OOPJ2 - Module 1 - Introduction To Object Oriented Programming

OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING USING
JAVA
Module Number: 01
Module Name: Introduction to Object Oriented Programming
Version Code: OOPJ2

Released Date: 30-Aug-2018
Introduction to Introduction to Object Oriented Programming
AIM:
To provide students with the basics of object oriented programming using JAVA
2
Objectives:
The Objectives of this module are:
• Explain the Object Oriented feature in java

• Describe the role of JVM
• Illustrate keyword , variable and data types in JAVA
• Describe String and arrays in JAVA
• Illustrate JAVA type conversion and casting
3
Outcome:
At the end of this module, you are expected to:
• Differentiate between c++ and JAVA

• Apply various data types, keyword and variable
• Describe type conversion with example
• Create a program to illustrate the concept of passing an array to the
method
4
History of JAVA
The history of Java is very interesting.
• Java was originally designed for interactive television, but it was too advanced technology for the
digital cable television industry at the time.
• The history of java starts with Green Team. Java team members (also known as Green Team),
initiated this project to develop a language for digital devices such as set-top boxes, televisions, etc.
However, it was suited for internet programming. Later, Java technology was incorporated by
Netscape.
• The principles for creating Java programming were "Simple, Robust, Portable, Platform-independent,
Secured, High Performance, Multithreaded, Architecture Neutral, Object-Oriented, Interpreted and
Dynamic".
5
History of JAVA
1) James Gosling, Mike Sheridan, and Patrick Naughton initiated the Java language project in
June 1991. The small team of sun engineers called Green Team.
2) Originally designed for small, embedded systems in electronic appliances like set-top boxes.
3) Firstly, it was called "Greentalk" by James Gosling, and file extension was .gt.
4) After that, it was called Oak and was developed as a part of the Green project.
Why Java named "Oak"?
5) Why Oak? Oak is a symbol of strength and chosen as a national tree of many countries like U.S.A.,
France, Germany, Romania, etc.
6) In 1995, Oak was renamed as "Java" because it was already a trademark by Oak Technologies.
6
Java Version History

Many java versions have been released till now. The current stable release of Java is Java SE 10.
• JDK Alpha and Beta (1995) • Java SE 7 (28th July 2011)
• JDK 1.0 (23rd Jan 1996) • Java SE 8 (18th March 2014)

• JDK 1.1 (19th Feb 1997) • Java SE 9 (21st Sep 2017)
• J2SE 1.2 (8th Dec 1998)
• Java SE 10 (20th March 2018)
• J2SE 1.3 (8th May 2000)
• J2SE 1.4 (6th Feb 2002)
• J2SE 5.0 (30th Sep 2004)
• Java SE 6 (11th Dec 2006)

7
Five Design Principles of Java

• Simple, small and familiar
• robust and secure
• Plot form independent
• Compiled and interpreted
• Multi threaded
• Auto garbage collected
Platform Independent
Unlike other programming languages such as C, C++ etc which are compiled into platform specific
machines. Java is guaranteed to be write-once, run-anywhere language.
On compilation Java program is compiled into bytecode. This bytecode is platform independent and
can be run on any machine, plus this bytecode format also provide security. Any machine with Java
Runtime Environment can run Java Programs.
9
Setting Class path for Java

Step 1: Right click on my computer and select properties.
Step 2: Go to the Advance System Settings tab.
Fig:-Path setting
10
Step 3: Click on Environment Step 4: Now alter the path variable so that it also contains
Variables button. the path to JDK installed directory.
Fig:-Path setting
11
JVM Architecture
Class Loader : Class loader loads the Class for execution.

