names.
• The scope of variables in blocks is not supported. This means variables
declared inside a loop may be accessible outside of the loop, counter to
what one would expect.
• There is a === operator, which tests not only for equality but type
equivalence.
• Null and undefined are two distinctly different states for a variable.
• Semicolons are not required, but are permitted (and encouraged).
• There is no integer type, only number, which means floating-point
rounding errors are prevalent even with values intended to be integers.

Variables
var
Variables in JavaScript are dynamically typed,

meaning a variable can be an integer, and then later a
string, then later an object, if so desired.
This simplifies variable declarations, so that we do not
require the familiar type fields like int, char, and String.
Instead we use var
Assignment can happen at declaration-time by
appending the value to the declaration, or at run time
with a simple right-to-left assignment

Variables
Assignment

Comparison Operators
True or not True
Operator Description Matches (x=9)

== Equals (x==9) is true
(x=="9") is true
=== Exactly equals, including type (x==="9") is false
(x===9) is true
<,> Less than, Greater Than (x<5) is false

<= , >= Less than or equal, greater than or equal (x<=9) is true
!= Not equal (4!=x) is true
!== Not equal in either value or type (x!=="9") is true
(x!==9) is false

Logical Operators
The Boolean operators and, or, and not and their truth
tables are listed in Table 6.2. Syntactically they are
represented with && (and), || (or), and ! (not).

Conditionals
If, else if, …, else
JavaScript’s syntax is almost identical to that of PHP,

Java, or C when it comes to conditional structures such
as if and if else statements. In this syntax the condition
to test is contained within ( ) brackets with the body
contained in { } blocks.

Loops
Round and round we go
Like conditionals, loops use the ( ) and { } blocks to

define the condition and the body of the loop.
You will encounter the while and for loops
While loops normally initialize a loop control variable
before the loop, use it in the condition, and modify it
within the loop.
var i=0; // initialise the Loop Control Variable
while(i < 10){ //test the loop control variable
i++; //increment the loop control variable
}

For Loops
Counted loops
A for loop combines the common components of a

loop: initialization, condition, and post-loop operation
into one statement.
This statement begins with the for keyword and has
the components placed between ( ) brackets,
semicolon (;) separated as shown

Functions
Functions are the building block for modular code in
JavaScript, and are even used to build pseudo-classes,
which you will learn about later.
They are defined by using the reserved word function
and then the function name and (optional)
parameters.
Since JavaScript is dynamically typed, functions do not
require a return type, nor do the parameters require
type.

Functions
Example
Therefore a function to raise x to the yth power might be defined

as:
function power(x,y){
var pow=1;
for (var i=0;i<y;i++){
pow = pow*x;
}
return pow;
}
And called as
power(2,10);

Alert
Not really used anymore, console instead
The alert() function makes the browser show a pop-up

to the user, with whatever is passed being the
message displayed. The following JavaScript code
displays a simple hello world message in a pop-up:
alert ( "Good Morning" );
Using alerts can get tedious fast. When using debugger
tools in your browser you can write output to a log
with:
console.log("Put Messages Here");
And then use the debugger to access those logs.

Section 5 of 8
JAVASCRIPT OBJECTS
JavaScript Objects
Objects not Classes
JavaScript is not a full-fledged object-oriented

programming language.
It does not have classes per se, and it does not support
many of the patterns you’d expect from an object-
oriented language like inheritance and polymorphism.
The language does, however, support objects.

JavaScript Objects
Not full-fledged O.O.
Objects can have constructors, properties, and

methods associated with them.
There are objects that are included in the JavaScript
language; you can also define your own kind of
objects.

Constructors
Normally to create a new object we use the new

keyword, the class name, and ( ) brackets with n
optional parameters inside, comma delimited as
follows:
var someObject = new ObjectName(p1,p2,..., pn);
For some classes, shortcut constructors are defined
var greeting = "Good Morning";
vs the formal:
var greeting = new String("Good Morning");

Properties
Use the dot
Each object might have properties that can be

accessed, depending on its definition.
When a property exists, it can be accessed using dot
notation where a dot between the instance name and
the property references that property.
//show someObject.property to the user
alert(someObject.property);

Methods
Use the dot, with brackets
Objects can also have methods, which are functions

associated with an instance of an object. These
methods are called using the same dot notation as for
properties, but instead of accessing a variable, we are
calling a method.
someObject.doSomething();
Methods may produce different output depending on
the object they are associated with because they can
utilize the internal properties of the object.

