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Lecture 6 Java Script 07042021 041526pm

This document provides an overview of JavaScript and Dynamic HTML (DHTML). It discusses what DHTML is, the technologies that comprise DHTML (XHTML, CSS, JavaScript, DOM), and how JavaScript adds dynamic behavior to web pages. It also covers JavaScript syntax including data types, operators, popup boxes, conditional statements, loops, and functions. The document explains how to implement JavaScript code in web pages and common uses of JavaScript.

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Ammara Shehroz
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
92 views63 pages

Lecture 6 Java Script 07042021 041526pm

This document provides an overview of JavaScript and Dynamic HTML (DHTML). It discusses what DHTML is, the technologies that comprise DHTML (XHTML, CSS, JavaScript, DOM), and how JavaScript adds dynamic behavior to web pages. It also covers JavaScript syntax including data types, operators, popup boxes, conditional statements, loops, and functions. The document explains how to implement JavaScript code in web pages and common uses of JavaScript.

Uploaded by

Ammara Shehroz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
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Web engineering

Lecture 6
Table of Contents
• What is DHTML?
• DHTML Technologies
– XHTML, CSS, JavaScript, DOM

3
Table of Contents
• Introduction to JavaScript
– What is JavaScript
– Implementing JavaScript into Web pages
• In <head> part
• In <body> part
• In external .js file

4
Table of Contents
• JavaScript Syntax
– JavaScript operators
– JavaScript Data Types
– JavaScript Pop-up boxes
• alert, confirm and prompt
– Conditional and switch statements, loops and
functions
• Document Object Model
• Debugging in JavaScript

5
DHTML
Dynamic Behavior at the Client Side
What is DHTML?
• Dynamic HTML (DHTML)
– Makes possible a Web page to react and change in
response to the user’s actions
• DHTML = HTML + CSS + JavaScript

7
DTHML = HTML + CSS + JavaScript
• HTML defines Web sites content through
semantic tags (headings, paragraphs, lists, …)
• CSS defines 'rules' or 'styles' for presenting every
aspect of an HTML document
– Font (family, size, color, weight, etc.)
– Background (color, image, position, repeat)
– Position and layout (of any object on the page)
• JavaScript defines dynamic behavior
– Programming logic for interaction with the user, to
handle events, etc.
8
JavaScript
Dynamic Behavior in a Web Page
JavaScript
• JavaScript is a front-end scripting language
developed by Netscape for dynamic content
– Lightweight, but with limited capabilities
– Can be used as object-oriented language
• Client-side technology
– Embedded in your HTML page
– Interpreted by the Web browser
• Simple and flexible
• Powerful to manipulate the DOM
10
JavaScript Advantages
• JavaScript allows interactivity such as:
– Implementing form validation
– React to user actions, e.g. handle keys
– Sections of a page appearing and disappearing
– Content loading and changing dynamically
– Performing complex calculations
– Custom HTML controls, e.g. scrollable table
– Implementing AJAX functionality

11
What Can JavaScript Do?
• Can handle events
• Can read and write HTML elements and modify
the DOM tree
• Can validate form data
• Can access / modify browser cookies
• Can detect the user’s browser and OS
• Can be used as object-oriented language
• Can handle exceptions
• Can perform asynchronous server calls (AJAX)
12
The First Script
first-script.html
<html>

<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
alert('Hello JavaScript!');
</script>
</body>

</html>

13
Another Small Example
small-example.html
<html>

<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
document.write('JavaScript rulez!');
</script>
</body>

</html>

14
Using JavaScript Code
• The JavaScript code can be placed in:
– <script> tag in the head
– <script> tag in the body – not recommended
– External files, linked via <script> tag the head
• Files usually have .js extension
<script src="scripts.js" type="text/javscript">
<!– code placed here will not be executed! -->
</script>
• Highly recommended
• The .js files get cached by the browser

15
JavaScript – When is Executed?
• JavaScript code is executed during the page
loading or when the browser fires an event
– All statements are executed at page loading
– Some statements just define functions that can be
called later
• Function calls or code can be attached as "event
handlers" via tag attributes
– Executed when the event is fired by the browser