Method area : Stores pre-class structure as constant pool.
Heap : Heap is in which objects are allocated.
Stack : Local variables and partial results are store here. Each
thread has a private JVM stack created when the thread is created.
Program Counter register : Program register holds the address of JVM
instruction currently being executed.
Fig:-JVM Architecture
Native method stack : It contains all native used in application.
Executive Engine : Execution engine controls the execute of instructions contained in the methods of the
classes.
Native Method Interface :interface between java code and native code during execution.
12
What is JVM?
• JVM (Java Virtual Machine) is an abstract machine that enables your computer to run a Java program.
• When you run the Java program, Java compiler first compiles your Java code to bytecode. Then, the
JVM translates bytecode into native machine code (set of instructions that a computer's CPU executes
directly).
• Java became plot form independent because of compile and interpretation only. JVM is a machine
dependent program, there are some thousands of JVMs available in the market.
Fig:-Code processing in JAVA

13
What is JRE?
• JRE (Java Runtime Environment) is a software package that provides Java class libraries, along with
Java Virtual Machine (JVM), and other components to run applications written in Java programming.
JRE is the superset of JVM.
Fig:- JRE
14
What is JDK?
• JDK (Java Development Kit) is a software development kit to develop applications in Java.
When you download JDK, JRE is also downloaded, and don't need to download it separately.
In addition to JRE, JDK also contains number of development tools (compilers, JavaDoc,
Java Debugger etc).
Fig:- JDK view
15
The relationship between JVM, JRE, and JDK.
Fig:- Relationship between JVM,JDK and JRE

16
What is OOP?
• OOP is a design philosophy. It stands for Object Oriented Programming. Object- Oriented

Programming (OOP) is a paradigm in which everything is represented as an object.
• Everything in OOP is grouped as self sustainable "objects". Hence, you gain reusability by means of
four main object-oriented programming concepts.
What is an Object?
• The set of activities that the object performs defines the object's behavior. For example,
the Hand (object) can grip something, or a Student(object) can give their name or address.
• In pure OOP terms an object is an instance of a class.
• Software objects also have a state and behavior. A software object's state is stored in fields and
behavior is shown via methods.
What is a Class?
• A class is nothing but a blueprint or a template for creating different objects which defines its
properties and behaviours.
• Java class objects exhibit the properties and behaviours defined by its class. A class can contain fields
and methods to describe the behaviour of an object.
Example:-
class classname
type instance-variable1;
type instance-variableN;
type methodname1(parameter-list)
// body of method
}
A class can contain any of the following variable types.
• Local variables: Variables defined inside methods, constructors or blocks are called local variables.
The variable will be declared and initialized within the method and the variable will be destroyed
when the method has completed.
• Instance variables: Instance variables are variables within a class but outside any method. These
variables are initialized when the class is instantiated. Instance variables can be accessed from inside
any method, constructor or blocks of that particular class.
• Class variables: Class variables are variables declared with in a class, outside any method, with the
static keyword.
Example:-
public class Dog
{
String breed;
int ageC;
String color;
void barking()
{}
void hungry()
{}
void sleeping()
{}
}
Creating an Object
• As mentioned previously, a class provides the blueprints for objects. So basically an object is created from a
class. In Java, the new key word is used to create new objects.
• There are three steps when creating an object from a class:
• Declaration: A variable declaration with a variable name with an object type.

• Ex: Student s;
• Instantiation: The 'new' key word is used to create the object.

• Ex: Student s =new Student();
• Initialization: The 'new' keyword is followed by a call to a constructor. This call initializes the new object.
• Ex: Student s =new Student(“Raj”);
Creating an Object
public class Puppy

{
public Puppy(String name)
{ // This constructor has one parameter, name.
System.out.println("Passed Name is :" + name );
}
public static void main(String []args)
{
// Following statement would create an object myPuppy
Puppy myPuppy = new Puppy( "tommy" );
}
}
What is OOPS?
• Object Oriented Programming is a programming concept that works on the principle that objects are
the most important part of your program. It allows users create the objects that they want and then
create methods to handle those objects. Manipulating these objects to get results is the goal of Object
Oriented Programming.
• Object Oriented Programming popularly known as OOP, is used in a modern programming language
like Java
25
Concepts of OOP
1. Encapsulation
2. Abstraction
3. Inheritance
4. Polymorphism.
5. Association
6. Aggregation
7. composition
What is Encapsulation ?
Encapsulation is an Object Oriented Programming concept that binds together the data and functions
that manipulate the data, and that keeps both safe from outside interference and misuse. Data
encapsulation led to the important OOP concept of data hiding.
OOP supports the properties of encapsulation and data hiding through the creation of user-defined
types, called classes.
What does Data Hiding mean?
• Data hiding is a software development technique specifically used in object-oriented programming