Objects Included in JavaScript
A number of useful objects are included with

JavaScript including:
• Array
• Boolean
• Date
• Math
• String
• Dom objects

Arrays
Arrays are one of the most used data structures. In

practice, this class is defined to behave more like a
linked list in that it can be resized dynamically, but the
implementation is browser specific, meaning the
efficiency of insert and delete operations is unknown.
The following code creates a new, empty array named
greetings:
var greetings = new Array();

Arrays
Initialize with values
To initialize the array with values, the variable declaration would

look like the following:
var greetings = new Array("Good Morning", "Good Afternoon");
or, using the square bracket notation:
var greetings = ["Good Morning", "Good Afternoon"];

Arrays
Access and Traverse
To access an element in the array you use the familiar square

bracket notation from Java and C-style languages, with the index
you wish to access inside the brackets.
alert ( greetings[0] );
One of the most common actions on an array is to traverse
through the items sequentially. Using the Array object’s length
property to determine the maximum valid index. We have:
for (var i = 0; i < greetings.length; i++){
alert(greetings[i]);
}

Arrays
Index and Value

Arrays
Modifying an array
To add an item to an existing array, you can use the

push method.
greetings.push("Good Evening");
The pop method can be used to remove an item from
the back of an array.
Additional methods: concat(), slice(), join(), reverse(),
shift(), and sort()

Math
The Math class allows one to access common mathematic

functions and common values quickly in one place.
This static class contains methods such as max(), min(),
pow(), sqrt(), and exp(), and trigonometric functions such
as sin(), cos(), and arctan().
Many mathematical constants are defined such as PI, E,
SQRT2, and some others
Math.PI; // 3.141592657
Math.sqrt(4); // square root of 4 is 2.
Math.random(); // random number between 0 and 1

String
The String class has already been used without us even knowing
it.
Constructor usage
var greet = new String("Good"); // long form constructor
var greet = "Good"; // shortcut constructor
Length of a string
alert (greet.length); // will display "4"

String
Concatenation and so much more
var str = greet.concat("Morning"); // Long form concatenation

var str = greet + "Morning"; // + operator concatenation
Many other useful methods exist within the String class, such as
• accessing a single character using charAt()
• searching for one using indexOf().
Strings allow splitting a string into an array, searching and
matching with split(), search(), and match() methods.

Date
Not that kind
The Date class is yet another helpful included object you should
be aware of. It allows you to quickly calculate the current date
or create date objects for particular dates. To display today’s
date as a string, we would simply create a new object and use
the toString() method.
var d = new Date();
// This outputs Today is Mon Nov 12 2012 15:40:19 GMT-0700
alert ("Today is "+ d.toString());

Window
The window object in JavaScript corresponds to the browser

itself. Through it, you can access the current page’s URL, the
browser’s history, and what’s being displayed in the status bar,
as well as opening new browser windows.
In fact, the alert() function mentioned earlier is actually a
method of the window object.

Section 6 of 8
THE DOCUMENT OBJECT MODEL (DOM)

The DOM
Document Object Model
JavaScript is almost always used to interact with the

HTML document in which it is contained.
This is accomplished through a programming interface
(API) called the Document Object Model.
According to the W3C, the DOM is a:
Platform- and language-neutral interface that will
allow programs and scripts to dynamically access and
update the content, structure and style of documents.

The DOM
Seems familiar, because it is!
The Document Object Model(DOM) is the objects that

make up a web page. This tree structure is formally
called the DOM Tree with the root, or topmost object
called the Document Root.

DOM Nodes
In the DOM, each element within the HTML document

is called a node. If the DOM is a tree, then each node
is an individual branch.
There are:
• element nodes,
• text nodes, and
• attribute nodes
All nodes in the DOM share a common set of
properties and methods.

DOM Nodes
Element, text and attribute nodes

DOM Nodes
Essential Node Object properties
Property Description
attributes Collection of node attributes
childNodes A NodeList of child nodes for this node

firstChild First child node of this node.
lastChild Last child of this node.
nextSibling Next sibling node for this node.
nodeName Name of the node
nodeType Type of the node
nodeValue Value of the node
parentNode Parent node for this node.
previousSibling Previous sibling node for this node.

Document Object
One root to ground them all
The DOM document object is the root JavaScript

object representing the entire HTML document.
It contains some properties and methods that we will
use extensively in our development and is globally
accessible as document.
// specify the doctype, for example html
var a = document.doctype.name;
// specify the page encoding, for example ISO-8859-1
var b = document.inputEncoding;

Document Object
Document Object Methods
Method Description
createAttribute() Creates an attribute node
createElement() Creates an element node

createTextNode() Create a text node
getElementById(id) Returns the element node whose id attribute
matches the passed id parameter.
getElementsByTagName(name) Returns a nodeList of elements whose tag name

matches the passed name parameter.

