Chapter 2 Part 2

Chemical Process Principles
(CLB10904)
CHAPTER 2 MATERIAL BALANCE:

(PART 2)
Dr. Kelly Yong Tau Len

SCET UniKL MICET
Tel: 06-5512051
Email: kytlen@unikl.edu.my
E-Learning: CLB 10904 – Kelly Yong
2
Test 1
Date: 11/03/2015 (Wednesday)
Time: 8 – 10PM
Venue: Dewan Lestari
Scope: Chapter 1 and
Chapter 2 Part 1 (General and Non-
reactive Mass Balance)
3
Assignment 1 is uploaded on E-Learning

DATELINE:
Friday, 6th March 2015 before 5 PM
1. This is grouping assignment (MAXIMUM 4 members in a
group).
2. Submission must be handwritten with complete solution
3. Submit to Mr. Azahari (L01), Dr. Kelly (L02 and L03) and
Madam Nazerah (L04 and L05).
4. Write the name and ID of all group members in the
submission.
5. For LO2 and LO3 (Dr. Kelly), you can submit your
assignment in my pigeon hole (Administrative Building,
wood cabinet in front of the photocopy machine) Box A09
Dr. Kelly YTL (Jan 2015)
Chemical Process Principles
(CLB10904)
Material Balance on Reactive

Process
5
Material Balances
 More than 90% chemical product are produced and
developed from reaction process.
 Example:
•Cracking of ethane produce ethylene
• Fermentation of carbohydrates to produce ethyl
alcohol
Balances on Reactive Systems

 Material balance no longer takes the form INPUT =
OUTPUT
 Must account for the disappearance of reactants and
appearance of products through stoichiometry.
6
Terms and Terminology

Chemical Stoichiometry
1. Stoichiometric equation
2. Stoichiometric coefficient
3. Stoichiometric ratio
• Limiting and Excess Reactant
4. Fractional conversion
5. Yield
6. Selectivity
7
1. Stoichiometric Equation
Statement of the relative amounts of reactants and
products that participate in the reaction.
2 SO2 + O2 → 2 SO3
2. Stoichiometric Coefficient
Number of molecules of a reactant taking part in a
reaction. Example: consider the following equation
2 SO2 + 1 O2 → 2 SO3
2, 1, and 2 are called as Stoichiometric coefficients
of SO2, O2 and SO3 respectively.
8
3. Stoichiometric Ratio
• Ratio of species stoichiometry coefficients in the
balanced reaction equation.
• Can be used as a conversion factor to calculate the
amount of particular reactant (or product) that was
consumed (or produced).
• Example: 2 SO2 + O2  2 SO3
• Therefore, we can say the stoichiometric ratio is
2 mol/kmol/lb-mol SO3 (generated)
1 mol/kmol/lb-mol O 2 OR 2 mol/kmol/lb-mol SO 2 (consumed)
2 mol/kmol/lb-mol SO 2 OR 1 mol/kmol/lb-mol O 2 (consumed)
;
9
3. Stoichiometric Ratio
• Ratio of species stoichiometry coefficients in the
balanced reaction equation.
• Can be used as a conversion factor to calculate the
amount of particular reactant (or product) that was
consumed (or produced).
• Example: 2 SO2 + O2  2 SO3
• Therefore, we can say the stoichiometric ratio is
1 mol/kmol/lb-mol O 2 OR 2 mol/kmol/lb-mol SO 2 (consumed)
2 mol/kmol/lb-mol SO 2 OR 1 mol/kmol/lb-mol O 2 (consumed)
;
10
Check Your Understanding 1

Try this…
C4H8 + 6O2 → 4CO2 + 4H2O
a) Is this stoichiometric equation balanced?

b) What is the stoichiometric coefficient of
CO2?
c) What is the stoichiometric ratio of H2O to O2?
d) How many lb-mol O2 react to form 400 lb-mol
CO2?
Dr. Kelly YTL (Sept 2014)

11

C4H8 + 6O2 → 4CO2 + 4H2O
a) Is this stoichiometric equation balanced?
Solution:
Check the no. of each elements on LEFT and
RIGHT to make sure its EQUAL
LEFT: C = 4, O = (6x2) = 12 and H = 8;
RIGHT: C = 4, O = (2x4) + 4 = 12 and H = (4x2) = 8
The equation is balanced!
b) What is the stoichiometric coefficient of CO2?