(OOP) to hide internal object details (data members).
• This technique enhances a programmer’s ability to create classes with unique data sets and functions,
avoiding unnecessary penetration from other program classes.
Data Abstraction
Data abstraction refers to, providing only essential information to the outside world and hiding their
background details, i.e., to represent the needed information in program without presenting the details.
Data abstraction is a programming (and design) technique that relies on the separation of interface and
implementation.
Inheritance
• Inheritance allows us to define a class in terms of another class, which makes it easier to create and
maintain an application.
• This also provides an opportunity to reuse the code functionality and fast implementation time.
• When creating a class, instead of writing completely new data members and member functions, the
programmer can designate that the new class should inherit the members of an existing class. This
existing class is called the base class, and the new class is referred to as the derived class.
• The idea of inheritance implements the is a relationship. For example, mammal IS-A animal, dog IS-
A mammal hence dog IS-A animal as well and so on.
Base & Derived Classes:
• A class can be derived from more than one classes, which means it can inherit data and functions
from multiple base classes. To define a derived class, we use a class derivation list to specify the base
class(es). A class derivation list names one or more base classes and has the form:
class derived-class: access-specifier base-class
• Where access-specifier is one of public, protected, or private, and base-class is the name of a

previously defined class. If the access-specifier is not used, then it is private by default.
Association
• Association is a relationship between two objects. It defines the diversity between objects. In this
OOP concept, all object have their separate lifecycle, and there is no owner. For example, many
students can associate with one teacher while one student can also associate with multiple teachers.
32
Aggregation
• In this technique, all objects have their separate lifecycle. However, there is ownership such that
child object can’t belong to another parent object.
For example consider class/objects department and teacher. Here, a single teacher can’t belong to
multiple departments, but even if we delete the department, the teacher object will never be destroyed.
33
Composition
• A composition is a specialized form of Aggregation. It is also called "death" relationship. Child objects
do not have their lifecycle so when parent object deletes all child object will also delete automatically.
For that, let’s take an example of House and rooms. Any house can have several rooms. One room
can’t become part of two different houses. So, if you delete the house room will also be deleted.
34
Advantages of OOPS:
• OOP offers easy to understand and a clear modular structure for programs.
• Objects created for Object-Oriented Programs can be reused in other programs. Thus it saves
significant development cost.
• Large programs are difficult to write, but if the development and designing team follow OOPS
concept then they can better design with minimum flaws.
• It also enhances program modularity because every object exists independently.
35
Data Types
• Constants
• Variables
What is a Constant?
• 456—a literal numerical constant
• System.out.println(456); // Java
• Console.writeline(456); // Visual C#
• “A Literal String Constant”
• System.out.println(“My First Java”); // Java
• Console.writeline(“My First C#”); // Visual C#

What is a variable?
• It is a named computer location in memory that holds values that might vary
• Must that location have an address?
• YES
• What has addresses? Bits, bytes, words, what?
• Bytes
• Can a variable be more than one byte long?
• YES
What do the keywords Mean???
• class keyword is used to declare a class in java.
• public keyword is an access modifier which represents visibility, it means it is visible to all.
• static is a keyword, if we declare any method as static, it is known as static method. The core
advantage of static method is that there is no need to create object to invoke the static method. The
main method is executed by the JVM, so it doesn't require to create object to invoke the main method.
So it saves memory.
• void is the return type of the method, it means it doesn't return any value.
Using Methods, classes, and Objects
• Methods are similar to procedures, functions, or subroutines
• Statements within a method execute only when the method is called
• To execute a method, you call it from another method
• “The calling method makes a method call”