<img src="logo.gif" onclick="alert('clicked!')" />

16
Calling a JavaScript Function
from Event Handler – Example
<html> image-onclick.html
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
function test (message) {
alert(message);
}
</script>
</head>

<body>
<img src="logo.gif"
onclick="test('clicked!')" />
</body>
</html>
17
Using External Script Files
• Using external script files:
<html>
<head> external-JavaScript.html
<script src="sample.js" type="text/javascript">
</script>
</head> The <script> tag is always empty.
<body>
<button onclick="sample()" value="Call JavaScript
function from sample.js" />
</body>
</html>

External JavaScript file:

function sample() {
alertfrom samp('Hello le.js!')
} sample.js
18
The JavaScript
Syntax
JavaScript Syntax
• The JavaScript syntax is similar to C# and Java
– Operators (+, *, =, !=, &&, ++, …)
– Variables (typeless)
– Conditional statements (if, else)
– Loops (for, while)
– Arrays (my_array[]) and associative arrays
(my_array['abc'])
– Functions (can return value)
– Function variables (like the C# delegates)

20
Data Types
• JavaScript data types:
– Numbers (integer, floating-point)
– Boolean (true / false)
• String type – string of characters
var myName = "You can use both single or double
quotes for strings";
• Arrays
var my_array = [1, 5.3, "aaa"];

• Associative arrays (hash tables)

var my_hash = {a:2, b:3, c:"text"};


21
Everything is Object
• Every variable can be considered as object
– For example strings and arrays have member
functions:
objects.html
var test = "some string";
alert(test[7]); // shows letter 'r'
alert(test.charAt(5)); // shows letter 's'
alert("test".charAt(1)); //shows letter 'e'
alert("test".substring(1,3)); //shows 'es'

var arr = [1,3,4];


alert (arr.length); // shows 3
arr.push(7); // appends 7 to end of array
alert (arr[3]); // shows 7
22
String Operations
• The + operator joins strings
string1 = "fat ";
string2 = "cats";
alert(string1 + string2); // fat cats

• What is "9" + 9?
alert("9" + 9); // 99

• Converting string to number:


alert(parseInt("9") + 9); // 18

23
Arrays Operations and Properties
• Declaring new empty array:
var arr = new Array();
• Declaring an array holding few elements:
var arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
• Appending an element / getting the last element:
arr.push(3);
var element = arr.pop();
• Reading the number of elements (array length):
arr.length;
• Finding element's index in the array:
arr.indexOf(1);

24
Standard Popup Boxes
• Alert box with text and [OK] button
– Just a message shown in a dialog box:
alert("Some text here");

• Confirmation box
– Contains text, [OK] button and [Cancel] button:
confirm("Are you sure?");

• Prompt box
– Contains text, input field with default value:
prompt ("enter amount", 10);

25
Sum of Numbers – Example
sum-of-numbers.html
<html>

<head>
<title>JavaScript Demo</title>
<script type="text/javascript">
function calcSum() {
value1 =
parseInt(document.mainForm.textBox1.value);
value2 =
parseInt(document.mainForm.textBox2.value);
sum = value1 + value2;
document.mainForm.textBoxSum.value = sum;
}
</script>
</head>
26
Sum of Numbers – Example (2)
sum-of-numbers.html (cont.)
<body>
<form name="mainForm">
<input type="text" name="textBox1" /> <br/>
<input type="text" name="textBox2" /> <br/>
<input type="button" value="Process"
onclick="javascript: calcSum()" />
<input type="text" name="textBoxSum"
readonly="readonly"/>
</form>
</body>

</html>

27
JavaScript Prompt – Example
prompt.html
Var price = prompt("Enter the price",
"10.00");
alert('Price + VAT = ' + price * 1.2);

28
Conditional Statement (if)
unitPrice = 1.30;
if (quantity > 100) {
unitPrice = 1.20;
}

Symbol Meaning
> Greater than
< Less than
>= Greater than or equal to
Less than or equal to
== Equal
!= Not equal
29
Conditional Statement (if)
• The condition may be of Boolean or integer type:

conditional-statements.html
var a = 0;
var b = true;
if (typeof(a)=="undefined" || typeof(b)=="undefined") {
document.write("Variable a or b is undefined.");
}
else if (!a && b) {
document.write("a==0; b==true;");
} else {
document.write("a==" + a + "; b==" + b + ";");
}