Solution: 4
12

C4H8 + 6O2 → 4CO2 + 4H2O
c) What is the stoichiometric ratio of H2O to O2?
4 mol/kmol/lb-mol H 2O (generated)
6 mol/kmol/lb-mol O 2 (consumed)
d) How many lb-mol O2 react to form 400 lb-mol CO2?

6 lb-mol O 2consumed
400 lb-mol CO 2 generated ´
4 lb-mol CO 2 generated
=600 lb-mol O 2consumed
13
3. Stoichiometric Ratio: Limiting Reactant
I. Reactant that limits the amount of product
that can be formed.
II. The reaction will stop when all of the limiting
reactant is consumed.
III. Limiting Reactant (Reagent) Problems
always involve 2 steps:
a) Identify the Limiting Reactant (LR)
b) Calculate the amount of product
obtained from the Limiting Reactant
14
3. Stoichiometric Ratio: Limiting Reactant

6 steps to identify a limiting reactant and to calculate the
amount of product obtained from the limiting reactant
• Write out balanced equation
1
• Convert reactant mass to moles.
2
• Divide the moles of each reagent by its coefficient.
3
• Identify the Limiting Reagent (Refer to smallest number)
4
• Multiply limiting reagent by coefficient of product.
5
• Convert moles of product back into mass.
6
15
3. Stoichiometric Ratio: Excess Reactant
The unfinished reactant after a reaction proceeded to
completion.
n A, feed - n A,stoichiometry
Fraction excess of A =
nA,stoichiometry
% of A = Fraction excess of A ´ 100
where;
nA,feed = No. of moles of excess reactant A in the FEED
nA,stoichiometry = No. of moles of the stoichiometric
requirement of A (Amount needed to react completely
with the limiting reactant
16

Finely ground aluminum reacts with oxygen gas to produce
aluminum oxide as the only product. If 20.0 g of aluminum are
mixed with 20.0g of oxygen gas, determine how many grams of
aluminum oxide are present when the reaction is finished.
Subsequently calculate the % of the excess reactant. Given MW of
O2 = 32 g/mol, Al = 27 g/mol, Al2O3 = 107.9612 g/mol.
SOLUTION:
Step 1: Balanced equation: 4Al(s) + 3O2(g)  2Al2O3(s)
Step 2 : Convert reactant mass to moles
20.0 g Al 20.0 g O 2
n Al , feed = =0.74 mol Al; nO , feed = =0.625 mol O 2
gAl 2
gO 2
27 32
mol mol

17

Step 3: Divide the moles of each reactant by its coefficient
(The coefficients are found in the balanced equation)
4Al (s) + 3O 2 (g)  2Al2 O 3 (s)
0.625 mol O 2
For O2   0.208 mol O 2
3
0.74 mol Al
and Al   0.185 mol Al
4
Step 4: Identify the Limiting Reactant (The limiting reagent is
the one that give the smallest number)
In this question, 0.185 is smaller than 0.208, so Aluminum
(Al) is the limiting reactant
18

To determine the weight of Al2O3 produced
Step 5: Multiply limiting reactant original number of
moles with product stoichiometric coefficient.
Coefficient of product Al2 O 3  2
2
0.74 mol   0.37 mol Al2 O 3
4
Step 6: Convert moles of product back into
grams/concentration to calculate the amount
obtained. 107.9612 g Al O
0.37 mol Al 2 O 3  2 3
 39.95g Al 2 O 3
mol Al 2 O 3
19