Example of method:-
Public class First
Public static void main(String[] args)
System.out.println(“First Java application”);
}
Method Declaration
Is the first line or header of a method and contains
Optional access modifiers
The return type for the method
The method name
An opening parenthesis
An optional list of method arguments separated by commas
A closing parenthesis
Constructors are used to initialize the object’s state. Like methods, a constructor also contains collection of
statements(i.e. instructions) that are executed at time of Object creation.
When is a Constructor called ?
Each time an object is created using new() keyword at least one constructor (it could be default constructor)
is invoked to assign initial values to the data members of the same class.
43
Access Modifiers
There are 4 types of java access modifiers:
• private
• default
• protected
• public
Private access modifiers:-

Private access modifiers is accessible only with in the class.
Example:-
class A{
private int data=40;
private void msg(){System.out.println("Hello java");}
}

public class Simple{
public static void main(String args[]){
A obj=new A();
System.out.println(obj.data);//Compile Time Error
obj.msg();//Compile Time Error
}
}
45
default access modifier
If you don't use any modifier, it is treated

as default bydefault. The default modifier is
accessible only within package. //save by B.java
package mypack;
//save by A.java import pack.*;
package pack; class B{
class A{ public static void main(String args[]){
void msg(){System.out.println("Hello");} A obj = new A();//Compile Time Error
} obj.msg();//Compile Time Error
}
}
46
protected access modifier

• The protected access modifier is accessible within package and outside the package but through
inheritance only.
• The protected access modifier can be applied on the data member, method and constructor. It can't
be applied on the class.
47
protected access modifier
//save by A.java //save by B.java
package pack; package mypack;
public class A{ import pack.*;
protected void msg()
{ class B extends A{
System.out.println("Hello"); public static void main(String args[]){
} B obj = new B();
} obj.msg();
}
}
48
public access modifier
• The public access modifier is accessible

everywhere.It has the widest scope among package mypack;
all other modifiers. import pack.*;

//save by A.java class B{
package pack; public static void main(String args[]){
public class A{ A obj = new A();
public void msg() obj.msg();
{System.out.println("Hello");} }
} }
//save by B.java

49
Java access modifiers
outside package by
Access Modifier within class within package outside package
subclass only
Private Y N N N
Default Y Y N N
Protected Y Y Y N
Public Y Y Y Y
50
Control Structures
• Sequential execution
• Program statements execute one after the other
• Transfer of control
• Three control statements can specify order of statements
• Sequence structure
• Selection structure
• Repetition structure
• Flowchart
• Graphical representation of algorithm
• Flowlines indicate order in which actions execute
Control Structures
Flowlines
Action Symbols
add grade to total total = total + grade;
add 1 to counter counter = counter + 1;
Connector Symbols
Fig: Flowcharting Java’s sequence structure.

Ja va Ke ywo rd s
abstract boolean break byte case
catch char class continue default
do double else extends false
final finally float for if
implements import instanceof int interface
long native new null package
private protected public return short
static super switch synchronized this
throw throws transient true try
void volatile while
Keywords that are
reserved, but not
used, by Java
const goto
Ja va ke ywo rds.
Assignment
• Do an online study and prepare a presentation of 10-15 slides which describe the evolution of java
from C++.
• Create a table which list all the operators in java and describe its function.
• Write an array and access the array through for, while and do while loop.
54
Assignment questions:-
1. Where an object of a class get stored?
a) Heap
b) Stack
c) Disk
d) File
Answer:- a
55
2. Which component is used to compile, debug and execute java program?
a) JVM
b) JDK
c) JIT
d) JRE
Answer: b
Explanation: JDK is core component of Java Environment and provides all the tools, executables and
binaries required to compile, debug and execute a Java Program.
56
3. Which component is responsible for converting bytecode into machine specific code?
a) JVM
b) JDK
c) JIT
d) JRE
Answer: a
Explanation: JVM is responsible to converting bytecode to the machine specific code. JVM is also platform
dependent and provides core java functions like garbage collection,memory management, security etc.
57
4. Which statement is true about java?
a) Platform independent programming language

b) Platform dependent programming language
c) Code dependent programming language
d) Sequence dependent programming language
Answer: a
Explanation: Java is called ‘Platform Independent Language’ as it primarily works on the principle of
‘compile once, run everywhere’.
58
5. Which of the below is invalid identifier with main method?
a) public
b) static
c) private
d) final
Answer: c
Explanation: main method cannot be private as it is invoked by external method. Other identifier are
valid with main method.
59
6. How can we identify whether a compilation unit is class or interface from a .class file?
a) Java source file header