30
Switch Statement
The switch statement works like in C#:
switch (variable) { switch-statements.html
case 1:
// do something
break;
case 'a':
// do something else
break;
case 3.14:
// another code
break;
default:
// something completely different
}
31
Loops
• Like in C#
• for loop
• while loop
• do … while loop
var counter;
for (counter=0; counter<4; counter++) {
alert(counter);
}
while (counter < 5) {
alert(++counter);
} loops.html
32
Functions
• Code structure – splitting code into parts
• Data comes in, processed, result returned
Parameters come
function average(a, b, c) in here.
{
var total; Declaring variables
total = a+b+c; is optional. Type is
return total/3; never declared.
}
Value returned
here.
33
Function Arguments
and Return Value
• Functions are not required to return a value
• When calling function it is not obligatory to
specify all of its arguments
– The function has access to all the arguments passed
via arguments array

function sum(a, b) {
var sum = 0;
sum =a+b;
return sum;
}
alert(sum(1, 2));
functions-demo.html
34
Document Object Model (DOM)

• Every HTML element is accessible via the


JavaScript DOM API
• Most DOM objects can be manipulated by the
programmer
• The event model lets a document to react when
the user does something on the page
• Advantages
– Create interactive pages
– Updates the objects of a page without reloading it

35
Accessing Elements
• Access elements via their ID attribute
var elem = document.getElementById("some_id")

• Via the name attribute


var arr = document.getElementsByName("some_name")

• Via tag name


var imgTags =document.getElementsByTagName("img")
– Returns array of descendant <img>

36
DOM Manipulation
Once we access an element, we can read and
write its attributes
DOM-manipulation.html
function change(state) {
var lampImg = document.getElementById("lamp");
lampImg.src = "lamp_" + state + ".png";
var statusDiv =
document.getElementById("statusDiv");
statusDiv.innerHTML = "The lamp is " + state";
}
…
<img src="test_on.gif" onmouseover="change('off')"
onmouseout="change('on')" />
37
Accessing Elements through the
DOM Tree Structure
• We can access elements in the DOM through
some tree manipulation properties:
– element.childNodes
– element.parentNode
– element.nextSibling
– element.previousSibling
– element.firstChild
– element.lastChild

38
Accessing Elements through
the DOM Tree – Example
var el = document.getElementById('div_tag');
alert (el.childNodes[0].value);
alert (el.childNodes[1].
getElementsByTagName('span').id);
…
<div id="div_tag">
<input type="text" value="test text" />
<div>
<span id="test">test span</span>
</div>
</div> accessing-elements-demo.html

 Warning: may not return what you expected due to Browser differences

39
The HTML DOM Event
Model
The HTML DOM Event Model
• JavaScript can register event handlers
– Events are fired by the Browser and are sent to the
specified JavaScript event handler function
– Can be set with HTML attributes:
<img src="test.gif" onclick="imageClicked()" />

– Can be accessed through the DOM:

var img = document.getElementById("myImage");


img.onclick = imageClicked;

41
The HTML DOM Event Model (2)
• All event handlers receive one parameter
– It brings information about the event
– Contains the type of the event (mouse click, key
press, etc.)
– Data about the location where the event has been
fired (e.g. mouse coordinates)
– Holds a reference to the event sender
• E.g. the button that was clicked

42
The HTML DOM Event Model (3)
– Holds information about the state of [Alt], [Ctrl]
and [Shift] keys
– Some browsers do not send this object, but place
it in the document.event
– Some of the names of the event’s object
properties are browser-specific

43
Common DOM Events
• Mouse events:
– onclick, onmousedown, onmouseup
– onmouseover, onmouseout, onmousemove
• Key events:
– onkeypress, onkeydown, onkeyup
– Only for input fields
• Interface events:
– onblur, onfocus
– onscroll

44
Common DOM Events (2)
• Form events
– onchange – for input fields
– onsubmit
• Allows you to cancel a form submission
• Useful for form validation
• Miscellaneous events
– onload, onunload
• Allowed only for the <body> element
• Fires when all content on the page was loaded / unloaded

