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Unit II Lesson 4 Determining Probabilities

1. The document discusses finding probabilities for the standard normal random variable z by determining areas under the normal curve. 2. It provides examples of finding areas to the left, right, and between given z-values using z-tables and probability notation. 3. Key steps involve drawing the normal curve, locating z-values, shading the relevant region, looking up corresponding areas in z-tables, and using subtraction or addition to calculate the final probability.

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Bernadette Remigio - Jovellanos
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© © All Rights Reserved
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1K views

Unit II Lesson 4 Determining Probabilities

1. The document discusses finding probabilities for the standard normal random variable z by determining areas under the normal curve. 2. It provides examples of finding areas to the left, right, and between given z-values using z-tables and probability notation. 3. Key steps involve drawing the normal curve, locating z-values, shading the relevant region, looking up corresponding areas in z-tables, and using subtraction or addition to calculate the final probability.

Uploaded by

Bernadette Remigio - Jovellanos
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DETERMINING PROBABILITIES

Lesson Objectives

At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:

1. find areas between paired z-scores;


2. find probabilities for the standard normal random
variable z; and
3. express areas under the normal curve using
probability notation.
Pre-Assessment
Lesson Introduction

• Standard normal distribution is a normal distribution with


μ = 0 and σ = 1. A random variable with a standard normal
distribution, denoted by X, is called a standard normal
random variable.

• Probabilities associated with the standard normal random


variables can be shown as areas under the standard
normal curve.
Discussion Points
Probability Notations Under the Normal Curve

The following notations for a random variable are used in our


various solutions concerning the normal curve.

• P(a < z < b) denotes the probability that the z-score is


between a and b.
• P(z > a) denotes the probability that the z-score is greater
than a.
• P(z < a) denotes the probability that the z-score is less than a.

where a and b are z-score values.


Discussion Points
To find the area of the region between z = 1
and z = 2, we subtract .3413 from .4772
resulting in .1359. It is graphically shown
below.
Discussion Points
The regions under the normal curve in terms
of percent, the graph of the distribution
would look like this:
Discussion Points
Example 1
Find the proportion of the area above z = –1.
STEPS SOLUTION
1. Draw a normal curve.
2. Locate the z-value.
3. Draw a line through the z-value
4. Shade the required region.
5. Consult the z-Table and find the z = –1 corresponds to an area of .3413
area that corresponds to z = –1.
6. Examine the graph and use The graph suggests addition.
probability notation to form an The required area is equal to
equation showing the appropriate 0.3413 + 0.5 = 0.8413.
operation to get the required area. That is,
P(z > –1) = 0.3413 + 0.5 = 0.8413
7. Make a statement indicating the The proportion of the area above is .
required area. 8413.
Example 2
Find the area to the left of z = –1.5.
STEPS SOLUTION
1. Draw a normal curve.
2. Locate the z-value.
3. Draw a line through the z-value
4. Shade the required region.
5. Consult the z-Table and find the z = 1.5 corresponds to the area 0.4332
area that corresponds to z = –1.5
6. Examine the graph and use The graph suggests subtraction.
probability notation to form an The required area is equal to
equation showing the appropriate 0.5 – 0.4332 = 0.0668
operation to get the required area. That is,
P(z < –1.5) = 0.5 – 0.4332 = 0.0668
7. Make a statement indicating the The proportion of the area to the left
required area. of z = –1.5 is 0.0668.
Example 3
Find the area between z = –2 and z = –1.5.
STEPS SOLUTION
1. Draw a normal curve.
2. Locate the z-value.
3. Draw a line through the z-value
4. Shade the required region.
5. Consult the z-Table and find the z = –2 corresponds to .4772
area that corresponds to z = –1.5 z = –1.5 corresponds to .4332.
6. Examine the graph and use The graph suggests subtraction.
probability notation to form an The required area is equal to
equation showing the appropriate 0.4772 – 0.4332 That is,
operation to get the required area. P(–2 < z < –1.5) = 0.4772 – 0.4332 =
0.0440
7. Make a statement indicating the The required area between z = –2 and z
required area. = –1.5 is 0.0440.
Exercises
Find the area between z = –1.32 and z = 2.37.
Complete the table below.
Exercises

Determine each of the following areas and


show these graphically. Use probability
notation in your final answer.

1. above z = 1.46
2. belowz=–0.58
3. between z = –78 and z = –1.95
4. between z = 0.76 and z = 2.88
5. between z = –0.92 and z = 1.75
Summary
Steps in Determining Areas Under the Normal Curve
• Use a cardboard model to draw a normal curve.
• Locate the given z-value or values at the base line.
• Draw a vertical line through these values.
• Shade the required region. Find models, if any.
• Consult the z-Table to find the areas that correspond to the
given z-value or values.
• Examine the graph and use probability notation to form an
equation showing an appropriate operation to get the
required area.
• Make a statement indicating the required area.

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