To determine the % of excess reactant (O2)
4Al (s) + 3O 2 (g)  2Al2 O 3 (s)
We know n O2,feed = 0.625 mol O2 and n Al , feed  0.74 mol Al
3 mol O 2 consumed
n O2,stoichiometry = n Al , feed 
4 mol Al consumed
3
 0.74 mol Al   0.555 mol O2
4
(0.625  0.555)mol O2
% excess of O2  100%  12.6%
(0.555)mol O2
20
4. Fractional conversion
• In many cases, chemical reactions do not proceed to
completion and only a fraction will be converted.
• Fractional and percentage conversion are used.
n A,reacted nA, feed - n A,outlet

Fractional conversion, f = =
nA, feed n A, feed
% conversion = Fractional conversion, f ´ 100%
where;
nA,feed = No. of moles of reactant A in the FEED
nA,outlet = No. of moles of the reactant A in the OUTLET
21

1. If 100 moles of reactant are fed to the reactor and 90 moles
react, calculate the fractional conversion of this reaction.
SOLUTION
n A,reacted 90
f = = =0.9
n A, feed 100
2. If 20 mol/min of reactant are fed and the conversion is 80%.

Determine amount of reactant in the outlet after the reaction.
SOLUTION
n A, feed - nA,outlet 20 - n A,outlet
f = Þ 0.8 =
n A, feed 20
n A,outlet =4mol / min

22
5. Yield
• Quantities of product calculated to represent the
maximum amount obtainable (100% yield).
• Most chemical reactions do not produce 100 %
yield of product because of:
 Side reactions (unwanted reactions)
 Reversible reactions (products  reactant)
 Losses in handling and transferring
moles of desired product formed, n formed
Yield =
maximum moles that would have been formed if there were no side
reactions & the limited reactant had reacted completely, nstoichiometry
23

For the balanced equation shown below,
2C3H6 + 9O2  6CO2 + 6H2O
If the reaction of 20.7 lbm of C3H6 produces 6.81 lbm of CO2,
what is the percent yield? Given MW of C3H6 = 42.08, CO2 =
44.01
SOLUTION:
lbmol C3H 6
nC 3H 6 =20.7lbm C3H 6 ´ =0.49lbmol C3H 6
42.08lbm C3H 6
lbmol CO2
nCO 2, formed =6.81lbm CO2 ´ =0.15lbmol CO2
44.01lbm CO2
6 lbmol CO2 produced
nCO 2,stoichiometry =0.49lbmol C3H 6 ´ =1.47lbmol CO2
2 lbmol C3H 6 consumed
nCO 2, formed 0.15lbmol CO2
Yield = = =0.10
nCO 2,stoichiometry 1.47lbmol CO2
24
6. Selectivity
• Sometimes when reactant has reacted, they
can form desired main product and
undesired side product.
• The selectivity of the desired reaction over
the undesired reaction is given as:
moles of desired product formed, ndesired
Selectivity =
moles of undesired product formed, nundesired
25

10 lb-mole/h of product C is is produced by reacting
reactant A with B. A side reaction produces an
undesirable product D of 30 lb-mole/h. Determine
the selectivity of the reaction.
2A + B  3C AND A + 2B  D
SOLUTION
moles of desired product formed, ndesired
Selectivity =
moles of undesired product formed, nundesired
lbmol C
10
= h =0.33
lbmol D
30
h
26
Method 1: Method 2:
Extent of Atomic
Reaction Species
(ξ) Balance
Material
Balance on
Reactive
Process

27
Method 1: Extent of Reaction

Extent of reaction (ξ) – an extensive quantity
describing the progress of a chemical reaction.
ni =nio ±n iz
where;
ni = OUTPUT moles (batch) or molar flow rate
(continuous) of species i
ni0 = INLET (feed) moles (batch) or molar flow rate
(continuous) of species i. Note: 0 values for product!
vi =Stoichiometric coefficient of species i (+ve for product
and –ve for reactant)
28
Method 1: Extent of Reaction