45
onload Event – Example
onload.html
onload event
<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
function hello() {
alert("Loaded.");
}
</script>
</head> 
<body onload=“hello()" >
</body>
</html>
46
The Built-In Browser
Objects
Opening New Window – Example

• window.open() window-open.html
var newWindow = window.open("", "sampleWindow",
"width=300, height=100, menubar=yes,
status=yes, resizable=yes");

newWindow.document.write(
"<html><head><title>
Sample Title</title>
</head><body><h1>Sample
Text</h1></body>");
newWindow.status =
"Hello folks";

48
The Navigator Object
alert(window.navigator.userAgent);

The browser The navigator in The userAgent


window the browser (browser ID)
window

49
The Screen Object
• The screen object contains information
about the display
window.moveTo(0, 0);
x = screen.availWidth;
y = screen.availHeight;
window.resizeTo(x, y);
http://www.w3schools.com/jsref/tryit.asp?file
name=tryjsref_win_moveto
http://www.w3schools.com/jsref/tryit.asp?file
name=tryjsref_win_resizeto

50
Document and Location
• document object
– Provides some built-in arrays of specific objects
on the currently loaded Web page
document.links[0].href = "yahoo.com";
document.write(
"This is some <b>bold text</b>");

• document.location
– Used to access the currently open URL or redirect
the browser
document.location = "http://www.yahoo.com/";
51
Form Validation – Example
form-validation.html
function checkForm()
{
var valid = true;
if (document.mainForm.firstName.value == "") {
alert("Please type in your first name!");
document.getElementById("firstNameError").
style.display = "inline";
valid = false;
}
return valid;
}
…
<form name="mainForm" onsubmit="return checkForm()">
<input type="text" name="firstName" />
…
</form>
52
The Math Object
• The Math object provides some mathematical
math.html
functions
for (i=1; i<=20; i++) {
var x = Math.random();
x = 10*x + 1;
x = Math.floor(x);
document.write(
"Random number (" +
i + ") in range " +
"1..10 --> " + x +
"<br/>");
}
53
The Date Object
• The Date object provides date / calendar
functions dates.html
var now = new Date();
var result = "It is now " + now;
document.getElementById("timeField")
.innerText = result;
...
<p id="timeField"></p>

54
Timers: setTimeout()
• Make something happen (once) after a fixed
delay
var timer = setTimeout('bang()', 5000);

5 seconds after this statement


executes, this function is
called
clearTimeout(timer);

Cancels the timer


55
Timers: setInterval()
• Make something happen repeatedly at fixed
intervals
var timer = setInterval('clock()', 1000);

This function is called


continuously per 1
second.
clearInterval(timer);

Stop the timer.

56
Timer – Example
timer-demo.html
<script type="text/javascript">
function timerFunc() {
var now = new Date();
var hour = now.getHours();
var min = now.getMinutes();
var sec = now.getSeconds();
document.getElementById("clock").value =
"" + hour + ":" + min + ":" + sec;
}
setInterval('timerFunc()', 1000);
</script>
<input type="text" id="clock" />

57
Debugging JavaScript
Debugging JavaScript
• Modern browsers have JavaScript console
where errors in scripts are reported
– Errors may differ across browsers
• Several tools to debug JavaScript
– Microsoft Script Editor
• Add-on for Internet Explorer
• Supports breakpoints, watches
• JavaScript statement debugger; opens the script
editor

59
Firebug
• Firebug – Firefox add-on for debugging
JavaScript, CSS, HTML
– Supports breakpoints, watches, JavaScript console
editor
– Very useful for CSS and HTML too
• You can edit all the document real-time: CSS, HTML, etc
• Shows how CSS rules apply to element
– Shows Ajax requests and responses
– Firebug is written mostly in JavaScript

60
Firebug (2)

61
JavaScript Console Object
• The console object exists only if there is a
debugging tool that supports it
– Used to write log messages at runtime
• Methods of the console object:
– debug(message)
– info(message)
– log(message)
– warn(message)
– error(message)

62
HTML, CSS and JavaScript Basics

Questions?

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