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C Programming 2

This document provides an overview of the structure and basic elements of a C program. It discusses that a typical C program includes preprocessor commands, functions, variables, statements, expressions, and comments. It then provides an example "Hello World" program and explains each part including the #include directive, main() function, printf() function, and return statement. It also discusses I/O functions like printf and scanf as well as basic C syntax elements such as tokens, identifiers, keywords, comments, and whitespace.

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128 views19 pages

C Programming 2

This document provides an overview of the structure and basic elements of a C program. It discusses that a typical C program includes preprocessor commands, functions, variables, statements, expressions, and comments. It then provides an example "Hello World" program and explains each part including the #include directive, main() function, printf() function, and return statement. It also discusses I/O functions like printf and scanf as well as basic C syntax elements such as tokens, identifiers, keywords, comments, and whitespace.

Uploaded by

Carab
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
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C programming

C - Program Structure
C - Program Structure

Hello World Example


A C program basically consists of the following parts −

Preprocessor Commands
Functions
Variables
Statements & Expressions
Comments
C - Program Structure
/*Writes the words "Hello, World!" on the screen */

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
printf("Hello, World!\n");
 return 0;
}
Let’s look into various parts of the above c
program
/* Comments */
Comments are a way of explaining what makes a
program. The compiler ignores comments and used by
others to understand the code. or
This is a comment block, which is ignored by the
compiler. Comment can be used anywhere in the
program to add info about program or code block,
which will be helpful for developers to understand the
existing code in the future easily.
#include<stdio.h>
stdio is standard for input / output, this allows us to
use some commands which includes a file called
stdio.h.or This is a preprocessor command. That
notifies the compiler to include the header file stdio.h
in the program before compiling the source-code.
int/void main()
int/void is a return value, which will be explained in a
while.
main()
The main() is the main function where program
execution begins. Every C program must contain only
one main function.or
This is the main function, which is the default entry
point for every C program and the void in front of it
indicates that it does not return a value.
Braces

Two curly brackets "{...}" are used to group all


statements . or Curly braces which shows how much
the main() function has its scope.
printf()
It is a function in C, which prints text on the screen .or
This is another pre-defined function of C which is
used to be displayed text string in the screen.

return 0
At the end of the main function returns value 0.
C input and Output (I/O)
As we all know the three essential functions of a
computer are reading, processing and writing data.
Majority of the programs take data as input, and then
after processing the processed data is being displayed
which is called information. In C programming you
can use scanf() and printf() predefined function to
read and print data.
Example of input and output
#include<stdio.h>
 int main()
{
int a,b,c;
 printf("Please enter any two numbers: \n");
 scanf("%d %d", &a, &b);
c = a + b;
printf("The addition of two number is: %d", c);
}
The above program scanf() is used to take input from
the user, and respectively printf() is used to display
output result on the screen.
Managing input / output
I/O operations are useful for a program to interact with
users. stdlib is the standard C library for input-output
operations. While dealing with input-output operations
in C, there are two important streams that play their role.
These are:
Standard Input (stdin)
Standard Output (stdout)
Standard input or stdin is used for taking input from
devices such as the keyboard as a data stream. Standard
output or stdout is used for giving output to a device such
as a monitor. For using I/O functionality, programmers
must include stdio header-file within the program.
C - Basic Syntax
 Tokens in C
A C program consists of various tokens and a token is
either a keyword, an identifier, a constant, a string
literal, or a symbol. For example, the following C
statement consists of five tokens −
printf("Hello, World! \n");
The individual tokens are −
Printf
(
"Hello, World! \n”
)
;
Semicolons
In a C program, the semicolon is a statement
terminator. That is, each individual statement must be
ended with a semicolon. It indicates the end of one
logical entity.
Given below are two different statements −
printf("Hello, World! \n");
return 0;
Comments

Comments are like helping text in your C program and


they are ignored by the compiler. They start with /*
and terminate with the characters */ as shown below −

/* my first program in C */


Identifiers
A C identifier is a name used to identify a variable,
function, or any other user-defined item. An identifier
starts with a letter A to Z, a to z, or an underscore '_'
followed by zero or more letters, underscores, and digits
(0 to 9).
C does not allow punctuation characters such as @, $, and
% within identifiers. C is a case-sensitive programming
language. Thus, Manpowerand manpower are two
different identifiers in C. Here are some examples of
acceptable identifiers −
mohd zara abc move_name a_123
 myname50 _temp j a23b9 retVal
Keywords
The following list shows the reserved words in C. These
reserved words may not be used as constants or variables
or any other identifier names.

auto else long switch


break enum register typedef
case extern return union
char float short unsigned
const for signed void
continue goto sizeof volatile
default if static while
do int struct _Packed
double
Whitespace in C
A line containing only whitespace, possibly with a
comment, is known as a blank line, and a C compiler
totally ignores it.
Whitespace is the term used in C to describe blanks,
tabs, newline characters and comments. Whitespace
separates one part of a statement from another and
enables the compiler to identify where one element in
a statement, such as int, ends and the next element
begins. Therefore, in the following statement −

int age;
there must be at least one whitespace character
(usually a space) between int and age for the compiler
to be able to distinguish them. On the other hand, in
the following statement −
fruit = apples + oranges; // get the total fruit
no whitespace characters are necessary between fruit
and =, or between = and apples, although you are free
to include some if you wish to increase readability.

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