Strategies to solve using this method
1. Write expression for EACH species
molar flow rate (or no. of moles) in
terms of extent of reaction, ξ.
2. Substitute known feed or product
values (based on information given)
3. Solve and find the extent of reaction, ξ.
4. Find the remaining unknown values to
solve the material balance.
29

Consider ammonia formation reaction: N2 + 3H2  2NH3
Suppose the feed to a continuous reactor consists of 100
mol/s of N2, 300 mol/s of H2, and 1 mol/s of an inert gas
(argon). It is given that the unreacted N2 after the reaction is
30 mol/s. Determine the outlet molar flow rate of H2, Ar, and
NH3.
Solution:
We have to find nH2, nNH3, and nAr
100 mol/s N2 30 mol/s N2
300 mol/s H2 Reactor nH2 mol/s H2
1 mol/s Ar nNH3 mol/s NH3
nAr mol/s Ar
30


nAr mol/s Ar
Strategy 1: Write expression for EACH species molar flow

rate in terms of extent of reaction, ξ.
Feed N2: nN2 (OUT) = 100 (IN) – 1ξ (Equation 1)
Feed H2: nH2 (OUT) = 300 (IN) – 3ξ (Equation 2)
Feed Ar: nAr (OUT) = 1 (IN) (Equation 3)
31

nAr mol/s Ar
Strategy 2: Substitute known feed or product values (based

on information given)
For N2: nN2 (OUT) = 100 – 1ξ (Equation 1)
Given from question, nN2 (OUT) = 30 mol/s N2
Therefore, 30 = 100 – 1ξ
Strategy 3: Solve and find the extent of reaction, ξ Dr. Kelly YTL (Sept 2014)
32


nAr mol/s Ar
Strategy 4: Find the remaining unknown values to solve the

material balance
Substitute ξ = 70 mol/s into equation 2, and 4
Feed H2: nH2 = 300 – 3ξ = 300 – 3(70) = 90 mol/s H2
Feed Ar: nAr = 1 mol Ar/s (No change because it is an inert)
Product NH : n = 0 + 2ξ = 2(70) = 140 mol/s NH Dr. Kelly YTL (Sept 2014)
33

The reactions: C2H6  C2H4 + H2 AND C2H6 + H2  2CH4
take place in a continuous reactor at steady state. The feed
contains 85.0 mole% C2H6 and the balance inert (I). The
fractional conversion of C2H6 is 0.501 and the fractional yield
of C2H4 is 0.471. Calculate the molar composition of the
product gas and the selectivity of C2H4 to CH4 production.
Take basis as 100 mol feed
n1 (mol C2H6)
100 mol total n2 (mol C2H4)
Reactor n3 (mol H2)
0.85 mol C2H6/mol total
n4 (mol CH4)
0.15 mol I/mol total
n5 (mol I)
34

n1 (mol C2H6)
100 mol total
n2 (mol C2H4)
Reactor n3 (mol H2)
0.15 mol I/mol total n4 (mol CH4)
n5 (mol I)
Strategy 1: Write expression for EACH species moles in terms of

extent of reaction, ξ1 (reaction 1) and ξ2 (reaction 2).
C2H6: n1 (OUT) = (0.85*100) (IN) – 1ξ1 – 1ξ2 (Eq. 1)

I: n5 (OUT) = (0.15*100) (IN) (Eq. 2)
C2H4: n2 (OUT) = 0 + 1ξ1 (Eq. 3)
H: n (OUT) = 0 + 1ξ – 1ξ (Eq. 4) Dr. Kelly YTL (Sept 2014)
35