b) Extension of compilation unit
c) We cannot differentiate between class and interface
d) The class or interface name should be postfixed with unit type
Answer: a
Explanation: The Java source file contains a header that declares the type of class or interface, its visibility
with respect to other classes, its name and any superclass it may extend, or interface it implements.
60
7. What is use of interpreter?
a) They convert bytecode to machine language code

b) They read high level code and execute them
c) They are intermediated between JIT and JVM
d) It is a synonym for JIT
Answer: b
Explanation: Interpreters read high level language (interprets it) and execute the program. Interpreters are
normally not passing through byte-code and jit compilation.
61
8. Which component is responsible to run java program?
a) JVM
b) JDK
c) JIT
d) JRE
Answer: d
Explanation: JRE is the implementation of JVM, it provides platform to execute java programs.
62
9. Which of the following is not OOPS concept in Java?
a) Inheritance
b) Encapsulation
c) Polymorphism
d) Compilation
Answer: d
Explanation: There are 4 OOPS concepts in Java. Inheritance, Encapsulation, Polymorphism and Abstraction.
63
10. Which of the following is a type of polymorphism in Java?
a) Compile time polymorphism

b) Execution time polymorphism
c) Multiple polymorphism
d) Multilevel polymorphism
Answer: a
Explanation: There are two type of polymorphism in Java. Compile time polymorphism (overloading) and
runtime polymorphism (overriding).
64
11. Which concept of Java is a way of converting real world objects in terms of class?
a) Polymorphism
b) Encapsulation
c) Abstraction
d) Inheritance
Answer: c
Explanation: Abstraction is concept of defining real world objects in terms of classes or interfaces.
65
12. What is it called if an object has its own lifecycle and there is no owner?
a) Aggregation
b) Composition
c) Encapsulation
d) Association
Answer: d
Explanation: It is a relationship where all objects have their own lifecycle and there is no owner. This
occurs where many to many relationship is available, instead of one to one or one to many.
66
13. Which of these keywords is used to make a class?
a) class
b) struct
c) int
d) none of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: None.
67
14. Which of the following is a valid declaration of an object of class Box?
a) Box obj = new Box();

b) Box obj = new Box;
c) obj = new Box();
d) new Box obj;
Answer: a
Explanation: None
68
15. Which of these operators is used to allocate memory for an object?
a) malloc
b) alloc
c) new
d) give
Answer: c
Explanation: Operator new dynamically allocates memory for an object and returns a reference to it.
This reference is address in memory of the object allocated by new.
69
16. Which of the following statements is correct?
a) Public method is accessible to all other classes in the hierarchy

b) Public method is accessible only to subclasses of its parent class
c) Public method can only be called by object of its class
d) Public method can be accessed by calling object of the public class
Answer: a
Explanation: None.
70
17. What is false about constructor?
a) Constructors cannot be synchronized in Java

b) Java does not provide default copy constructor
c) Constructor can be overloaded
d) “this” and “super” can be used in a constructor
Answer: c
Explanation: Default, parameterised constructors can be defined.
71
18. What is true about constructor?
a) It can contain return type

b) It can take any number of parameters
c) It can have any non access modifiers
d) Constructor cannot throw exception
Answer: b
Explanation: Constructor returns a new object with variables defined as in the class. Instance variables
are newly created and only one copy of static variables are created.
72
Video Links
Topics URL Notes
This video explains about Basic of JAVA, Installing JDK and