Accessing nodes
getElementById(), getElementsByTagName()

Element node Object
The type of object returned by the method

document.getElementById() described in the previous
section is an element node object.
This represents an HTML element in the hierarchy,
contained between the opening <> and closing </>
tags for this element.
• can itself contain more elements

Element node Object
Essential Element Node Properties
Property Description
className The current value for the class attribute of this HTML
element.
id The current value for the id of this element.

innerHTML Represents all the things inside of the tags. This can be read
or written to and is the primary way which we update
particular div's using JS.
style The style attribute of an element. We can read and modify
this property.
tagName The tag name for the element.

Modifying a DOM element
The document.write() method is used to create output

to the HTML page from JavaScript. The modern
JavaScript programmer will want to write to the HTML
page, but in a particular location, not always at the
bottom
Using the DOM document and HTML DOM element
objects, we can do exactly that using the innerHTML
property

Modifying a DOM element
More verbosely, and validated
Although the innerHTML technique works well (and is

very fast), there is a more verbose technique available
to us that builds output using the DOM.
DOM functions createTextNode(), removeChild(), and
appendChild() allow us to modify an element in a
more rigorous way

Changing an element’s style
We can add or remove any style using the style or className

property of the Element node.
Its usage is shown below to change a node’s background color and
add a three-pixel border.
var commentTag = document.getElementById("specificTag");
commentTag.style.backgroundColour = "#FFFF00";
commentTag.style.borderWidth="3px";

Changing an element’s style
With class
The className property is normally a better choice, because it

allows the styles to be created outside the code, and thus be
better accessible to designers.
var commentTag = document.getElementById("specificTag");
commentTag.className = "someClassName";
HTML5 introduces the classList element, which allows you to
add, remove, or toggle a CSS class on an element.
label.classList.addClass("someClassName");

More Properties
Some Specific HTML DOM Element Properties for Certain Tag Types
Property Description Tags

href The href attribute used in a tags to specify a URL to link a
to.
name The name property is a bookmark to identify this tag. a, input,
Unlike id which is available to all tags, name is limited textarea,
to certain form related tags. form
src Links to an external URL that should be loaded into the img,
page (as opposed to href which is a link to follow when input,
clicked) iframe,
script
value The value is related tot he value attribute of input tags. Input,
Often the value of an input field is user defined, and we textarea,
use value to get that user input. submit

Section 7 of 8
JAVASCRIPT EVENTS
JavaScript Events
A JavaScript event is an action that can be detected by

JavaScript.
We say then that an event is triggered and then it can
be caught by JavaScript functions, which then do
something in response.

JavaScript Events
A brave new world
In the original JavaScript world, events could be

specified right in the HTML markup with hooks to the
JavaScript code (and still can).
As more powerful frameworks were developed, and
website design and best practices were refined, this
original mechanism was supplanted by the listener
approach.

JavaScript Events
Two approaches

Inline Event Handler Approach
For example, if you wanted an alert to pop-up when clicking a <div>

you might program:
<div id="example1" onclick="alert('hello')">Click for pop-up</div>
The problem with this type of programming is that the HTML markup
and the corresponding JavaScript logic are woven together. It does not
make use of layers; that is, it does not separate content from behavior.

Listener Approach
Two ways to set up listeners

Listener Approach
Using functions
What if we wanted to do something more elaborate when

an event is triggered? In such a case, the behavior would
have to be encapsulated within a function, as shown in
Listing 6.12.

Listener Approach
Anonymous functions
An alternative to that shown in Listing 6.12 is to use

an anonymous function (that is, one without a
name), as shown in Listing 6.13.

Event Object
No matter which type of event we encounter, they

are all DOM event objects and the event handlers
associated with them can access and manipulate
them. Typically we see the events passed to the
function handler as a parameter named e.
function someHandler(e) {
// e is the event that triggered this handler.
}

Event Object
Several Options
• Bubbles. If an event’s bubbles property is set to

true then there must be an event handler in place
to handle the event or it will bubble up to its
parent and trigger an event handler there.
• Cancelable. The Cancelable property is also a
Boolean value that indicates whether or not the
event can be cancelled.
• preventDefault. A cancelable default action for an
event can be stopped using the preventDefault()
method in the next slide

Event Object
Prevent the default behaviour

Event Types
There are several classes of event, with several types of

event within each class specified by the W3C:
• mouse events
• keyboard events
• form events
• frame events

Mouse events
Event Description
onclick The mouse was clicked on an element
ondblclick The mouse was double clicked on an element
onmousedown The mouse was pressed down over an element
onmouseup The mouse was released over an element
onmouseover The mouse was moved (not clicked) over an element
onmouseout The mouse was moved off of an element
onmousemove The mouse was moved while over an element

Keyboard events
Event Description
onkeydown The user is pressing a key (this happens first)
onkeypress The user presses a key (this happens after onkeydown)
onkeyup The user releases a key that was down (this happens last)

Keyboard events
Example
<input type="text" id="keyExample">

The input box above, for example, could be listened to
and each key pressed echoed back to the user as an
alert as shown in Listing 6.15.