Strategy 2: Substitute known feed or product values (based on
information given)
Given from question, the fractional yield of C2H4 is 0.471
moles of C 2 H 4 produced (n2 )
Yield =
maximum moles of C2 H 4 formed from reaction 1
if all C2 H 6 react to produce C2 H 4 (n2,stochimetry )
INPUT C2 H 6 = 85.0 mol C2 H 6
1 mol C2 H 4 produced
n2,stochimetry = ´ 85.0 mol C2 H 6 =85.0 mol C 2 H 4
1 mol C 2 H 6 consumed
Therefore outlet moles of C2 H 4 (n 2 )
n2
0.471 = Þ n2 =40.0 mol C2 H 4
85.0 mol C 2 H 4
36

information given)
Given from question, the fractional conversion of C2H6 is 0.501
nC 2 H 6, feed - nC 2 H 6,outlet
Fractional conversion, f =
nC 2 H 6, feed
85- n1
0.501= Þ n1 =42.4 mol C 2 H 6
85

37

Strategy 3: Solve and find the extent of reaction, ξ1 and ξ2
From Strategy 2, n1 = 42.4 mol C2H6 and n2 = 40.0 mol C2H4
Substitute back in equations to find ξ1 and ξ2
C2H4: n2 = 0 + 1ξ1  40 = ξ1 (Eq. 3)

Thus ξ1 = 40 mol
C2H6: n1 = (0.85*100) – 1ξ1 – 1ξ2 (Eq. 1)

42.4 = 85 – 40 – 1ξ2,
Thus ξ2 = 2.6 mol
38

Strategy 4: Find the remaining unknown values to solve the material
balance
From Strategy 3, ξ1 = 40 mol and ξ2 = 2.6 mol.
Substitute back to find n3, n4 and n5
H2: n3 = 0 + 1ξ1 – 1ξ2 = 40 – 2.6 (Eq. 4)

n3 = 37.4 mol H2
CH4: n4 = + 2ξ2 = 2(2.6) (Eq. 5)
n4 = 5.2 mol CH4
I: n5 = (0.15*100) (Eq. 2)
n = 15 mol I Dr. Kelly YTL (Sept 2014)
39

Question asked for molar composition of the product gas
42.4 mol C2H6
100 mol total
40.0 mol C2H4
Reactor 37.4 mol H2
0.15 mol I/mol total 5.2 mol CH4
15.0 mol I
42.4molC 2H 6
y1 = =0.30molC2H 6 / moltotal
(42.4 + 40.0 +37.4 +5.2 +15.0)moltotal
40.0molC2H 4
y2 = =0.29molC2H 4 / moltotal
140moltotal
37.4molH 2
y3 = =0.27molH 2 / moltotal
140moltotal
5.2molCH 4
y4 = =0.04molCH 4 / moltotal
140moltotal
15.0molI
y5 = =0.11molI / moltotal
140moltotal
40

Question asked for selectivity of C2H4 to CH4 production
42.4 mol C2H6
100 mol total
40.0 mol C2H4
Reactor 37.4 mol H2
0.15 mol I/mol total 5.2 mol CH4
15.0 mol I
nC2H4 40.0 mol C2 H 4 mol C2 H 4

Selectivity = = =7.69
nCH4 5.2 mol CH 4 mol CH 4

41
Method 2: Atomic Species Balance

1. Remember for reactive process, we do atomic balance to
solve the problem
2. All balance on atomic species (Example C, H, O, etc)
take the form INPUT = OUTPUT.
3. Atomic balance is used for us to obtain equations that we
can use to solve the balance.
4. Atomic balance can be done for ALL atoms that is
present in the system
5. Always remember to identify the number of unknowns in
the systems.
6. Then find the same number of equations from atomic
balance in order to solve the problem.
42

Example: Consider dehydrogenation of C2H6
C2H6  C2H4 + H2
100 kmol/min of ethane is fed to the reactor. The molar flow
rate of H2 in the product stream is 40 kmol/min. Find n1 and
n2
100 kmol C2H6/min Reactor 40 kmol H2/min

n1 (kmol C2H6/min)
n2 (kmol C2H4/min)
Solution: We want to find n1 and n2 (2 unknown

variables) so we need 2 equations! We can do
Atomic balance for Carbon and Hydrogen!
43