Introduction to java https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=r59xYe3Vyks setting the path.
https://www.youtube.com/wa
JVM and JDK tch?v=w2jlkcdvBSg Expalins the difference between JDK and JRE
Access specifier and

https://www.youtube.com/ Explain the access specifier and modifiers
modifiers watch?v=je5HF7oDkm4
73
E-References
Topics URL
JVM , JDK and JRE https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/differences-jdk-jre-jvm/
www.freejavaguide.com/history.html
History of java
OOPS concept https://www.guru99.com/java-oops-concept.html
JAVA basics https://www.edureka.co/blog/object-oriented-programming/
74
E-Books
Topics URL
http://java.sun.com/docs/books/jls/
http://math.hws.edu/javanotes/
JAVA E-BOOK REFERENCES
http://java.sun.com/docs/books/jls/
www.iitk.ac.in/esc101/share/downloads/javanotes5.pdf
75
Summary
• Java is a high level, object-oriented, platform independent language.
• Java, unlike some languages before it allows for the use of words and commands instead of just
symbols and numbers. Java also allows for the creation of advanced data types called objects which
represent real world things like a chair or a computer where you can set the attributes of these objects
and things they do.
• Java is very flexible - it can be used to develop software as well as applets (small programs that run
on webpages). But the flexibility doesn't end there because you can run the same Java programs on
various operating systems without having to rewrite the code (unlike some other languages such as C
and C++) thanks to the Java run-time environment which interprets Java code and tells the operating
system what to do.
• Learning Java serves as a good introduction to software development.

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OOPJ2 - Module 1 - Introduction To Object Oriented Programming

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OOPJ2 - Module 1 - Introduction To Object Oriented Programming

Uploaded by

OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING USING

Module Name: Introduction to Object Oriented Programming

Version Code: OOPJ2

The Objectives of this module are:

• Explain the Object Oriented feature in java

At the end of this module, you are expected to:

• Differentiate between c++ and JAVA

The history of Java is very interesting.

Java Version History

• JDK Alpha and Beta (1995) • Java SE 7 (28th July 2011)

• JDK 1.0 (23rd Jan 1996) • Java SE 8 (18th March 2014)

• J2SE 1.4 (6th Feb 2002)

• J2SE 5.0 (30th Sep 2004)

• Java SE 6 (11th Dec 2006)

Five Design Principles of Java

Setting Class path for Java

Step 2: Go to the Advance System Settings tab.

Class Loader : Class loader loads the Class for execution.

Fig:-Code processing in JAVA

Fig:- JDK view

The relationship between JVM, JRE, and JDK.

Fig:- Relationship between JVM,JDK and JRE

• OOP is a design philosophy. It stands for Object Oriented Programming. Object- Oriented

• In pure OOP terms an object is an instance of a class.

A class can contain any of the following variable types.

• There are three steps when creating an object from a class:

• Declaration: A variable declaration with a variable name with an object type.

• Instantiation: The 'new' key word is used to create the object.

public class Puppy

What does Data Hiding mean?

• Data hiding is a software development technique specifically used in object-oriented programming

Base & Derived Classes:

• Where access-specifier is one of public, protected, or private, and base-class is the name of a

• It also enhances program modularity because every object exists independently.

• 456—a literal numerical constant

• “A Literal String Constant”

• System.out.println(“My First Java”); // Java

• Console.writeline(“My First C#”); // Visual C#

• Must that location have an address?

• What has addresses? Bits, bytes, words, what?

• Can a variable be more than one byte long?

What do the keywords Mean???

• class keyword is used to declare a class in java.

• public keyword is an access modifier which represents visibility, it means it is visible to all.

Using Methods, classes, and Objects

• Methods are similar to procedures, functions, or subroutines

• Statements within a method execute only when the method is called

• To execute a method, you call it from another method

• “The calling method makes a method call”

Public static void main(String[] args)

System.out.println(“First Java application”);

Is the first line or header of a method and contains

Optional access modifiers

The return type for the method

The method name

An optional list of method arguments separated by commas

When is a Constructor called ?

Private access modifiers:-

default access modifier

If you don't use any modifier, it is treated

protected access modifier

protected access modifier

public access modifier

• The public access modifier is accessible

Java access modifiers

add grade to total total = total + grade;

add 1 to counter counter = counter + 1;

Fig: Flowcharting Java’s sequence structure.

1. Where an object of a class get stored?

2. Which component is used to compile, debug and execute java program?

4. Which statement is true about java?

a) Platform independent programming language

5. Which of the below is invalid identifier with main method?

a) Java source file header

7. What is use of interpreter?

a) They convert bytecode to machine language code