Form Events
Event Description
onblur A form element has lost focus (that is, control has moved to a different
element, perhaps due to a click or Tab key press.
onchange Some <input>, <textarea> or <select> field had their value change.
This could mean the user typed something, or selected a new choice.
onfocus Complementing the onblur event, this is triggered when an element

gets focus (the user clicks in the field or tabs to it)
onreset HTML forms have the ability to be reset. This event is triggered when
that happens.
onselect When the users selects some text. This is often used to try and prevent
copy/paste.
onsubmit When the form is submitted this event is triggered. We can do some
pre-validation when the user submits the form in JavaScript before
sending the data on to the server.

Form Events
Example

Frame Events
Frame events are the events related to the browser

frame that contains your web page.
The most important event is the onload event, which
tells us an object is loaded and therefore ready to
work with. If the code attempts to set up a listener on
this not-yet-loaded <div>, then an error will be
triggered.
window.onload= function(){
//all JavaScript initialization here.
}

Frame Events
Table of frame events
Event Description
onabort An object was stopped from loading
onerror An object or image did not properly load
onload When a document or object has been loaded
onresize The document view was resized
onscroll The document view was scrolled
onunload The document has unloaded

Section 8 of 8
FORMS
Validating Forms
You mean pre-validating right?
Writing code to prevalidate forms on the client side

will reduce the number of incorrect submissions,
thereby reducing server load.
There are a number of common validation activities
including email validation, number validation, and data
validation.

Validating Forms
Empty field

Validating Forms
Empty field
If you want to ensure a checkbox is ticked, use code

like that below.
var inputField=document.getElementByID("license");
if (inputField.type=="checkbox"){
if (inputField.checked)
//Now we know the box is checked
}

Validating Forms
Number Validation

Notifying the User
What’s wrong, where is it, and how to fix it.

Types of Input Validation
• Required information. Some data fields just cannot

be left empty. For instance, the principal name of
things or people is usually a required field. Other
fields such as emails, phones, or passwords are
typically required values.
• Correct data type. Some input fields must follow
the rules for its data type in order to be considered
valid.
• Correct format. Some information, such as postal
codes, credit card numbers, and social security
numbers have to follow certain pattern rules.

Types of Input Validation
Continued
• Comparison. Perhaps the most common example

of this type of validation is entering passwords:
most sites require the user to enter the password
twice to ensure the two entered values are
identical.
• Range check. Information such as numbers and
dates have infinite possible values. However, most
systems need numbers and dates to fall within
realistic ranges.
• Custom. Some validations are more complex and
are unique to a particular application

Notifying the User
We found an error, now what?
• What is the problem? Users do not want to read

lengthy messages to determine what needs to be
changed. They need to receive a visually clear and
textually concise message.
• Where is the problem? Some type of error
indication should be located near the field that
generated the problem.
• If appropriate, how do I fix it? For instance, don’t
just tell the user that a date is in the wrong format,
tell him or her what format you are expecting, such
as “The date should be in yy/mm/dd format.”

Another illustrative examples
What’s wrong, where is it, and how to fix it.

How to reduce validation errors
An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure
• Using pop-up JavaScript alert (or other popup)

messages
• Provide textual hints to the user on the form itself
• Using tool tips or pop-overs to display context-
sensitive help about the expected input
• a JavaScript-based mask

An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure

Tool Tips and popovers

JavaScript Mask

HTML 5 input types
Many user input errors can be eliminated by choosing a

better data entry type than the standard
<input type="text">
If you need to get a date from the user, use the HTML5
<input type="date”>
If you need a number, use the HTML5

<input type="number">

Submitting Forms
Submitting a form using JavaScript requires having a node

variable for the form element. Once the variable, say,
formExample is acquired, one can simply call the submit()
method:
var formExample = document.getElementById("loginForm");
formExample.submit();
This is often done in conjunction with calling preventDefault()
on the onsubmit event.