We do balance for all Atomic Species in the diagram start
with CARBON Balance

n1 (kmol C2H6/min)
n2 (kmol C2H4/min)
æ100 kmol C H ö æ 2 kmol C ö
ç 2 6
÷´ ç
ç ÷ INPUT
÷
è min ø è 1 kmol C H
2 6ø OUTPUT
éæn kmol C H ö æ 2 kmol C öù éæn kmol C H ö æ 2 kmol C öù
=êç 1 2 6
÷´ ç
ç ÷
÷ú+ êç 2 2 4
÷´ ç
ç ÷
÷ú
ê
ëè min û ê
ø è1 kmol C2 H 6 øú ëè min ø è1 kmol C2 H 4 øú
û
INPUT =OUTPUT
Therefore, 200 =2n1 + 2n2 (Eq 1)
44

We do HYDROGEN Balance

n1 (kmol C2H6/min)
n2 (kmol C2H4/min)
æ100 kmol C H ö æ 6 kmol H ö
ç 2 6
÷´ ç
ç ÷
÷
è min ø è1 kmol C 2 H 6 ø
éæ40 kmol H ö æ 2 kmol H öù éæn kmol C H ö æ 6 kmol H öù
=êç 2
÷´ ç
ç ÷
÷ú + êç 1 2 6
÷´ ç
ç1 kmol C H ÷÷ú
ê
ëè min ø è1 kmol H 2 øú
û ê ëè min ø è 2 6 øú
û
éæn kmol C H ö æ 4 kmol H öù
+êç 2 2 4
÷´ ç
ç ÷
÷ú
ê
ëè min ø è1 kmol C 2 H 4 øú
û
INPUT =OUTPUT
Therefore, 600 =80 + 6n1 + 4n2 Þ 520 =6n1 + 4n2 (Eq 2)
45

n1 (kmol C2H6/min)
n2 (kmol C2H4/min)
We can solve the 2 equations to find n1 and n2
200 =2n1 + 2n2 (Eq 1)

520 =6n1 + 4n2 (Eq 2)
Solve simultaneous equation
kmol C 2 H 6 kmol C2 H 4
n1 =60 and n2 =40
min min
46

Example: Methane is burned with oxygen to yield carbon
dioxide and water. CH4 + 2O2  CO2 + 2H2O
The 200 mol/hr feed contains 20 mole% CH4, and 80% O2.
It is known that 90% conversion of CH4 is achieved.
Calculate the molar flow rate of the product stream using
atomic balance and compare the values obtained from
extent of reaction (ξ) method.
nCH4 (mol CH4/hr)
200 mol total/hr nO2 (mol O2/hr)
Reactor
0.2 mol CH4/mol total nH2O (mol H2O/hr)
0.8 mol O2/mol total nCO2 (mol CO2/hr)

47

Method 1: Atomic Balance
We do balance for all Atomic Species in the diagram start
with CARBON Balance
nCH4 (mol CH4/hr)
Reactor
æ mol total 0.2mol CH 4 1mol C ö

çç200 ´ ´ ÷
÷
è hr mol total 1mol CH 4ø
æ mol CH 4 1mol C ö æ mol CO 2 1mol C ö

=ççn CH4 ´ ÷
÷+ç
çn CO2 ´ ÷
÷
è hr 1mol CH 4ø è
hr 1mol CO 2ø
40 =nCH 4 + nCO 2 (Eq. 1)

48

We do HYDROGEN Balance
nCH4 (mol CH4/hr)
Reactor
æ mol total 0.2mol CH 4 4mol H ö

çç200 ´ ´ ÷
÷
è hr mol total 1mol CH 4ø
æ mol CH 4 4mol H ö æ mol H 2O 2mol H ö

=ççn CH 4 ´ ÷
÷+ç
çnH O ´ ÷
÷
è hr 1mol CH 4ø è
2
hr 1mol H O
2 ø
160 = 4nCH 4 +2nH 2O (Eq. 2)

49

We do OXYGEN Balance
nCH4 (mol CH4/hr)
Reactor
æ mol total 0.8mol O 2 2mol O ö

çç200 ´ ´ ÷
è hr mol total 1mol O 2 ÷ ø
æ mol O2 2mol O ö æ mol CO2 2mol O ö æ mol H 2O 1mol O ö
=ççn O 2 hr ´ 1mol O ÷ ÷+ ç
çn CO 2 ´ ÷
÷+ç
çn H 2O ´ ÷
÷
è 2 ø è hr 1mol CO 2 ø è hr 1mol H O
2 ø
320 = 2nO 2 + 2nCO2 + nH 2O (Eq. 3)

50

We need 4th Equation. Given in question 90% conversion of
CH4 is achieved
nCH4 (mol CH4/hr)
Reactor
nCH 4, feed - nCH 4,outlet

f =
nCH 4, feed
mol total 0.2mol CH 4 mol CH 4
We know nCH 4, feed =200 ´ =40
hr mol total hr
40 - nCH 4,outlet mol CH 4
0.9 = Þ nCH 4,outlet =4 (Eq. 4)
40 hr
51

Solve all the equations
nCH4 (mol CH4/hr)
Reactor
nCH 4 + nCO 2 =40 (Eq. 1); 4nCH 4 +2nH 2O =160 (Eq. 2)

mol CH 4
2nO 2 + 2nCO 2 + nH 2O = 320 (Eq. 3), nCH 4 =4 (Eq. 4)
hr
Solve all equations to obtain
Solution: We want to
mol CH 4 mol CO 2 find nCH4, nO2, nH2O and
nCH 4 =4 ;nCO 2 =36
hr hr nCO2
mol O 2 mol H 2O (4 unknown variables)
nO 2 =88 ;nH 2O =72
hr hr so we need 4 equations
52

Method 2: Extent of reaction (ξ) method
CH4 + 2O2  CO2 + 2H2O
Strategy 1: Write expression for EACH species molar flow rate in
terms of extent of reaction, ξ.
nCH4 (mol CH4/hr)
Reactor
CH4: nCH4 (OUT) = (200*0.2) (IN) – 1ξ (Eq. 1)

O2:nO2 (OUT) = (200*0.8) (IN) – 2ξ (Eq. 2)
CO2: nCO2 (OUT) = 0 + 1ξ (Eq. 3)
H2O: nH2O (OUT) = 0 + 2ξ (Eq. 4)
53

information given).
Given in question 90% conversion of CH4 is achieved
nCH 4, feed - nCH 4,outlet
f =
nCH 4, feed
mol total 0.2mol CH 4 mol CH 4
We know nCH 4, feed =200 ´ =40
hr mol total hr
40 - nCH 4,outlet
0.9 = Solution: We want to find
40 nCH4, nO2, nH2O, nCO2 and ξ
mol CH 4 (5 unknown variables) so we
nCH 4,outlet =4 (Eq. 5)
hr need 5 equations
54

CH4 + 2O2  CO2 + 2H2O
Strategy 3: Solve and find the extent of reaction, ξ

From Strategy 2, nCH4 = 4 mol CH4/hr.
Substitute back in equations to find ξ
CH4: nCH4 = (200*0.2) – 1ξ (Eq. 1)

4 = 40 – 1ξ
Therefore ξ = 36 mol/hr
55

CH4 + 2O2  CO2 + 2H2O
Strategy 4: Find the remaining unknown values to solve the

material balance
Substitute ξ = 36 mol/hr into equation 2, and 3
O2:nO2 = (200*0.8) – 2ξ = 160 – 2(36)

nO2 = 88 mol O2/hr
CO2: nCO2 = 0 + 1ξ
nCO2 = 36 mol CO2/hr
H2O: nH2O = 0 + 2ξ = 2(36)
n = 72 mol H O/hr
56
Homework!
Attempt Tutorial 2
Material Balance (Part 2)
Dr. Kelly YTL (Sep 2014)