Javascript: Client-Side Scripting: of Web Development and of Web Development and

Uploaded by

Javascript: Client-Side Scripting: of Web Development and of Web Development and

Uploaded by

JavaScript: Client-Side

Randy Connolly and Ricardo Hoar Fundamentals of Web Development

• JavaScript runs right inside the browser

Randy Connolly and Ricardo Hoar Fundamentals of Web Development

Although it contains the word Java, JavaScript and Java

Randy Connolly and Ricardo Hoar Fundamentals of Web Development

Randy Connolly and Ricardo Hoar Fundamentals of Web Development

There are many advantages of client-side scripting:

Randy Connolly and Ricardo Hoar Fundamentals of Web Development

The disadvantages of client-side scripting are mostly

Randy Connolly and Ricardo Hoar Fundamentals of Web Development

Randy Connolly and Ricardo Hoar Fundamentals of Web Development

WHERE DOES JAVASCRIPT GO?

JavaScript can be linked to an HTML page in a number

Randy Connolly and Ricardo Hoar Fundamentals of Web Development

Inline JavaScript refers to the practice of including

Inline JavaScript is a real maintenance nightmare

Randy Connolly and Ricardo Hoar Fundamentals of Web Development

Embedded JavaScript refers to the practice of placing

Randy Connolly and Ricardo Hoar Fundamentals of Web Development

JavaScript supports this separation by allowing links to

By convention, JavaScript external files have the

Randy Connolly and Ricardo Hoar Fundamentals of Web Development

We will briefly cover the fundamental syntax for the

before moving on to advanced topics such as events

Randy Connolly and Ricardo Hoar Fundamentals of Web Development

Randy Connolly and Ricardo Hoar Fundamentals of Web Development

Variables in JavaScript are dynamically typed,

Randy Connolly and Ricardo Hoar Fundamentals of Web Development

Randy Connolly and Ricardo Hoar Fundamentals of Web Development

Operator Description Matches (x=9)

=== Exactly equals, including type (x==="9") is false

<,> Less than, Greater Than (x<5) is false

Randy Connolly and Ricardo Hoar Fundamentals of Web Development

Randy Connolly and Ricardo Hoar Fundamentals of Web Development

JavaScript’s syntax is almost identical to that of PHP,

Randy Connolly and Ricardo Hoar Fundamentals of Web Development

Like conditionals, loops use the ( ) and { } blocks to

Randy Connolly and Ricardo Hoar Fundamentals of Web Development

A for loop combines the common components of a

Randy Connolly and Ricardo Hoar Fundamentals of Web Development

Randy Connolly and Ricardo Hoar Fundamentals of Web Development

Therefore a function to raise x to the yth power might be defined

Randy Connolly and Ricardo Hoar Fundamentals of Web Development

The alert() function makes the browser show a pop-up

Randy Connolly and Ricardo Hoar Fundamentals of Web Development

JavaScript is not a full-fledged object-oriented

Randy Connolly and Ricardo Hoar Fundamentals of Web Development

Objects can have constructors, properties, and

Randy Connolly and Ricardo Hoar Fundamentals of Web Development

Normally to create a new object we use the new

Randy Connolly and Ricardo Hoar Fundamentals of Web Development

Each object might have properties that can be

Randy Connolly and Ricardo Hoar Fundamentals of Web Development

Objects can also have methods, which are functions

Randy Connolly and Ricardo Hoar Fundamentals of Web Development

A number of useful objects are included with

Randy Connolly and Ricardo Hoar Fundamentals of Web Development

Arrays are one of the most used data structures. In

Randy Connolly and Ricardo Hoar Fundamentals of Web Development

To initialize the array with values, the variable declaration would

Randy Connolly and Ricardo Hoar Fundamentals of Web Development

To access an element in the array you use the familiar square

Randy Connolly and Ricardo Hoar Fundamentals of Web Development

Randy Connolly and Ricardo Hoar Fundamentals of Web Development

To add an item to an existing array, you can use the

Randy Connolly and Ricardo Hoar Fundamentals of Web Development

The Math class allows one to access common mathematic

Randy Connolly and Ricardo Hoar Fundamentals of Web Development

Randy Connolly and Ricardo Hoar Fundamentals of Web Development

var str = greet.concat("Morning"); // Long form concatenation

Randy Connolly and Ricardo Hoar Fundamentals of Web Development

Randy Connolly and Ricardo Hoar Fundamentals of Web Development

The window object in JavaScript corresponds to the browser

Randy Connolly and Ricardo Hoar Fundamentals of Web Development

Randy Connolly and Ricardo Hoar Fundamentals of Web Development