Chapter 2 Part 2

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Chapter 2 Part 2

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Chemical Process Principles

CHAPTER 2 MATERIAL BALANCE:

Dr. Kelly Yong Tau Len

Assignment 1 is uploaded on E-Learning

Material Balance on Reactive

Balances on Reactive Systems

Terms and Terminology

Check Your Understanding 1

a) Is this stoichiometric equation balanced?

Dr. Kelly YTL (Sept 2014)

Check Your Understanding 1

b) What is the stoichiometric coefficient of CO2?

Check Your Understanding 1

c) What is the stoichiometric ratio of H2O to O2?

d) How many lb-mol O2 react to form 400 lb-mol CO2?

3. Stoichiometric Ratio: Limiting Reactant

Check Your Understanding 2

Dr. Kelly YTL (Sept 2014)

Check Your Understanding 2

Check Your Understanding 2

Check Your Understanding 2

n A,reacted nA, feed - n A,outlet

Check Your Understanding 3

2. If 20 mol/min of reactant are fed and the conversion is 80%.

Dr. Kelly YTL (Sept 2014)

Check Your Understanding 4

Check Your Understanding 5

Dr. Kelly YTL (Sept 2014)

Method 1: Extent of Reaction

Method 1: Extent of Reaction

Check Your Understanding 6

Check Your Understanding 6

100 mol/s N2 30 mol/s N2

Strategy 1: Write expression for EACH species molar flow

Check Your Understanding 6

Strategy 2: Substitute known feed or product values (based

Check Your Understanding 6

100 mol/s N2 30 mol/s N2

Strategy 4: Find the remaining unknown values to solve the

Check Your Understanding 7

Check Your Understanding 7

Strategy 1: Write expression for EACH species moles in terms of

C2H6: n1 (OUT) = (0.85*100) (IN) – 1ξ1 – 1ξ2 (Eq. 1)

Check Your Understanding 7

Check Your Understanding 7

Dr. Kelly YTL (Sept 2014)

Check Your Understanding 7

C2H4: n2 = 0 + 1ξ1  40 = ξ1 (Eq. 3)

C2H6: n1 = (0.85*100) – 1ξ1 – 1ξ2 (Eq. 1)

Check Your Understanding 7

H2: n3 = 0 + 1ξ1 – 1ξ2 = 40 – 2.6 (Eq. 4)

Check Your Understanding 7

Check Your Understanding 7

nC2H4 40.0 mol C2 H 4 mol C2 H 4

Dr. Kelly YTL (Sept 2014)

Method 2: Atomic Species Balance

Method 2: Atomic Species Balance

100 kmol C2H6/min Reactor 40 kmol H2/min

Solution: We want to find n1 and n2 (2 unknown

Method 2: Atomic Species Balance

100 kmol C2H6/min Reactor 40 kmol H2/min

Method 2: Atomic Species Balance

100 kmol C2H6/min Reactor 40 kmol H2/min

Method 2: Atomic Species Balance

100 kmol C2H6/min Reactor 40 kmol H2/min

We can solve the 2 equations to find n1 and n2

200 =2n1 + 2n2 (Eq 1)

Check Your Understanding 8

Dr. Kelly YTL (Sept 2014)

Check Your Understanding 8

æ mol total 0.2mol CH 4 1mol C ö

æ mol CH 4 1mol C ö æ mol CO 2 1mol C ö

40 =nCH 4 + nCO 2 (Eq. 1)

Check Your Understanding 8

æ mol total 0.2mol CH 4 4mol H ö

æ mol CH 4 4mol H ö æ mol H 2O 2mol H ö